Unit: Matter, Energy, and Ecosystems
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Part 2- Your Shower1. Run your shower 2. Place a bucket and collect the water for ½ minute. (note, if your bucket is not large enough, you may have to adjust to ¼ minute) 3. Determine how much water was collected in ½ minute in gallons (there are 4 quarts to a gallon) Multiply by 2. Your shower delivers water at ____________ gallons/minute 4. Time yourself as you take a typical shower. Don’t forget to include the time the shower runs as the water warms up _________ minutes 5. How often do you shower? (use a fraction if you shower every other or every third day)________ 6. How much water do you average per day by showering?_______________ gallons/day 7. If you want to decrease the water use from showering, you have a number of options. Name at least three reasonable options. Unit: Geology and Waste Reading: Chapter 12 Text Section 12-1 through 12-6 Chapter 17 Text Section 17-1 through 17-9
Cookie Mining Lab Worksheets: Plate Tectonics Worksheet (optional) Toxic Waste Research Questions Yucca Mountain Debate Simple Math for Geniuses
Geological History
Plate Tectonics
Minerals, Rocks, and Mining
Solid Waste
Recycling
Hazardous Waste
Lessons from:
Yucca Mountain Questions Find current information to answer the following questions: Where is it (be specific)? What are some of the problems that have slowed progress at Yucca Mountain? What is the current status of the Yucca Mountain Nuclear Waste Repository? Is it a good location? Are there dangers to the site? Are there better sites available? Will it be able to do the job? Are the benefits of nuclear energy (fewer air pollutants, less dependence on foreign oil, etc.) worth the costs (environmental and economic)? Geologic Time Scale For your reference 4.6 BYA Earth forms 3.5 BYA first known life on earth anaerobic bacteria- atmosphere is methane and hydrogen sulfide 3 BYA chemosynthetic bacteria 2.5 BYA iron in the oceans settles out as iron oxide- this indicates that oxygen is more prevalent in the atmosphere with more O2- cyanobacteria begin to evolve to perform photosynthesis 2.3-2.4 BYA cellular respiration is believed to have first occurred. 0.8 BYA first eukaryotes 570 MYA abundant fossils with hard parts—begin Paleozoic 550 MYA start Cambrian-trilobites 505 MYA end Cambrian-start Ordovician 438 MYA Glaciation early fish first land plants 408 MYA start Devonian 360 MYA start Carboniferous early amphibians 286 MYA start Permian early reptiles Pangea forms mass extinction 245 MYA start Mesozoic-Triassic early mammals Dinosaurs abundant 208 MYA start Jurassic 150 MYA Archaeopteryx 144 MYA start Cretaceous flowering plants 67 MYA big impact start Cenozoic AGE of MAMMALS 2 MYA H. Habilis 0.5 MYA H. Sapien
The general definition of “ore” is a naturally occurring material from which minerals of economic value can be extracted at a profit. In this exercise, the chocolate chip is the ore. The worthless rock that is associated with the ore and must be separated from the ore is the gangue. The rest of the cookie is the gangue. Instructions:
No miner may use their fingers to hold the cookie. The only items which can touch the cookie are the mining tools and the paper the cookie is sitting on.
Mining Data Sheet
Answer these questions on a separate sheet of paper and bring it with you to your quiz. 1. Were the minerals evenly distributed throughout the cookie mines? Is this a good model for a real mine? 2. Did you leave any chips behind in the cookie? Why or why not? Is this a good model for a real mine? 3. Were you able to restore the land? Why or why not? 4. Do you think the mining process is faster when you know in advance that the land must be restored? Explain 5. Do you think that legislation requiring the restoration of the land makes mining more expensive? 6. The average copper ore mined in 1900 was 5% copper by weight. Today the average copper ore is 0.5% copper by weight. What factors could account for this difference? 7. What changes in your mining technique would have resulted in more profit? Plate Tectonics Worksheet 1. On the diagram below label, the continental crust, oceanic crust, upper mantle, lithosphere, and the asthenosphere. If you have trouble, refer to the same worksheet on the website. It’s in color! 
3. The three above diagrams are all convergent boundaries. Write one sentence next to each diagram explaining what is happening . 4. Why are volcanoes present on the diagram below?
6.a. In the diagram below, label the divergent boundary, the ocean-ocean convergent boundary, and the ocean-continent convergent boundary (note the arrows) b. Which two types of boundary are not clearly labeled or are missing?______________________
What are dioxins? What are they used for? How are humans likely to encounter dioxins? What are the health effects of dioxins? How can exposure to dioxins be prevented? Do plastics emit dioxins when they are placed in a microwave? 2. Chlorine- What compounds containing chlorine pose health effects? What are the health effects? How should we deal with the problem? How is chlorine related to dioxins and PCBs?
What are the most common sources? What are the human health effects? How should we deal with the problem? 4. PCBs- What are PCBs, and what have PCBs been used for? How are humans likely to come in contact with PCBs What are the health effects of PCB contamination? How are PCBs presently being controlled?
What are the main sources for Mercury? What are the human health effects? How are mercury contaminants reduced or mitigated?
What are BPA’s? Where do they come from? What effects do they have on human health? How can exposure be reduced? Unit: Energy You will need your gas and electric bill for the NEXT unit (AIR). Get them NOW. Reading: Chapter 13 Text Section 13-1 through 13-8
Light Bulb Lab ENERGY LAB
Unit Fraction Method Worksheet Household Electricity Use Worksheet Energy Efficiency Worksheet Swimming Pool Energy Worksheet R- Value Worksheet Energy Review Problems Worksheet Ethanol as an Alternative Fuel for Automobiles Worksheet (optional) Energy Review Sheet Energy
Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources
Nuclear Power
Energy Calculations
Lessons from:
In Class Writing Exercise Your task is to research an environmental topic that is of interest to you, and to write a petition to a government official, urging him or her to take a specific action. To receive full credit you need the following:
The Sierra Club site: http://www.sierraclub.org/legislativetracker/ will give you many ideas and plenty of background on current legislative initiatives. However, you must write your own letter, rather than use their sample letter, and you should include background information learned in class or from other sources in addition to whatever you may find at the Sierra Club site, should you choose to use it. This site from the Union of Concerned Scientists is also helpful in finding important issues that need attention: http://ucsaction.org/ucsaction/home.html?qp_source=wacucs%5fheada Write a Powerful Letter to elected officials: These tips will help you write a persuasive letter:
Tips on how to find elected officials on the next page… Getting Connected: PhoneYour Senator and Representative can be called via the U.S. Capitol Switchboard at 202-224-3121. WriteYour Senator at U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510. Your Representative at U.S. House of Representatives, Washington, DC 20515. Look Them Up OnlineLook up your Senator or Representative online at http://congress.nw.dc.us/congressorg/search.html Contact the PresidentThe White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. Washington, DC 20500 Comment line: 202-456-1111 Fax: 202-456-2461 president@whitehouse.gov Light Bulb Lab Lighting Lighting is something that we take for granted. In the past few years there has been a revolution of sorts in lighting. Examine five different kinds of bulbs to compare the light produced & energy cost . Supplies:
Instructions 1. Measure & mark 0.5 meters from where the light bulb will be held. One student should hold the light meter at this mark with the top pointing towards the bulb. 2. Repeat the measurement twice. Average the three readings 3. Repeat with each additional bulb.
Analysis: show work with every calculation 1. Use the following formula to calculate the increased brightness of the 25 watt fluorescent bulb over the 25 watt incandescent bulb.
brightness of incandescent bulb X 100 = ___ _% brighter 2. The 25 watt fluorescent bulb claimed to put out as much light as the 100 watt incandescent. What do your results show? 3. If the 60 watt incandescent light bulb is 5% efficient, what would be the efficiency of the 60 watt halogen bulb? Remember the input for both bulbs is the same. 4. Determine the cost of buying each of the light bulbs for 24,000 hours of use. 5. The cost of one kilowatt hour is $0.10. Compare the entire cost (the cost of the bulb(s) and the electricity to power them) of using a 25 watt fluorescent bulb for 8,000 hours with the entire cost of using a 100 watt incandescent bulb for 8,000 hours of light.
For the mile conversion, we needed to know how many feet are in a mile and how many meters are in one foot. This is a simple example because most of us know that there are approximately 1600 meters in a mile. However, other conversions can be more difficult. Let’s say we want to determine the amount of coal needed to heat a 500 ft2 room. In order to do this we need to know a few things before we can complete the calculation. First, we need to know how much energy (in BTU’s) is needed to heat 1 ft2 of the room. Let’s say that it takes 200 BTU’s to heat 1 ft2 of space. We can write this as  . Then we need to know how much energy is contained in a set amount of coal. Let’s say that 1 pound of coal produces 5,000 BTU’s. We can write this as or  .
According to these simple conversions we can figure out the amount of coal need to heat the room by simply multiplying the two conversion factors by the size of the room. 
1. Use the Unit Fraction Method to determine the number of seconds in one decade. We’ve started the answer for you. Using scientific notation will be helpful. 
2. If there are 3.45 miles in a league and 0.00018 leagues per meter, how many meters would you travel if you covered one hundred miles? 3. If there are 270,512 drams in one cubic meter and 1.55*10-5 hogsheads in a dram, how many cubic meters of water are there in 10 hogsheads? We will be using the unit fraction method as a way to keep track of the units in our energy conversion calculations. Use the following conversion factors to answer the questions on the back of this sheet. 1 gallon of water = 8 lbs. of water 1kWH = 3,400 BTU’s 1BTU = the amount of energy to raise 1 lb. of water 1oF 1 calorie = the amount of energy to raise 1 ml of water 1oC. 1 liter = 0.2624 gallons An average coal power plant produces 12 million kWH of electricity each day An average solar power plant produces 10 million kWH of electricity each day. 1 lb. of coal can produce 5,000 BTU’s. Coal is 5% sulfur by mass. Coal costs $35 per ton on average 1 ton = 2,000 lbs. 1 cubic foot of natural gas can produce 1,000 BTU’s. Natural gas is available at $5.00 per one thousand cubic feet.
4. How many pounds of coal are required to power an average electric plant each year? 5. Assume that a power plant uses 8.0*106 lbs of coal each day. Coal fired power plants generate electricity by boiling water to create steam which spins a turbine. If the water source for a coal power plant has an in initial temperature of 60oF, how many pounds of water are used by a power plant in one day? 6. How much natural gas would be required to produce the same amount of energy as a single day at the coal power plant? 7. How much does the coal cost to run the coal power plant for one day? 8. How much sulfur is produced by the coal power plant each day? 9. If the efficiency of the coal plant was increased by 10%, how would that impact the amount of sulfur produced? HINT: use your answer in #8 to help.
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