Turning Princes into Pages: Sixteenth-Century Literary Representations of Thomas Cardinal

262^ See Appendix One for a complete breakdown of anecdotes and marginalia.

263^ 1525 is, admittedly, something of an arbitrary date: it is utilized here to demonstrate that the overwhelming amount of Foxe’s anecdotes about Wolsey concern the Cardinal’s fall from power and role in the divorce, rather than Wolsey’s rise to power and career preceding the divorce (which is, of course, almost all of it).

264^ Hereafter referred to as ‘Rerum’.

265^ ODNB, Elizabeth I.

266^ J. Guy, Tudor England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 252.

267^ David J. B. Trim, ‘Seeking a Protestant Alliance and Liberty of Conscience on the Continent, 1558-1585’, Tudor England and Its Neighbors, ed. by Susan Doran and Glenn Richardson (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 139-177 (145).

268^ Guy, p. 261.

269^ Guy, p. 262.

270^ Guy, p. 262.

271^ Guy, p. 265.

272^ At least, to openly embrace the rebellion. She initially only allowed surreptitious military aid (consisting of money and arms) to be given to the rebels, though in March 1560 she authorized naval blockades of Scotland and sent an army to assist her ships. This eventually led to the signing of a peace treaty with France in July of the same year.

273^ King, p. 115.

274^ Guy, pp. 272-273.

275^ Guy, p. 277.

276^ Pauline Croft, ‘“The State of the World is Marvellously Changed”: England, Spain and Europe 1558-1604’ in Tudor England and Its Neighbors, ed. by Susan Doran and Glenn Richardson (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2005), pp. 178-202.

277^ Croft, pp. 185-186.

278^ Richard Williams ‘“Libels and payntinges”: Elizabethan Catholics and the International Campaign of Visual Propaganda’, in John Foxe and his World, ed. by Christopher Highley and John N. King (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2002), pp. 198-215.

279^ King, p. 116.

280^ Glyn Parry, ‘Elect Church or Elect Nation? The Reception of the Acts and Monuments’, in John Foxe: An Historical Perspective, ed. by David Loades (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), pp. 167-181 (172).

281^ King, pp. 112-113. Quoted text from York, Borthwick Institute, Institution Act Book 2, part 3, fol. 85^v; as quoted in Evenden and Freeman, “John Foxe”, p. 30.

282^ King, 124. Also see, Jesse Lander ‘Foxe’s Book of Martyrs: Printing and Popularizing the Acts and Monuments’ in Religion and Culture in Renaissance England, ed. by Claire McEachern and Deborah Shuger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 69-92.

283^ King, p. 126.

284^ Croft, p. 186.

285^ King, p. 129.

286^ See Glyn Parry, ‘Elect Church or Elect Nation? The Reception of the Acts and Monuments’, in John Foxe: An Historical Perspective, ed. by David Loades (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), pp. 167-181.

287^ King, p. 131.

288^ King, p. 132.

289^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1120. See Appendix One, it. 3.

290^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1120. See Appendix One, it. 3.

291^ Foxe, 1570, pp. 1120-21. See Appendix One, it. 2.

292^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1121. See Appendix One, it. 4.

293^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1121. See Appendix One, it. 4.

294^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1121. See Appendix One, it. 4.

295^ Foxe, 1563, p. 418. In the later three editions, the comment reads, “How God confoundeth the pride and pompe of men.” (1570, p. 1121; 1576, p. 960; 1583, p. 986.) See Appendix One, it. 4.

296^ In the 1563 edition Foxe simply states that the story is “Ex Parclipomena” (1563, p. 418), but in the three later editions he clarifies the citation as having come from Hall: “Ex Edouar. Hallo.” (1570 p. 1121; 1576 p. 960; 1583 p. 986). See Appendix One, it. 4.

297^ Edward Hall,The vnion of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre [and] Yorke[...] (London: Richard Grafton, 1548), (p. 441).

298^ Foxe, 1563, p. 417. See Appendix One, it. 4.

299^ Life, p. 77.

300^ More commonly known as Spartans.

301^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1120. See Appendix One, it. 41.

302^ Foxe, 1563. p. 417. See Appendix One, it. 4.

303^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1120. See Appendix One, it. 41.

304^ Foxe, 1563, p. 417. See Appendix One, it. 41.

305^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1120. See Appendix One, it. 41.

306^ ODNB, ‘Wolsey, Thomas (1470/71–1530)’.

307^ Gwyn, p. 1.; Cavendish, p. 4.

308^ Gwyn, p.182.

309^ Foxe gives the year as the 17^th of Henry VIII’s reign, which was 1526.

310^ Foxe, 1563, p. 436. See Appendix One, it. 15.

311^ Hall, 1548, fols. cxliii-cxliiii.

312^ Foxe, 1563, p. 457. See Appendix One, it. 28.

313^ Foxe, 1570, pp. 1193-1194. See Appendix One, it. 28.

314^ Hall, 1548, f. clxxxi^r.

315^ Holinshed, 1587, p. 908. See Appendix Two, it. 84.

316^ Henry VIII, 2.4.72-2.4.82.

317^ See Boswell-Stone’s Shakspeare’s Holinshed. Walter George Boswell-Stone, Shakspeare’s Holinshed: The Chronicle and the Historical Plays Compared (London: Lawrence and Bullen, 1896).

318^ Henry VIII, 2.4.105 & 2.4.107-108.

319^ Gillespie, p. 174.

320^ Gillespie, p. 172. It should be noted that Thomas Freeman has argued that distribution of the 1570 edition was nowhere near complete, and that the presence of the Acts and Monuments in parish churches reached its peak just before the Civil War. For more, see ODNB, ‘Foxe, John’.

321^ It should be noted here that there is no known evidence to show that Wolsey did in fact kill himself, intentionally or by accident.

322^ As with the story of the arrival of Campeius, the account of Wolsey’s death in Cavendish’s Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey differs significantly. Cavendish does not mention any of the more graphic (or potentially allegorical) details of the final days of Wolsey that Foxe relates, though he delves into great detail in all other respects. (see Cavendish pp. 177-183)

323^ Foxe, 1563, p. 1383. See Appendix One, it. 38.

324^ See Suzanne Evans, “The Scent of a Martyr”, in Numen, 49.2 (2002), pp. 193-211.

325^ ODNB, ‘Wolsey, Thomas (1470/71–1530)’.

326^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1133. See Appendix One, it. 36.

327^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1133. See Appendix One, it. 36.

328^ Foxe, 1563, p. 1717.

329^ Thomas Freeman, ‘Fate, Faction, and Fiction in Foxe's “Book of Martyrs”’, The Historical Journal, 43:3 (2000), 601-623, p. 604.

330^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1172. See Appendix One, it. 36.

331^ Foxe, 1563, p. 276.

332^ Foxe, 1570, p. 1952. See Appendix One, it. 38.

333^ Foxe, 1563, p. 1382.

334^ Freeman, Thomas. Editorial comment: Foxe, 1563, p. 1382.

335^ Cavendish, p. 178.

336^ Cavendish, p. 178-79.

337^ Levy, cited in Patterson, p. 4.

338^ Booth, cited in Patterson, p. 1.

339^ Patterson, p. 4.

340^ Patterson, p. 7.

341^ ODNB, ‘Reyner Wolfe’.

342^ ODNB, ‘Raphael Holinshed’.

343^ ODNB, ‘William Harrison’.

344^ ODNB, ‘Richard Stanihurst’.

345^ 1577, p. 1497. See Appendix Two, it. 7.

346^ 1577, pp. 1505-1506. See Appendix Two, it. 27.

347^ See OED, ‘pompous’, senses 1 and 2.

348^ 1577, p. 1498. See Appendix Two, it. 9.

349^ 1577, p. 1498. See Appendix Two, it. 9.

350^ 1577, p. 1505. See Appendix Two, it. 24.

351^ 1577, p. 1505. See Appendix Two, it. 24.

352^ 1577, p. 1505. See Appendix Two, it. 25.

353^ Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince, trans. Rufus Goodwin (Boston: Dante University Press, 2003), p. 98.

354^ For more information, see Antony Grafton’s introduction to Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince, trans. George Bull (London: Penguin, 1999).

355^ 1577, pp. 1504-1505. See Appendix Two, it. 22.

356^ 1577, p. 1505. See Appendix Two, it. 23.

357^ “A notice fastened on the back of a criminal undergoing punishment, specifying his or her offence”, OED “paper”, sense 8.

358^ 1577, p. 1498. See Appendix Two, it. 10.

359^ 1577, pp. 1498-1499,. See Appendix Two, it. 12.

360^ 1577, pp. 1498-1499. See Appendix Two, it. 12.

361^ 1577, pp. 1498-1499. See Appendix Two, it. 12.

362^ 1587, p. 951.

363^ OED, ‘parrhesia’.

364^ 1577, pp. 1555-1556. See Appendix Two, it. 99. Quoted from a manuscript copy of Edmund Campion’s The Historie of Ireland (1571), which was first published by Sir James Ware in 1633. Full reference: Edmund Campion, Two Histories of Ireland, ed. Sir John Ware, (Dublin, 1633), p. 116.

365^ ODNB, ‘Abraham Fleming’.

366^ 1587, p. 837. See Appendix Two, it. 9.

367^ From ‘The Making of the Chronicles’, available at http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/chronicles.shtml Accessed: August 29 2011.

368^ 1587, p. 837. See Appendix Two, it. 9.

369^ “Both gods above and mortal men abhor this pomp / This levity displeases man and God.” 1587, p. 837. See Appendix Two, it. 9. Italics added for contrast.

370^ 1577, p. 1504. See Appendix Two, it. 21.

371^ 1587, p. 845. See Appendix Two, it. 21.

372^ 1587, p. 845. See Appendix Two, it. 21.

373^ 1577, p. 1552. See Appendix Two, it. 89.

374^ See Appendix 1, it. 4.

375^ “Looseness of the bowels, diarrhœa; an attack of this”. OED, ‘laske’.

376^ 1577, p. 1555, See Appendix Two, it. 99.

377^ 1587, p. 915, See Appendix Two, it. 98.

378^ “From life’s first thread we bear diverse afflictions / and by frightful evils are we tried: / Till he who lived at sunset turns from sunrise / Before the life he learned to live should die.” 1587, p. 917. See Appendix Two, it. 99.

379^ 1587, p. 917. See Appendix Two, it. 99.

380^ For more information, see the prefatory essay, ‘The Making of the Chronicles’ at http://www.cems.ox.ac.uk/holinshed/chronicles.shtml#two. In addion, see ‘Thynne, Francis (1545?-1608)’ in ODNB.

381^ Ibid.

382^ For more on Sidney and copia, please see James A. Knapp, Illustrating the Past in Early Modern England: The Representation of History in Printed Books (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003).

383^ Knapp, p. 175.

384^ Patterson, ix

385^ 1577, p. 4.

386^ Patterson, 51.

387^ McMullan, p. 9.

388^ Howard Felperin, ‘Shakespeare’s Henry VIII: History as Myth’, Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 6:2 (1966), p. 225.

389^ The play originally appeared as ‘All is True’, with the title ‘Henry VIII, Or, All is True’ appearing in the First Folio. Numerous editors and directors—most recently Gordon McMullan—have attempted to reclaim the original title, generally with little success.

390^ Charles Spencer, “Henry VIII at Shakespeare’s Globe, review”, in the Telegraph, 25 May 2010, available at:

Download 1.22 Mb.

Share with your friends: