Tourism lab programme report
Chapter 3: Links to overarching policy framework
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- 3.2 Global policy framework – the UN Millennium Development Goals
- 3.3 Long-term national framework: Vision 2020
- 3.4 Medium-term national framework: MKUZA II
- 3.4.1 Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP) (2002-2005)
- 3.4.2 Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty - ZSGRP/MKUZA I (2007-2011)
- 3.4.3 MKUZA II (2011-2015)
Chapter 3: Links to overarching policy framework
3.1 IntroductionThis chapter outlines how the envisioned aspirations for R4P initiatives link with overarching policy frameworks. As seen in the situation analysis, tourism in Zanzibar does not happen in a vacuum. It is affected by a range of global, national and local factors over many sectors. Likewise, tourism policy and plans are linked to global, national and sectoral policy frameworks, from Millennium Development Goals to MKUZA II and tourism master plan. It is important to acknowledge how the output of the Tourism Lab fits into other frameworks, as coherence with these will enable the success of the Multisectoral Tourism Development Plan while contradictions would lead to mixed messages and make it less likely that the plans will be implemented. 3.2 Global policy framework – the UN Millennium Development GoalsThe United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have been the over-arching global framework for development since 2000 following the adoption of the Millennium Declaration. The eight goals are each categorised into targets to be met by 2015. Out of the eight goals, four have a direct impact on the tourism sector:
3.3 Long-term national framework: Vision 2020Since the 1990s, national policies have included a special focus on poverty reduction in addition to the measures to sustain a sound macroeconomic framework. In 2000, the government adopted Vision 2020, which broadly articulates the aspirations of Zanzibar that are to be achieved by the year 2020. With regards to tourism, Vision 2020 set out a future where Zanzibar has a high level of employment in the modern sector (50 percent to be employed in tourism and free zones) and a high contribution to GDP by tourism. It also notes the importance of building skills in sectors/resources where Zanzibar has a comparative advantage over its neighbours, including in tourism. Since then dynamic efforts have been taken in the tourism industry to increase its contribution to the economy. The major focus is to enhance Zanzibar as a famous tourism destination in the world while promoting domestic tourism. The plan have been undertaken to coordinate in tourism resources and develop tourism infrastructure. The efforts have given emphasize to increase facilities and innovation for tourism products and services. High concern was placed and continued for achieving more sustainable tourism development. However, a review of Vision 2020 done in 2010 suggested that: “The general perception discerned from consultations with various stakeholders is that tourism contributes little towards poverty reduction. The reason is that it is not generating incomes for the poor or the local informal enterprise, it is not involving local tour operators, and the rural smallholder farmer is by-passed in the production and distribution of goods and services consumed by the tourism sector. Rather, goods that can be produced by local farmers with the appropriate incentives are imported. In some cases, hoteliers have contracted farmers outside Zanzibar to supply the food requirements of their hotels. Local tour operators cry foul about their exclusion from participation and patronage from tourists who arrive through package deals.” (Review of the Zanzibar Development Vision 2020, pp. 12-13) In addition: “The interviewees emphasised the need to diversify the economy from the past structural changes, which was, by and large, diversified from Agriculture to trade and later from trade to tourism (both were from mono sector to mono sector).” (Review of the Zanzibar Development Vision 2020, p. 34) These comments show that tourism has not kept pace with projections in terms of its benefits for the wider economy of Zanzibar or poverty reduction. Furthermore, it highlights the need for tourism to link with other sectors to ensure it generates incomes across the population. 3.4 Medium-term national framework: MKUZA IIThe cross-sectoral nature of tourism means that a coordinated approach is required across various government agencies and stakeholders, to remove impediments to development, facilitate investment and ensure that a memorable and enjoyable experience is assured for visitors. This ‘whole of government’ approach has to be driven from the very highest level and has to include commitment to tourism development at a local, provincial and central government level. The government has been using medium term national strategies as the instruments of guiding the implementation of the necessary actions for attaining the Vision and the Millennium Development Goals. Given the importance of tourism, Zanzibar has often placed the sector as a high priority within such plans. 3.4.1 Zanzibar Poverty Reduction Plan (ZPRP) (2002-2005)In 2002 the government adopted ZPRP, a three-year medium term program that mainly focused on poverty reduction. The ZPRP involved a strategic selection of priority sectors deemed to have a more direct impact on poverty reduction; more resources were allocated to the sectors. Tourism was not selected as the priority sector. 3.4.2 Zanzibar Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty - ZSGRP/MKUZA I (2007-2011)In 2007 the government of Zanzibar formulated and adopted ZSGRP, which is more popularly known in its Kiswahili acronym, MKUZA I. ZSGRP was outcome-based and thus it clustered the strategies and interventions around linked goals and outcomes. In addition, the plan put a balanced weight between non-income poverty reduction efforts and efforts for reducing income poverty through attaining high and broad-economic growth. Tourism was considered among the sectors for economic growth. 3.4.3 MKUZA II (2011-2015)The Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty also addresses tourism development during the period for 2011-2015. MKUZA II has three strands: (1) growth and reduction of income poverty; (2) social services and well-being; and (3) good governance. The plan gives emphasis to develop exciting and iconic tourism initiatives, to proper management of existing tourism destinations and a focus on promotional activities. Within this period, Zanzibar targeted a growth rate of 6.8 percent by 2015 where the numbers of tourists were estimated to reach 250,000 by the same year. According to the MKUZA II this could be realised through the improvement and diversification of tourist products, strengthening linkages with other sectors, promoting up-market tourism and increasing marketing activities abroad. 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