Association Football or Soccer: 206bc (Greek) According to FIFA, (International Federation of Association Football), the Chinese competitive game cuju (kick ball) is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence. Cuju players could use any of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to modern football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established.
200 BC 200 BC 200 BC
200bc Mnaseas of Patara was a Greek historian and geographer born in Patara ( Lycia ) who lived around the year 200 BC. He was a pupil of Eratosthenes and traveled through Asia, Africa and Europe. He was the author of several works that lacked historicist approach and were full of fabulous stories. Only this historian preserved fragments of his Periégesis and others from his collection of oracles at Delphi. Mnaseas introduced, among others, the legend that in the Temple of Jerusalem was worshiped a donkey head, legend spread among all later Alexandrian writers. He was the first to say something that would later be recurring in antisemitism in Greek and Roman: the Jews in the Temple of Jerusalem, worshiped a golden donkey head (this is called onología). Source: Periegesis
Druidism -Druids were priests of an ancient Celtic religious order. The Druids' Teachings: The Druids believed in a supreme god, whom they called Be' al, meaning "the source of all beings." The symbol of this Supreme Being was fire. But the Druids also worshiped many lesser gods. The Druids taught that the human soul was immortal and that, upon death, it passed into the body of a newborn child. According to Caesar, such teaching was intended to make warriors less afraid of dying and thus increase their courage when they went into battle. Various recurring themes emerge in a number of the Greco-Roman accounts of the druids, including that they performed human sacrifice, believed in a form of reincarnation, and that they held a high position in Gaulish society. Next to nothing is known about their cultic practice, except for the ritual of oak and mistletoe as described by Pliny the Elder. The earliest known reference to the druids dates to 200 BCE, although the oldest actual description comes from the Roman military general Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico (50s BCE). Later Greco-Roman writers also described the druids, including Cicero, Tacitus and Pliny the Elder. Following the invasion of Gaul by the Roman Empire, druidism was suppressed by the Roman government under the 1st-century emperors Tiberius and Claudius, and it disappeared from the written record by the 2nd century, although there were likely later survivals in the British Isles. The druids then also appear in some of the mediaeval tales from Christianised Ireland like the Táin Bó Cúailnge, where they are largely portrayed as sorcerers who opposed the coming of Christianity. In the wake of the Celtic revival during the 18th and 19th centuries, fraternal and Neopagan groups were founded based upon the ideas about the ancient druids, a movement which is known as Neo-druidry. [Since there is sea trade, it is easily possible for Druidism to be descended from another Mediterranean religion such as the Hebrew.]
183 Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca (248–183 or 182 BC), commonly known as Hannibal, was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician who is popularly credited as one of the most talented commanders in history. His father Hamilcar Barca was the leading Carthaginian commander during the First Punic War, his younger brothers were Mago and Hasdrubal, and he was brother-in-law to Hasdrubal the Fair. Hannibal lived during a period of tension in the Mediterranean, when Rome (then the Roman Republic) established its supremacy over other great powers such as Carthage, and the Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedon, Syracuse, and the Seleucid empire. One of his most famous achievements was at the outbreak of the Second Punic War, when he marched an army, which included war elephants, from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into northern Italy. In his first few years in Italy, he won three dramatic victories, Trebia, Trasimene, and Cannae, and won over several Roman allies. Hannibal occupied much of Italy for 15 years, however a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced Hannibal to return to Carthage, where he was decisively defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama. Scipio studied Hannibal's tactics and brilliantly devised some of his own, and finally defeated Rome's nemesis at Zama having previously driven Hasdrubal, Hannibal's brother, out of Spain. As Jews are not one blood, but an extremely mixed race, in the ancient world many of the Carthaginians and Phoenicians became Jews through proselytism. This people fought with Hannibal against Rome as a Jewish proxy.
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry. When the Carthaginians withstood the might of Rome in the Punic Wars, they may be said to have disappeared as a nation after the destruction of Carthage by Scipio.
In 202bc, the Jews came under the rule of the Macedonian kings of Syria. Antiochus Epiphanes "attacked Jerusalem (b.c. 169) . . . forced his way into the Temple . . . removing all the treasures. . . . When the bloody persecution of the Judseans had reached a height . . . a change took place. It was brought about by the family ... of the Maccabees."
Antiochus IV Epiphanes ('God Manifest'; ~215 BC – 164 BC) ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC. He was a son of King Antiochus III the Great. To consolidate his empire and strengthen his hold over the region, Antiochus decided to side with the Hellenized Jews by outlawing Jewish religious rites and traditions kept by observant Jews and by ordering the worship of Zeus as the supreme god (2 Maccabees 6:1–12). This was anathema to the Jews and when they refused, Antiochus sent an army to enforce his decree. Because of the resistance, the city was destroyed, many were slaughtered, and a military Greek citadel called the Acra was established. It was the Jews' refusal to accept Greek religious and social standards that marked them out.
168 B.C. - The Romans defile the Holy Temple, erecting a statue of Zeus and sacrificing swine. Observance of the Sabbath and circumcision are banned.
167 BC The Jewish Maccabees Revolt against the Greeks. The festival of Hanukkah commemorates the recapture of Jerusalem. Hanukkah was a very minor holiday which has been built up to compete with Christmas. Hanukkah became more widely celebrated beginning from the 1970s, when Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson called for public awareness of the festival and encouraged the lighting of public menorahs. Now Creches are outlawed, but Menorahs are everywhere as a secular symbols. Judaism has won in America. Happy Hanukkah is everywhere in the media, Merry Christmas is disposed for Happy Holidays. Hanukkah marks an armed uprising by Jewish extremists in which they murdered Gentiles and all Hellenizing Jews. The Hanukkah celebration is one to encourage resistance to assimilation among Gentiles.
Jewish Power in Bargaining: Judas Maccabaeus recovered Jerusalem in B.C. 165, and was the forerunner of the militant Jewish leaders who challenged the power of Rome. He "heard of the fame of the Romans, that they were valiant men ... how they had acquired the mines of silver and gold in Spain." Josephus confirms the Judeo-Roman entente, and states that the Senate received the ambassadors of Judas, and made a decree that — "If any people attack the Jews, the Romans shall assist them. ... If any people attack the Romans, the Jews shall assist them." Jerusalem was nevertheless taken by Pompey in B.C. 63, and Palestine was placed under a Roman Governor, while the Temple was pillaged by Crassus before he invaded Parthia. In the war between Caesar and Pompey, the Jews supported Caesar, the democratic leader, and helped to save him when he was besieged at Alexandria, receiving in return many privileges.
The First book of Maccabees is a book written in Hebrew by a Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom, about the latter part of the 2nd century BC. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC.
Share with your friends: |