The United Nations
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Heads of State Governors-General Louis Francis Mountbatten 15 Aug 1947 - 21 Jun 1948 (+1979)a Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 21 Jun 1948 - 26 Jan 1950 (+1972) Presidents of the Union Rajendra Prasad 26 Jan 1950 - 13 May 1962 (+1963) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 13 May 1962 - 13 May 1967 (+1975) Zakir Husain 13 May 1967 - 3 May 1969 (+) Varahgiri Venkata Giri 3 May 1969 - 20 Jul 1969 (+1980) (acting) Mohammad Hidayatullah 20 Jul 1969 - 24 Aug 1969 (+1992) (acting) Varahgiri Venkata Giri 24 Aug 1969 - 24 Aug 1974 (+1980) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 24 Aug 1974 - 11 Feb 1977 (+) Basappa Danappa Jatti 11 Feb 1977 - 25 Jul 1977 (+2002) (acting) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 25 Jul 1977 - 25 Jul 1982 (+1996) Zail Singh 25 Jul 1982 - 25 Jul 1987 (+1994) Ramaswamy Iyer Venkataraman 25 Jul 1987 - 25 Jul 1992 (+2009) Shankar Dayal Sharma 25 Jul 1992 - 25 Jul 1997 (+1999) Kocheril Raman Narayanan 25 Jul 1997 - 25 Jul 2002 (+2005) Avul Pakiri Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam 25 Jul 2002 - 25 Jul 2007 Pratibha Patil 25 Jul 2007 - 25 Jul 2012 Pranab Mukherjee 25 Jul 2012 – BJP: Indian People's Party/Bharatiya Janata Party BJS: Indian People's Union/Bharatiya Jana Sangh (+) BLD: Indian People's Party/Bharatiya Lok Dal (+) CPI(M): Communist Party of India (Marxist) INC: Indian National Congress (a.k.a. Indian Congress Party) INC(i): Indian National Congress-Indira Gandhi faction (+) JD: People's Party/Janata Dal JD(s): Janata Dal-Chandra Shekhar-faction (+) JP: People's Party/Janata Party (+) SHS: Shiv Sena Party TDP: Telugu Desam Party n/p: non-party; Prime Ministers Jawaharlal Nehru 15 Aug 1947 - 27 May 1964 (+) INC Gulzarilal Nanda 27 May 1964 - 2 Jun 1964 (+1998) INC Lal Bahadur Shastri 2 Jun 1964 - 11 Jan 1966 (+) INC Gulzarilal Nanda 11 Jan 1966 - 19 Jan 1966 (+1998) INC Indira Gandhi 19 Jan 1966 - 24 Mar 1977 (+1984)a INC Morarji Desai 24 Mar 1977 - 28 Jul 1979 (+1995) JP Charan Singh 28 Jul 1979 - 14 Jan 1980 (+1987) JP/BLD Indira Gandhi 14 Jan 1980 - 31 Oct 1984 (+)a INC(i) Rajiv Gandhi 31 Oct 1984 - 2 Dec 1989 (+1991)a INC(i) Vishwanath Pratap Singh 2 Dec 1989 - 10 Nov 1990 (+2008) JD Chandra Shekhar 10 Nov 1990 - 21 Jun 1991 (+2007) JD(s) Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao 21 Jun 1991 - 16 May 1996 (+2004) INC(i) Atal Bihari Vajpayee 16 May 1996 - 1 Jun 1996 BJP Haradanahalli Dodde Deve Gowda 1 Jun 1996 - 21 Apr 1997 JD Inder Kumar Gujral 21 Apr 1997 - 19 Mar 1998 JD Atal Bihari Vajpayee 19 Mar 1998 - 22 May 2004 BJP Manmohan Singh 22 May 2004 – INC Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudeo Mavalankar 1952-1956 (+) INC Madabushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar 1956-1962 (+1978) INC Sardar Hukam Singh 1962-1967 (+1983) INC Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1967-1969 (+1996) n/p Gurundhayal Singh Dhillion 1969-1975 (+1992) INC Bali Ram Bhagat 1976-1977 INC Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1977 (+1996) n/p Kawdoor Sadaranda Hedge 1977-1980 (+1990) JP Balram Jakhar 1980-1989 INC(i) Rabi Ray 1989-1991 JD Shivraj Vishwanath Patil 1991-1996 INC(i) Purno Agitok Sangma 1996-1998 INC(i) Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi 1998-2002 (+)k TDP Manohar Joshi 2002-2004 SHS Somnath Chatterjee 2004-2009 CPI(M) Meira Kumar 2009- INC StateHead of stateHead of government Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai Albania President Bamir Topi Prime Minister Sali Berisha Algeria President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia Andorra Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives Sicília Representative Nemesi Marquès Oste Co-Prince Nicolas Sarkozy Representative Christian Frémont Prime Minister Jaume Bartumeu Angola President José Eduardo dos Santos Antigua and Barbuda Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Dame Louise Lake-Tack Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer Argentina President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner Armenia President Serzh Sargsyan Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan Australia Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Quentin Bryce Prime Minister Julia Gillard Austria President Heinz Fischer Chancellor Werner Faymann Azerbaijan President Ilham Aliyev Prime Minister Artur Rasizade Bahamas Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Arthur Foulkes Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham Bahrain King Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah Prime Minister Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah Bangladesh President Zillur Rahman Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Barbados Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Clifford Husbands Prime Minister Freundel Stuart Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich Belgium King Albert II Prime Minister Yves Leterme Belize Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Colville Young Prime Minister Dean Barrow Benin President Yayi Boni Bhutan King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck Prime Minister Jigme Thinley Bolivia President Evo Morales Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency:[2] Nebojša Radmanović (Chairman) Željko Komšić (Member) Bakir Izetbegović (Member) Prime Minister Nikola Špirić Botswana President Ian Khama Brazil President Dilma Rousseff Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Bulgaria President Georgi Parvanov Prime Minister Boyko Borisov Burkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré Prime Minister Tertius Zongo Burma (Myanmar) Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Than Shwe Prime Minister Thein Sein Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni Prime Minister Hun Sen Cameroon President Paul Biya Prime Minister Philémon Yang Canada Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General David Johnston Prime Minister Stephen Harper Cape Verde President Pedro Pires Prime Minister José Maria Neves Central African Republic President François Bozizé Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra Chad President Idriss Déby Prime Minister Emmanuel Nadingar Chile President Sebastián Piñera China, People's Republic of President Hu Jintao Premier Wen Jiabao Colombia President Juan Manuel Santos Comoros President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi Congo-Brazzaville President Denis Sassou-Nguesso Congo-Kinshasa President Joseph Kabila Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla Côte d'Ivoire Disputed: President Laurent Gbagbo / Alassane Ouattara Disputed: Prime Minister Gilbert Aké / Guillaume Soro Croatia President Ivo Josipović Prime Minister Jadranka Kosor Cuba President Raúl Castro Cyprus President Dimitris Christofias Czech Republic President Václav Klaus Prime Minister Petr Nečas Denmark Queen Margrethe II Prime Minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen Djibouti President Ismail Omar Guelleh Prime Minister Dileita Mohamed Dileita Dominica President Nicholas Liverpool Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit Dominican Republic President Leonel Fernández East Timor President José Ramos-Horta Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão Ecuador President Rafael Correa Egypt President Hosni Mubarak Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik El Salvador President Mauricio Funes Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo Prime Minister Ignacio Milam Tang Eritrea President Isaias Afewerki Estonia President Toomas Hendrik Ilves Prime Minister Andrus Ansip Ethiopia President Girma Wolde-Giorgis Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Fiji President Epeli Nailatikau Acting Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama Finland President Tarja Halonen Prime Minister Mari Kiviniemi France President Nicolas Sarkozy Prime Minister François Fillon Gabon President Ali Bongo Ondimba Prime Minister Paul Biyoghé Mba Gambia President Yahya Jammeh Georgia President Mikheil Saakashvili Prime Minister Nikoloz Gilauri Germany President Christian Wulff Chancellor Angela Merkel Ghana President John Atta Mills Greece President Karolos Papoulias Prime Minister George Papandreou Grenada Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Carlyle Glean Prime Minister Tillman Thomas Guatemala President Álvaro Colom Guinea President Alpha Condé Prime Minister Mohamed Said Fofana Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai Sanhá Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Júnior Guyana President Bharrat Jagdeo Prime Minister Sam Hinds Haiti President René Préval Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive Honduras President Porfirio Lobo Sosa Hungary President Pál Schmitt Prime Minister Viktor Orbán Iceland President Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir India President Pranab mukherjee Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Indonesia President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Iran Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Iraq President Jalal Talabani Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki Ireland President Mary McAleese Taoiseach Brian Cowen Israel President Shimon Peres Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Italy President Giorgio Napolitano Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Jamaica Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Patrick Allen Prime Minister Bruce Golding Japan Emperor Akihito Prime Minister Naoto Kan Jordan King Abdullah II Prime Minister Samir Rifai Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev Prime Minister Karim Massimov Kenya President Mwai Kibaki Prime Minister Raila Odinga Kiribati President Anote Tong Kuwait Emir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prime Minister Nasser Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah Kyrgyzstan President Roza Otunbayeva Prime Minister Almazbek Atambayev Laos President Choummaly Sayasone Prime Minister Thongsing Thammavong Latvia President Valdis Zatlers Prime Minister Valdis Dombrovskis Lebanon President Michel Suleiman Prime Minister Saad Hariri Prime Minister-designate Najib Mikati Lesotho King Letsie III Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili Liberia President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Libya Guide of the Revolution Muammar al-Gaddafi Secretary General of the General People's Congress Mohamed Abdul Quasim al-Zwai Prime Minister Baghdadi Mahmudi Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II Prince-Regent Alois Prime Minister Klaus Tschütscher Lithuania President Dalia Grybauskaitė Prime Minister Andrius Kubilius Luxembourg Grand Duke Henri Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker Macedonia President Gjorge Ivanov Prime Minister Nikola Gruevski Madagascar President Andry Rajoelina Prime Minister Albert Camille Vital Malawi President Bingu WA Mutharika Malaysia Yang di-Pertuan Agong Mizan Zainal Abidin Prime Minister Najib Razak Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed Mali President Amadou Toumani Touré Prime Minister Modibo Sidibé Malta President George Abela Prime Minister Lawrence Gonzi Marshall Islands President Jurelang Zedkaia Mauritania President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Mauritius President Anerood Jugnauth Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam Mexico President Felipe Calderón Micronesia, Federated States of President Manny Mori Moldova Acting President Marian Lupu Prime Minister Vlad Filat Monaco Prince Albert II Minister of State Michel Roger Mongolia President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj Prime Minister Sükhbaataryn Batbold Montenegro President Filip Vujanović Prime Minister Igor Lukšić Morocco King Muhammad VI Prime Minister Abbas El Fassi Mozambique President Armando Guebuza Prime Minister Aires Ali Namibia President Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister Nahas Angula Nauru President Marcus Stephen Nepal President Ram Baran Yadav Prime Minister Madhav Kumar Nepal Netherlands Queen Beatrix Prime Minister Mark Rutte New Zealand Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Anand Satyanand Prime Minister John Key Nicaragua President Daniel Ortega Niger Chairman of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of DemocracySalou Djibo Prime Minister Mahamadou Danda Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan North Korea Chairman of the National Defence Commission Kim Jong-Il Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam Eternal President Kim Il-sung[3] Premier Choe Yong-rim Norway King Harald V Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg Oman Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani Palau President Johnson Toribiong Panama President Ricardo Martinelli Papua New Guinea Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Michael Ogio Prime Minister Michael Somare Paraguay President Fernando Lugo Peru President Alan García Prime Minister José Antonio Chang Philippines President Benigno Aquino III Poland President Bronisław Komorowski Prime Minister Donald Tusk Portugal President Aníbal Cavaco Silva Prime Minister José Sócrates Qatar Emir Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani Prime Minister Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani Romania President Traian Băsescu Prime Minister Emil Boc Russia President Dmitry Medvedev Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Rwanda President Paul Kagame Prime Minister Bernard Makuza Saint Kitts and Nevis Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Cuthbert Sebastian Prime Minister Denzil Douglas Saint Lucia Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Dame Pearlette Louisy Prime Minister Stephenson King Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Frederick Ballantyne Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves Samoa O le Ao o le Malo Tufuga Efi Prime Minister Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi San Marino Captain Regent Giovanni Francesco Ugolini Captain Regent Andrea Zafferani São Tomé and Príncipe President Fradique de Menezes Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade Prime Minister Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Serbia President Boris Tadić Prime Minister Mirko Cvetković Seychelles President James Michel Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai Koroma Singapore President Sellapan Ramanathan Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Slovakia President Ivan Gašparovič Prime Minister Iveta Radičová Slovenia President Danilo Türk Prime Minister Borut Pahor Solomon Islands Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Sir Frank Kabui Prime Minister Danny Philip Somalia President Sharif Ahmed Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed South Africa President Jacob Zuma South Korea President Lee Myung-bak Prime Minister Kim Hwang-sik Spain King Juan Carlos I Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero Sri Lanka President Mahinda Rajapaksa Prime Minister D. M. Jayaratne Sudan President Omar al-Bashir Suriname President Dési Bouterse Swaziland King Mswati III Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt Switzerland Federal Council[4]: Micheline Calmy-Rey (Pres.), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (VP), Doris Leuthard, Ueli Maurer,Didier Burkhalter, Simonetta Sommaruga, Johann Schneider-Ammann Syria President Bashar al-Assad Prime Minister Mohamed al-Otari Tajikistan President Emomalii Rahmon Prime Minister Oqil Oqilov Tanzania President Jakaya Kikwete Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda Thailand King Bhumibol Adulyadej Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva Togo President Faure Gnassingbé Prime Minister Gilbert Houngbo Tonga King George Tupou V Prime Minister Siale'ataonga Tu'ivakano Trinidad and Tobago President George Maxwell Richards Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar Tunisia Acting President Fouad Mebazaa Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi Turkey President Abdullah Gül Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Tuvalu Queen Elizabeth II[1] Governor General Iakoba Italeli Prime Minister Willy Telavi Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Prime Minister Apolo Nsibambi Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovych Prime Minister Mykola Azarov United Arab Emirates President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan Prime Minister Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth II[1] Prime Minister David Cameron United States President Barack Obama Uruguay President José Mujica Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov Prime Minister Shavkat Mirziyoyev Vanuatu President Iolu Abil Prime Minister Sato Kilman Vatican City Pope Benedict XVI President of the Governorate Giovanni Lajolo Venezuela President Hugo Chávez Vietnam President Nguyễn Minh Triết Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng Yemen President Ali Abdullah Saleh Prime Minister Ali Mohammed Mujur Zambia President Rupiah Banda Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai WHO INVENTED WHAT Who invented what ? If asked to tell who invented everyday things like the TV, the camera, the automobile or the calculator, most people would be at a complete loss to give an answer (me included). I have therefore made a little research on the topic and found the following. Glasses (1280's, Italy)Mechanical clock (1335, Italy)Viol (viola da gamba) and Cello (late 15th and 16th century, Italy)Pocket watch (1510, Germany)Invented by Peter Henlein. Violin (Early 16th century, Italy)Thermometer- 1593 : Invented by Galileo (Italy) - 1714 : Mercury thermometer invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (Poland/Netherlands) Invented by Galileo Galilei. Microscope (1595, Netherlands)Invented by Zacharias Janssen. Telescope- late 11th century : astronomical lenses (Sweden) - 13th century : experimental telescopes built by Francis Bacon (UK) - 1595/1608 : refracting telescope (Netherlands) - 1609 : improved by Galileo (Italy) [B]Newspaper (1605, Belgium/France/Germany) The world's first printednewspapers were the Relation aller fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historienpublished in Strasbourg (Germany at the time, now France), and the Nieuwe Tijdingen, published the same year in Antwerp (part of the Spanish Netherlands at the time, now Belgium). Calculator - 1623 : automatic calculator invented by Wilhelm Schickard (Germany) - 1642 : adding machine invented by Blaise Pascal (France) - 1954 : electronic calculator invented by IBM (USA) Barometer (1643, Italy)Invented by Evangelista Torricelli. Daily newspaper (1645, Germany)The Einkommende Zeitungenin Lepizing. Pendulum clock (1657, Netherlands)Invented by Christiaan Huygens. Clarinet (1690, Germany)Invented by Johann Christoph Denner. Steam engine (1698, UK)Invented by Thomas Savery in 1698, and improved by James Watt in 1769. Piano (early 1700's, Italy)Invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence. Magazine (England, 1731)The Gentleman's Magazine was the world's first general-interest magazine. Hot air balloon (France, 1782-83)Invented by the brothers Josef and Etienne Montgolfier. Parachute (1785, France) Invented by Jean Pierre Blanchard Steam boat (1786, USA)First built by John Fitch. Engine - 1791 : Gas turbine patented by John Barber (England). - 1826 : Reciprocating internal combustion engine patented by Samuel Morey (USA) - 1867 : Petrol engine developed by Nikolaus Otto (Germany) - 1892 : Diesel engine invented by Rudolph Diesel (Germany) - 1924-57 : Rotary engine developed by Felix Wankel (Germany) - 1936-39 : Jet engine developed simultaneously by Frank Whittle (England) and Hans von Ohain (Germany). Submarine (1800, USA/France)Invented by American Robert Fulton commissioned by Napoleon. First launched in France. Ambulance service (early 1800's, France)Modern method of army surgery, field hospitals and the system of army ambulance corps invented by Dominique Jean Larrey, surgeon-in-chief of the Napoleonic armies. Refrigerator- First refrigerator invented in 1805 by Oliver Evans (USA) - World's first practical refrigerator invented by James Harrison (Australia) in 1856. Railway (1820, UK)The idea of the railway dates back to Roman times, 2000 years ago, when horse-drawn vehicles were set on cut-stone tracks. In 1802, the first modern horse-drawn train appeared in England, and the first steam powered train was however launched in 1820, also in England. Comic strips (1820's, Switzerland)Swiss Rodolphe Toepffer was probably the first modern cartoonist. Photography- First photograph => 1825, France - Silver photo => 1840, France - Negative => 1840, UK - Colour photography => 1861 by James Clerk Maxwell (Scotland) Gas stove/cooker (1826, England)First patented and manufactured by James Sharp. Tramway :- first horse-drawn carriage on rail in 1828 in Baltimore, USA. - first cable-car in 1868 in New York. - first steam-powered tram in 1873 - first electric tram in 1880 in St. Petersburg, Russia, and in 1881 in Berlin, Germany. Saxophone (1840's, BelgiumInvented by Adolphe Sax. Telegraph (1844, USA)Invented by Samuel Morse Telephone (1849, Italy)The invention of the telephone has long been credited to the Scot Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. However, the Italian Antonio Meucci is now recognised to have invented the device as early as 1849. Dishwasher (1850-1886, USA)Steam-powered airship (1852, France)- Invented by Henri Giffard. Light bulb (1854, Germany)The first practical light bulb was invented in 1854 by Heinrich Goebel. Metro/Subway (1863, Britain)The London Underground was the first rapid transit network in the world. Vacuum cleaner (1865, USA)Wrist watch (1868, Switzerland => Patek Philippe & Co.)Radio- Radio waves => 1874, Scotland - Radio Transmission => 1893-96, USA Phonograph (1877, USA)Invented by Thomas Alva Edison, although based on France-born Leon Scott's 1857 phonautograph. Cash register (1879, USA)Invented by James Ritty. Television- First TV => 1884, Germany - TV tube => 1907, Russia - Electronic TV & Broadcast => 1927, USA Motorcycle (1885, Germany)First designed and built by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach Car/Automobile (1886, Germany)Developed independently and simultaneously by Carl Benz in Mannheim, amd Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart. Animation (1892, France)First animated film created by Emile Reynaud. Cinema (1894, France)Cinematograph invented by the Lumiere brothers. Electric stove/cooker (1896, USA)First patented by William S. Hadaway. Traffic lights (1914, USA)Parking meter (1935, USA)Helicopter (1939, Russia)Developed by Igor Sikorsky Microwave oven (1947, USA)Invented by Percy Spencer. Atomic clock (1949, USA)Charge/credit card (1950, USA => Diner's Club)Video Games (1951-58, USA/UK)Invention disputed between 3 people, 2 Americans and a Briton. Laserdisk (1958, USA; commercialised by MCA and Philips in 1972)Photocopier (1959, USA => Xerox)Soft contact lenses (1961, Czech)Invented by Otto Wichterle. Cassette tape (1967, Netherlands => Philips)LCD screen (1968, Germany)Quartz watch (1969, Japan => Seiko)Video tape (1972, Netherlands - Philips, later replaced by JVC's VHS)Walkman (1977, Germany => commercialised by the Japanese Sony from 1979)Compact Disk (1982, Netherlands/Germany - Philips)CD-ROM (1985, Netherlands/Japan => Philips/Sony)Minidisk (1991, Japan => Sony)----------------------- Let's now list inventions by countries. USA- Steam boat - Submarine - Regrigerator - Telegraph - Tramway - Dishwasher - Vacuum cleaner - Radio transmission - Phonograph - Cash register - Eletric stove/cooker - Electronic TV & TV Broadcast - Microwave oven - Atomic clock - Charge/credit card - Electronic calculator - Video games - Laserdisk - Photocopier - Traffic lights - Parking meter Australia- Refigerator UK- Magazine - Steam engine - Gas turbine - Railway - Gas stove/cooker - Negative & colour photography - Metro/Subway - Radio waves - Jet engine - Video Games France- Adding machine - Hot air balloon - Parachute - Submarine - Ambulance service - Photography - Airship - Animation - Cinema Italy- Glasses - Viol and cello - Mechanical clock - Violin - Thermometer - Barometer - Piano - Telephone Switerland- Comic strips - Wrist watch Czech Rep.- Soft contact lenses Germany- Newspaper - Clarinet - Pocket watch - Automated calculator - Light bulb - TV - Petrol/gasoline & Diesel engines - Automobile (+engine, differential gear...) - Motorcycle - Jet engine - LCD screen - Walkman Netherlands- Microscope - Telescope - Pendulum clock - Mercury thermometer - Audio tape - Video tape - CD - CD-ROM Belgium- Newspaper - Saxophone Japan- Quartz watch - CD-ROM - MD Russia - Tube TV - Helicopter WHO INVENTED WHAT ? Directory: attachments attachments -> A unified Modeling Approach to Climate System Prediction James Hurrell* 1, Gerald A. Meehl 1, David Bader 2 Download 406.54 Kb. Share with your friends:
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