Vocabulary: Josef Stalin dictator of the Soviet Union, who turned the
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- Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 1 – Aggression Leads to War Obj
- Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 2 – The United States at War Obj
- Chapter 24 – The World War II Era Begins (1935 – 1945) Section 3 – The War at Home Obj
- Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 4 – Toward Victory Obj
| Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935-1945)
Vocabulary: Josef Stalin - dictator of the Soviet Union, who turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state (communism) totalitarian state - country where a single party controls the government and every aspect of people’s lives Benito Mussolini - prime minister of Italy, who turned Italy into the world’s first fascist state (fascism) fascism - political system that is rooted in militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state Adolf Hitler - dictator of Germany, who turned Germany into an extreme nationalist state (Nazism) aggression - warlike act by one country without just cause appeasement - practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war Winston Churchill - British prime minister during WWII total war - conflict involving not just armies, but entire nations Dwight D. Eisenhower - General who led the first American ground troops in combat during WWII Douglas MacArthur - General who commanded a Filipino-American force during WWII rationing - limitations on the amounts of certain goods that people can buy intern - to temporarily imprison so as to keep from leaving a country A. Philip Randolph - union leader, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, who threatened a mass protest unless FDR moved to end discrimination in the armed forces bracero - Mexican laborer who worked in the US during WWII Harry S. Truman - 33rd President of the US, who was suddenly thrust into the highest office in the country island hopping - during WWII, Allied strategy of capturing Japanese-held islands to gain control of the Pacific Ocean
kamikaze - WWII Japanese pilot trained to make a suicidal crash attack, usually upon a ship genocide - deliberate attempt to kill or destroy an entire nation or group of people war crimes - wartime act of cruelty and brutality that is judged to be beyond the accepted rules of war and human behavior Nazis - members of the National Socialist German Workers Party scapegoat - person/group who is made to bear the blame for others concentration camp - prison camp for civilians who are considered enemies of the state Neutrality Acts - series of laws passed by Congress in 1935 that Banned arms sales or loans to countries at war Good Neighbor Policy - President FDR’s policy intended to strengthen Friendly relations with Latin America Munich Conference - 1938 meeting of leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany at which an agreement was signed giving part of Czechoslovakia to Hitler Nazi-Soviet Pact - agreement signed by Hitler and Stalin in1939 in which they agreed not to attack each other blitzkrieg - the swift attacks launched by Germany in WWII Axis - WWII military alliance of Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other nations. Allies - WWII military alliance of Britain, France, the Soviet Union, China, the US, and 45 other countries Battle of Britain - Germany’s failed attempt to subdue Britain in 1940 in preparation for invasion Lend-Lease Act - during WWII the law that allowed the US to sell arms and equipment to Britain Atlantic Charter - 1941 program developed by the US and Britain that Set goals for the postwar world War Production Board - government agency created during WWII to help Factories shift from making consumer goods to making war materials victory garden - vegetable garden during WWII, planted to combat food shortages in the US Rosie the Riveter - fictional factory worker who became a symbol of working women during WWII “Double V” campaign - African American civil rights campaign during WWII Tuskegee Airmen - African American fighter pilots who trained in Tuskegee, Alabama during WWII compensation - repayment for losses Battle of Midway - 1942 battle in the Pacific, in which American planes Sank four Japanese aircraft carriers Operation Overlord - code name for the Allied invasion of Europe (1944) D-Day - June 6, 1944, day of invasion by Allied Forces of Western Europe Battle of the Bulge - German counter-attack in December 1944 that temporarily slowed the Allied invasion of Germany Navajo code-talkers - WWII Navajo soldiers who use their own language to radio vital messages during the island-hopping campaign Potsdam Declaration - message sent by the Allies in July 1945, calling for Japanese surrender Bataan Death March - long trek across the Philippines that American and Filipino prisoners of war were forced to make by the Japanese Holocaust - slaughter of Europe’s Jews by the Nazi’s before and During WWII Nuremberg Trials - Nazi war crime trials held in 1945 and 1946 Pearl Harbor - American naval base in Hawaii Yalta Conference - Yalta, USSR – the “big three” meet to make plans To end the war and for the future of Europe Manhattan Project - 1942 – top-secret program to build an atomic bomb Marshall Plan - 1948 – Secretary of State George C. Marshall’s plan to help boost the economies of Europe GI Bill of Rights - (GI Bill) provided educational and economic help to veterans United Nations - 1945 – international peace organization created Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 1 – Aggression Leads to War Obj: to describe the kind of dictatorship Stalin set up in the Soviet Union; to explain how authoritarian governments came to power in Germany, Italy, and Japan; to understand why the US adopted a policy of isolationism Stalin’s Totalitarian State – Lenin had set up communist government of the Soviet Union 1924 – After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin gained power and ruled as a totalitarian dictator. Took brutal measures to modernize Soviet industry and agriculture Ordered peasants to hand over their land and animals to government-run farms Millions who resisted were executed or sent to labor camps Stalin also staged trials and execution of his political enemies Many confessed to false charges under torture Fascist Italy – Unlike Stalin, Italy and Germany’s dictators were fascists (vowed to create new empires through the military, nationalism and extreme blind loyalties to the state) Communists drew much of their support from the working class Fascists found allies among business leaders and landowners 1922 - Benito Mussolini and his Fascist party seized power in Italy Used economic unrest and fears of communist revolution to win support Once in power, outlawed all political parties except his own, controlled the press, and banned criticism of the government. Critics were jailed or simply murdered. School children recited the motto “Mussolini is always right!” 1930s – used foreign conquests to distract Italians from economic problems promised to restore the greatness of Ancient Rome – military aggression 1935 – invaded Ethiopia Nazi Germany – Adolf Hitler – the National Socialist German Worker’s Party (Nazis) Like Mussolini, Hitler played on anger about the Versailles Treaty (reparations) Assured Germans that they did not lose the war, rather Jews and other traitors had “stabbed Germany in the back” This statement was, of course, false, but the people were looking for a scapegoat (excuse) He was a powerful speaker and a skillful politician The depression a perfect opportunity for him 1933 – he became chancellor or head of the German government Ended democratic rule within two years and created a militaristic totalitarian state. Government controlled the press, the schools and religion 1936 – organized a week-long rally in Nuremberg – superior race Especially Jews, Gypsies and other peoples. Later rounded Jews and sent them to concentration camps He would later release a plan to kill all the Jews in Europe Claimed Germany had the right to expand to the east He defied the Treaty of Versailles and began to build up Germany’s armed forces. The League of Nations condemned these actions Predicted that the rest of Europe would not react, just protest and they will always be too late 1936 – German troops moved into the Rhineland near the border with France and Belgium France and Britain protested, but took no action Military Rule in Japan – Japan’s economy suffered terribly in the Great Depression Its people grew impatient with their democratic government, so military leaders took power. Like Hitler, Japanese leaders also preached racial superiority They also believed they were superior and purer than other Asians, as well as non-Asians They set their sights on Manchuria, China in an effort to expand Manchuria was rich in coal and iron, two resources scarce in Japan They set up a state in Manchuria and called it Manchukuo China called on the League of Nations, who condemned Japan but did little else. The US also refused to recognize Manchukuo but took no action. American Isolationism – As war was gathering overseas, the US was determined to keep from becoming involved Neutrality Acts: 1935 – Congress passed the first of a series of Neutrality Acts, which banned arms sales or loans to countries at war. Congress also warned Americans not to travel on ships of countries at war Us limited economic ties with warring nations The Good Neighbor Policy: US tried to improve relations with Latin American nations 1930 – President Herbert Hoover rejected the Roosevelt Corollary. Claimed that the US no longer had the right to intervene in Latin American affairs FDR also worked to build friendlier relations with Latin America His Good Neighbor Policy - withdrew American troops from Nicaragua and Haiti. Cancelled the Platt Amendment, which limited the independence of Cuba Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 2 – The United States at War Obj: to explain how aggression led to war in Asia and Europe; to describe how the US repsonded to WWI outbreak; and, why the US finally entered the war During the 1930s, neither the US nor European nations were prepared to halt aggression in Europe or Asia. As the armies of Germany, Italy and Japan conquered more territory, the democracies still hoped to avoid another world war. Japan Sparks War in Asia – 1937 – Japan began an all-out war with China Japanese troops defeat Chinese armies and occupied northern and central China. This alarmed American leaders, they felt it undermined the Open Door Policy (promise of equal access to trade in China) It also threatened the Philippines (which the US controlled) Even though, isolationist feelings remained strong among the American people and kept the US from taking a firm stand against the Japanese Germany Brings War to Europe – 1938 – Hitler continued his plan for expansion Violated the Treaty of Versailles, and annexes Austria Again, Britain and France took no action Later, he claimed the western part of Czechoslovakia, stating it contained many German people Sept 1938 – Munich, Germany – leaders of Britain, France, Italy and Germany met at the Munich Conference. Hitler promised that Germany would seek no further territory once it had acquired the western part of Czechoslovakia. To preserve peace, Britain and France agreed – they appeased Germany and Hitler Nazi Germany seized the rest of Czechoslovakia the next year and Britain and France realized that they had to take a firm action against the Nazi aggression 1939 – Hitler eyed Poland next. Signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin (the two rival dictators agreed not to attack each other) Secretly, they also agreed to divide Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe Sept 1939 – Hitler launched a blitzkrieg against Poland Poland soon surrendered Soviet Union seized eastern Poland Stalin’s forces also invaded Finland and later Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. A Second World War – Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany WWII had begun It was truly a global conflict Military forces fought all over the world The Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan 6 other nations The Allied Power Britain France The Soviet Union China 45 other nations The US 1940 – the Fall of France Hitler’s armies marched north and west Denmark Norway Holland Belgium Finally pushing their way to France Hitler’s ally, Italy, also attacked France British sent troops to help France, both were quickly overpowered June 22, 1940 – France surrendered to Germany – The Fall of France shocked the world The Battle of Britain – Britain now stood alone Germany drops bombs on London and other British cities Britain fights back and after months of bombing, Hitler gives up his planned invasion of Britain The US Moves Toward War – After invasion of Poland – FDR announced that the US would remain neutral US aided Allies Roosevelt’s cash-and-carry plan FDR gave Britain 50 old American destroyers in exchange for a 99-year lease of military bases in Newfoundland and the Caribbean US was taking steps to prepare for war Greater spending for the army and navy Set up a military draft FDR runs a third term, breaking the two-term policy set by George Washington Britain running out of cash, FDR suggests lending them supplies because they were defending democracy against totalitarian forces 1941 – Isolationists still opposed, but Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act (allowed sales of loans of war materials to any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US) Hitler launches a surprise invasion of the Allied Power Soviet Union Stalin was a totalitarian, but FDR extended the Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union. August 1941 – FDR and Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter (set goals for the post war world) Seek no territory from the war Support the rights of all people to chooses their form of government A permanent system of general security (similar to the League of Nation) War Comes to the US – 1940 – After Germany defeated France, Japan took control of French colonies in Southeast Asia. September – Japan signed an alliance with Germany and Italy US tried to stop Japanese aggression by refusing to sell oil and scrap metal to Japan Nov. 1941 – Japanese and American officials meet US wanted Japan to withdraw armies from China and Southeast Asia Japan wanted the US to lift its trade embargo Neither side would compromise Japan completed plans for a secret attack on the US Sunday, December 7, 1941 – Pearl Harbor FDR – gravely ill – addressed Congress, making his famous statement “Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy” Congress declared war on Japan In response, Germany and Italy declared war on the US Even isolationists backed the war effort Chapter 24 – The World War II Era Begins (1935 – 1945) Section 3 – The War at Home Obj: to understand how Americans mobilized their economy in WWII; the impace war had of African Americans; to explain why Japanese-Americans and other groups faced special problems during the war After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Americans united as never before Mobilizing the Home Front – During WWII – more than 15 million Americans served in the military 1941 – Combat Training – bases built all over the country Recruits trained to fight in the jungles in the Pacific, deserts of North Africa and town and farmlands of Europe Women joined armed forces Government controlled more of the economy in WWII than in WWI Set up prices of goods Negotiated with labor unions Decided what should be produced War Production Board – Helped factories shift form making consumer goods to war materials Automobile makers switched to producing tanks and trucks Production of war materials grew Consumer goods became scarcer Government imposed rationing Coupons Coffee Sugar Meat Gas Other goods To combat food shortages Americans planted victory gardens To pay for war, government raised taxes Money borrowed from million of American citizens by selling war bonds War quickly ended the Depression Unemployment fell as millions of jobs opened up in factories Minority workers found jobs where they had been rejected in the past Women in the Wartime Economy – Five million entered the work force Replaced the men who joined the armed services Many took office jobs Millions more kept the nations’ factories operating around the clock Welded Ran huge cranes Furnaces Bus drivers Police officers Gas station attendants Rosie the Riveter (symbol of American women’s contribution to war) War changed women’s view of pay, dress and new sense of confidence African Americans at War – Rallied to their nation’s cause “Double V” campaign “V” for victory over the enemy abroad “V” for victory to the discrimination at home Black employment increased, so did racial tension 1943 – race riots broke out in Detroit, New York and other cities Segregation still existed in the military African Americans served in all black units commanded by all white officers. They served in all branches of armed service The “Tuskegee Airmen” – destroyed or damaged about 400 enemy aircraft A Calamity for Japanese Americans – West Coast and Hawaii – Loyalty questioned (spies or could help Japan invade the US) Relocation camps set up by order of FDR 110,000 Japanese Americans forced to sell their homes, farms or businesses at a great loss. Crowded barracks behind barbed wire Despite unfair treatment, thousands served in the armed forces Most sent to units in Europe not against Japan 442 Nisei Regimental Combat Team – most highly decorated military unit in US history. Other Groups Face Problems – German-Americans Italian Americans Mexican Americans Chapter 24 – The World War II Era (1935 – 1945) Section 4 – Toward Victory Obj: to describe the defeat of the Allies in 1942; how D-Day and the “Second Front” helped turn the tide in Europe; to understand how and why the wars in Europe and Japan came to an end; and, to identify what made WWII the deadliest war in history By 1944 – the tide of battle had turned Soviets Under Siege – Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad – German armies closing in Soviets Resisted – Burned crops Destroyed farm equipment Japanese Advances – On the move in the Pacific After Pearl Harbor, they seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and Singapore General Douglas MacArthur – commander of US forces in the Pacific Japan also captured Malaya, Burma and the Dutch East Indies They threatened India, Australia and New Zealand. Allied Power plan of attack Defeat Germany and Italy first, then deal with Japan Even while fighting the Germans and Italians, the US Navy won a victory at the Battle of Midway Allied forces began to force back the Germans in North Africa, driving them west into Tunisia US Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley and George S. Patton landed in Morocco and Algeria and pushed east The push from the west and the east trapped Rummel’s forces in Tunisia in May 1943, forcing their surrender From bases in North Africa, Allies organized the invasion of Italy September 1943, Mussolini had been overthrown, but Germans still occupied much of Italy. June 4, 1944 – Allied troops marched into Rome, which was the first European capital to be freed from Nazi control. 1943 - Soviets repelled the Germans from Leningrad Soviets forced Germans to surrender in Stalingrad Slowly, the Soviet army pushed the Germans westward through Eastern Europe Operation Overlord (code name for invasion of Europe) General Eisenhower appointed commander of allied forces in Europe Germans knew attack was coming Did not know where or when Mined beaches Strung barbed wire Machine guns and concrete anti-tank wall D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944 – 4,000 Allied ships carried the invasion force to France Came ashore at the beaches of Normandy August 25, 1944 – Allied entered Paris Within a month France was free after four years December 16, 1944 - The Battle of the Bulge – German forces began a fierce counterattack Pushing Allies back, creating a bulge in the front lines Audie Murphy emerged as the most honored American hero of the war It slowed the Allies, but did not stop them They were beginning to close in on the Germans 1944 – FDR – ill and tired, ran for a fourth term and won more than 54% of the vote April 1945 – FDR – while on vacation in Georgia complained of headache and within hours was dead His death shocked the world, especially all Americans Running mate, Harry S. Truman faced taking over the country in the midst of war Germany was collapsing American troops were closing in on Berlin Hitler his in his underground bunker Unwilling to accept defeat, he committed suicide One week later – May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered to the Allied May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) The surrender of Germany left only Japan to defeat War in the Pacific – American forces used island-hopping to gain control of the Pacific Ocean American ships shelled an island Troops waded ashore under heavy gunfire Hand-to-hand combat Americans overcame fierce Japanese resistance Navajo Soldiers (Code Talkers) October 1944 – Gen. MacArthur, in the Philippines America captures Iwo Jima and Okinawa from Japan Japanese leaders stressed Bushido To surrender would be to “lose face” or be dishonored Suicide missions – Kamikaze pilots US military leaders made plans to invade Japan in the autumn July 1945 – Potsdam, Germany – Harry Truman (US), Winston Churchill (England) and Joseph Stalin (Russia), met. While there, Truman received word that American scientists successfully tested a secret new weapon Allied leaders warned Japan to surrender or face “prompt and utter destruction” Japan leaders ignored the Potsdam Declaration August 6, 1945 – American bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Augusts 9, 1945 – a second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. August 14, 1945 – emperor of Japan announced that his nation would surrender September 2, 1945 – V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) The Deadliest War in History – Historians estimate that between 30 and 60 million people were killed WWI fought mainly in the trenches, WWII bombers destroyed houses, factories and farms. Horror Stories - Bataan Death March – 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners marched 65 miles with little food or water, about 10,000 died or were killed The Holocaust – Nazi Death Camps People slaughtered, mostly Jews Nazis imprisoned Jews from Germany and other nations they conquered More than 6 million Jews were tortured and murdered Nearly 6 million Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies were also victims of death camps People with physical or mental disabilities were also killed War Crime Trials (1945 – 1946) Nazi leaders put on trial in Nuremberg, Germany for war crimes The Nuremberg Trials – 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death Thousands of others were imprisoned Japanese leaders accused of war crimes were also tried by Allies and executed Directory: UserFiles -> Servers Servers -> Class Schedule Credit Class Schedule Servers -> Note: Please look through resources very carefully. This is a controversial issue so some sources may have bias. 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