War between christian humanism & jewish materialism
Jesus Christ in different languages
Download 8.06 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Don Richardson
- “John AT” Robinson
- Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha
- Jewish Christian Gospels
- Rival versions of canonical Gospels
- General texts concerning Jesus
- Ritual diagrams
Jesus Christ in different languages: Afrikaans: Jesus Christus; Albanian: Jezu Krishti; Arabic - Isa al Maseeh (Jesus the Messiah); Azerbaijani: İsa Məsih; Basque: Jesus Christ; Catalan: Jesús Crist; Croatian: Isus Krist; Czech: Ježíš Kristus; Danish: Jesus Kristus; Dutch: Jezus Christus; Estonian: Jeesus Kristus; Filipino: Hesukristo; Finnish: Jeesus Kristus; French: Jésus-Christ; Galician: Xesús Cristo; German: Jesus Christus; Haitian Creole: Jezi Kris la; Hungarian: Jézus Krisztus; Icelandic: Jesús Kristur; Indonesian: Yesus Kristus; Irish: Íosa Críost; Italian: Gesù Cristo; Latvian: Jēzus Kristus; Lithuanian: Jėzus Kristus; Malay: Yesus Kristus; Maltese: Ġesù Kristu; Norwegian: Jesus Kristus; Polish: Jezus Chrystus; Portugese: Jesus Cristo; Romanian: Isus Hristos; Slovak: Ježiš Kristus; Slovenian: Jezus Kristus; Spanish: Jesús Cristo; Swahili: Yesu Kristo; Swedish: Jesus Kristus; Turkish: İsa Mesih; Vietnamese: Chúa Giêsu Kitô; Welsh: Iesu Grist Don Richardson (1935- ) is a Canadian Christian missionary, teacher, author and international speaker who worked among the tribal people of Western New Guinea, Indonesia. He argues in his writings that, hidden among tribal cultures, there are usually some practices or understandings, which he calls "redemptive analogies", which can be used to illustrate the meaning of the Christian Gospel, contextualizing the biblical representation of the incarnation of Jesus. “Eternity in Their Hearts: Startling Evidence of Belief in the One True God in Hundreds of Cultures Throughout the World” (2006) It is important to one’s life for a sense of purpose or significance to believe in concepts greater than oneself. To believe in a God imbued with Absolutes such as ultimate Truth brings forth a strong bedrock to hold onto one’s own truths and not waver to popular sentimentality. The Gospel author John equates Jesus’s Truth with the Logos or the Greeks’ Ultimate Word of Truth. Paul equates Jesus with the Greeks’ ‘Unknown God’, the God of Absolutes. New Testament: Matthew ; Mark ; Luke ; John ; Acts ; Romans ; 1 Corinthians ; 2 Corinthians ; Galatians ; Ephesians ; Philippians; Colossians; 1 Thessalonians ; 2 Thessalonians ; 1 Timothy ; 2 Timothy ; Titus ; Philemon ; Hebrews ; James ; 1 Peter ; 2 Peter ; 1 John ; 2 John ; 3 John ; Jude ; Revelation John Arthur Thomas “John AT” Robinson (1919–12/5, 1983) was a New Testament scholar, author and a former Anglican Bishop of Woolwich, England. Robinson was considered a major force in shaping liberal Christian theology. Along with Harvard theologian Harvey Cox, he spearheaded the field of secular theology and, like William Barclay, he was a believer in universal salvation. His book Honest to God caused controversy, as it called on Christians to view of God as the "Ground of Being" rather than as a supernatural being "out there". Most liberal scholars consider the New Testament as being written after 100ad with the Gospels being written not by their attributed authors, but by their disciples. In contrast to his usual liberalness Robinson wrote “Redating the New Testament”. Robinson concluded that much of the New Testament was written before AD 64, partly based on his judgment that there is little textual evidence that the New Testament reflects knowledge of the Temple's AD 70 destruction. The Temple’s destruction was central to Judaism and would have been mentioned! Robinson's call for redating the New Testament was echoed by much subsequent scholarship. His early dates for the gospels have not carried widespread conviction among modern-critical scholars, although most conservative and traditionalist scholars concur with his dating of the synoptics.  ****Kingdom theology is a system of Christian thought that elaborates on inaugurated eschatology, which is a way of understanding the various teachings on the kingdom of God found throughout the New Testament that speak of the coming of the kingdom of God as a future event in some places and in other places as an ongoing or even a completed event. Its emphasis is that the purpose of both individual Christians and the church as a whole is to manifest the kingdom of God on the earth, incorporating personal evangelism, social action, and foreign missions. The doctrine rejects the doctrine of the Pre-Tribulation Rapture, which states that Christ will return to remove the church from the earth. Rather than being "rescued" by Christ, the role of the Church is to usher in Christ. Today this teaching about the "already" and "not yet" has been accepted by many Christians, including pre-, a- and postmillennialists.
****Biblical criticism is "the study and investigation of biblical writings that seeks to make discerning and discriminating judgments about these writings." It asks when and where a particular text originated; how, why, by whom, for whom, and in what circumstances it was produced; what influences were at work in its production; what sources were used in its composition and the message it was intended to convey. It also addresses the physical text, including the meaning of the words and the way in which they are used, its preservation, history and integrity. Biblical criticism draws upon a wide range of scholarly disciplines including archaeology, anthropology, folklore, linguistics, oral tradition studies, and historical and religious studies. In the last 150 years, biblical criticism has grown to include: Textual criticism; Source criticism; Form criticism and tradition history; Redaction criticism; Canonical criticism; Rhetorical criticism; Narrative criticism; Psychological criticism; Socio-scientific criticism; Postmodernist criticism. Midrash links Jesus to Old Testament in Gospel accounts to show his importance. Midrash is saying someone is similar to another in personal attributes or actions.  Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha: Besides for the Apocrypha which is included in Catholic Scriptures and the early King James Version, there were several documents written during the Old Testament era which could have come close to being included. Some were even referred to in the Old Testament as reference material. During the New Testament era and the early Christian period, many other books were written. They were written as other eye witness accounts, early theology, pure fiction or as devotional. There may have been as many as 80 gospels written of Jesus alone. One of the rules for inclusion into the New Testament was that the document had been written by an Apostle (called out follower) rather than only a Disciple (follower).
The term Pseudepigrapha commonly refers to numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 200 BC to 200 AD. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphal.[4] Such works include the following: 3 Maccabees ; 4 Maccabees ; Assumption of Moses ; Ethiopic Book of Enoch (1 Enoch) ; Slavonic Book of Enoch (2 Enoch) ; Book of Jubilees ; Greek Apocalypse of Baruch (3 Baruch) ; Letter of Aristeas ; Life of Adam and Eve ; Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah ; Psalms of Solomon ; Sibylline Oracles ; Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch) ; Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs New Testament - Reasons for inclusion in or exclusion from the canon included apostolic authority, general acceptance, and theological appropriateness for "proto-orthodox" Christianity. Church Fathers and Theologians through the ages have debated which should be included, for example, Origen accepted Shepherd of Hermas, Epistle of Barnabas, and 1 Clement. The English-language King James Version of 1611 followed the lead of the Luther Bible in using an inter-testamental section labelled "Books called Apocrypha", or just "Apocrypha" at the running page header. The section contains the following: 1 Esdras (Vulgate 3 Esdras) ; 2 Esdras (Vulgate 4 Esdras) ; Tobit ; Judith ; Rest of Esther (Vulgate Esther 10:4-16:24) ; Wisdom ; Ecclesiasticus (also known as Sirach) ; Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy (all part of Vulgate Baruch) ; Song of the Three Children (Vulgate Daniel 3:24-90) ; Story of Susanna (Vulgate Daniel 13) ; The Idol Bel and the Dragon (Vulgate Daniel 14) ; Prayer of Manasses ; 1 Maccabees ; 2 Maccabees. Included in this list are those books of the Vulgate that were not in Luther's canon. Didache or The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles is a brief early Christian treatise, dated to the late first century. The text, parts of which may have constituted the first written catechism, has three main sections dealing with Christian lessons, rituals such as baptism and Eucharist, and Church organization. It was considered by some of the Church Fathers as part of the New Testament. Lost for several centuries, the Didache was rediscovered in 1873 by Philotheos Bryennios, Metropolitan of Nicomedia in the Codex Hierosolymitanus. An English translation was first published in 1883. It is considered part of the collection of Apostolic Fathers. ****The New Testament apocrypha are a number of writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings, the nature of God, or the teachings of his apostles and of their lives. The general term is usually applied to the books that were considered by the church as useful, but not divinely inspired. As such, to refer to Gnostic writings as "apocryphal" is misleading since they would not be classified in the same category by orthodox believers. Infancy Gospels - The rarity of information about the childhood of Jesus in the canonical Gospels led to a hunger of early Christians for more detail about the early life of Jesus. This was supplied by a number of 2nd century and later texts, known as infancy gospels, none of which were accepted into the biblical canon, but the very number of their surviving manuscripts attests to their continued popularity. Most of these were based on the earliest infancy gospels, namely the Infancy Gospel of James (also called the "Protoevangelium of James") and Infancy Gospel of Thomas, and on their later combination into the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew (also called the "Infancy Gospel of Matthew" or "Birth of Mary and Infancy of the Savior"). The other significant early Infancy Gospels are the Syriac Infancy Gospel, the History of Joseph the Carpenter and the Life of John the Baptist. Jewish Christian Gospels - Jewish Christian sects within Early Christianity that retained a strong allegiance to Judaism, upholding Mosaic Law, used these Gospels as specific to themselves: Gospel of the Hebrews ; Gospel of the Nazarenes ; Gospel of the Ebionites. Since these mostly survive as quotes scattered amongst critical commentaries by Pauline Christianity, some modern theories suggest that these may be variations on one another, although the quotations from the Gospel of the Ebionites appear more distinct than the others. It has also been suggested that the Gospel of the Hebrews may have been an earlier version of the Greek Gospel of Matthew. Rival versions of canonical Gospels - Many alternate edited versions of other gospels existed during the period of early Christianity. Sometimes, those attributed to the text state elsewhere that their text is the earlier version, or that their text excises all the additions and distortions made by their opponents to the more recognized version of the text. The church fathers insisted that these people were the ones making distortions, but some modern scholars do not. It remains to be seen whether any are earlier and more accurate versions of the canonical texts. Details of their contents only survive in the attacks on them by their opponents, and so for the most part it is uncertain as to how extensively different they are, and whether any constitute entirely different works. These texts include: Gospel of Marcion ; Gospel of Mani ; Gospel of Apelles ; Gospel of Bardesanes ; Gospel of Basilides ; Gospel of Cerinthus Sayings Gospels - One or two texts take the form of brief logia—sayings and parables of Jesus—which are not embedded in a connected narrative: Gospel of Thomas . A minority of scholars regard the Gospel of Thomas as part of the tradition from which the canonical gospels eventually emerged; in any case both of these documents are important as showing us what the theoretical Q document might have looked like. Passion Gospels - A number of Gospels are concerned specifically with the "Passion" (arrest, execution and resurrection) of Jesus: Gospel of Peter ; Gospel of Nicodemus (also called the "Acts of Pilate") ; Gospel of Bartholomew ; Questions of Bartholomew ; Resurrection of Jesus Christ (which claims to be according to Bartholomew). Although three texts take Bartholomew's name, it may be that one of the Questions of Bartholomew or the Resurrection of Jesus Christ is in fact the unknown Gospel of Bartholomew. Harmonic Gospels - A number of texts aim to provide a single harmonization of the canonical gospels, that eliminates discordances among them by presenting a unified text derived from them to some degree. The most widely read of these was the Diatessaron. Of all the extant texts, the majority appear to be variations on the suppressed Diatessaron. Gnostic texts - In the modern era, many Gnostic texts have been uncovered, especially from the Nag Hammadi library. Some texts take the form of an expounding of the esoteric cosmology and ethics held by the Gnostics. Often this was in the form of dialogue in which Jesus expounds esoteric knowledge while his disciples raise questions concerning it. There is also a text, known as the Epistula Apostolorum, which is a polemic against Gnostic esoterica, but written in a similar style as the Gnostic texts. Dialogues with Jesus - Apocryphon of James (also called the "Secret Book of James") ; Book of Thomas the Contender ; Dialogue of the Saviour; Gospel of Judas (also called the "Gospel of Judas Iscariot") ; Gospel of Mary (also called the "Gospel of Mary Magdalene") ; Gospel of Philip; Greek Gospel of the Egyptians (distinct from the Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians) ; The Sophia of Jesus Christ ; General texts concerning Jesus: Gospel of Truth ; Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter (distinct from the Apocalypse of Peter) ; Pistis Sophia ; Second Treatise of the Great Seth Sethian texts concerning Jesus - The Sethians were a Gnostic group who originally worshipped the biblical Seth as a messianic figure, later treating Jesus as a re-incarnation of Seth. They produced numerous texts expounding their esoteric cosmology, usually in the form of visions: Apocryphon of John (also called the "Secret Gospel of John") ; Coptic Gospel of the Egyptians (distinct from the Greek Gospel of the Egyptians) ; Coptic Apocalypse of Paul (distinct from the Apocalypse of Paul) ; Trimorphic Protennoia Ritual diagrams - Some of the Gnostic texts appear to consist of diagrams and instructions for use in religious rituals: Ophite Diagrams ; Books of Jeu Acts - Several texts concern themselves with the subsequent lives of the apostles, usually with highly supernatural events. Almost half of these are said (by who?) to have been written by Leucius Charinus (known as the Leucian Acts), a companion of John the apostle. The Acts of Thomas and the Acts of Peter and the Twelve are often considered Gnostic texts. While most of the texts are believed to have been written in the 2nd century, at least two, the Acts of Barnabas and the Acts of Peter and Paul are believed to have been written as late as the 5th century. Acts of Andrew ; Acts of Barnabas ; Acts of John ; Acts of the Martyrs ; Acts of Paul ; Acts of Paul and Thecla ; Acts of Peter ; Acts of Peter and Andrew ; Acts of Peter and Paul ; Acts of Peter and the Twelve ; Acts of Philip ; Acts of Pilate ; Acts of Thomas ; Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca Epistles - There are also non-canonical epistles (or "letters") between individuals or to Christians in general. Some of them were regarded very highly by the early church: Epistle of Barnabas ; Epistles of Clement ; Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul ; Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ; Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians ; Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians ; Epistle to Diognetus ; Epistle to the Laodiceans (an epistle in the name of Paul) ; Epistle to Seneca the Younger (an epistle in the name of Paul) ; Third Epistle to the Corinthians - accepted in the past by some in the Armenian Orthodox church. Apocalypses - Several works frame themselves as visions, often discussing the future, afterlife, or both: Apocalypse of Paul (distinct from the Coptic Apocalypse of Paul) ; Apocalypse of Peter (distinct from the Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter) ; Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius ; Apocalypse of Thomas (also called the Revelation of Thomas) ; Apocalypse of Stephen (also called the Revelation of Stephen) ; First Apocalypse of James (also called the First Revelation of James) ; Second Apocalypse of James (also called the Second Revelation of James) ; The Shepherd of Hermas Fate of Mary - Several texts (over 50) consist of descriptions of the events surrounding the varied fate of Mary (the mother of Jesus): The Home Going of Mary ; The Falling asleep of the Mother of God ; The Descent of Mary Miscellany - These texts, due to their content or form, do not fit into the other categories: Apostolic Constitutions (church regulations supposedly asserted by the apostles) ; Book of Nepos ; Canons of the Apostles ; Cave of Treasures (also called The Treasure) ; Clementine literature; Didache (possibly the first written catechism) ; Liturgy of St James ; Penitence of Origen ; Prayer of Paul ; Sentences of Sextus ; Physiologus Fragments - In addition to the known Apocryphal works, there are also small fragments of texts, parts of unknown (or uncertain) works. Some of the more significant fragments are: The Unknown Berlin Gospel (also called the Gospel of the Saviour) ; The Naassene Fragment ; The Fayyum Fragment ; The Secret Gospel of Mark ; The Oxyrhynchus Gospels ; The Egerton Gospel Lost works - Several texts are mentioned in many ancient sources and would probably be considered part of the apocrypha, but no known text has survived: Gospel of Eve (a quotation from this gospel is given by Epiphanius (Haer. xxvi. 2,3). It is possible that this is the Gospel of Perfection he alludes to in xxvi.2. The quotation shows that this gospel was the expression of complete pantheism) ; Gospel of the Four Heavenly Realms ; Gospel of Matthias (probably different from the Gospel of Matthew) ; Gospel of Perfection (used by the followers of Basilides and other Gnostics. See Epiphanius, Haer. xxvi. 2) ; Gospel of the Seventy ; Gospel of Thaddaeus (this may be a synonym for the Gospel of Judas, confusing Judas Iscariot for Judas Thaddaeus) ; Gospel of the Twelve ; Memoria Apostolorum There were even others including the Letters between Pilate and Herod. Pilate is shown to have become a believer, while Herod did not. A note about orthodoxy - While many of the books listed here were considered heretical (especially those belonging to the Gnostic tradition—as this sect was considered heretical by Proto-orthodox Christianity of the early centuries), others were not considered particularly heretical in content, but in fact were well accepted as significant spiritual works. They are however not considered canonical.: 1 and 2 Clement ; Shepherd of Hermas ; Didache ; Epistle of Barnabas ; Apocalypse of Peter ; The Protevangelium of James ; Third Epistle to the Corinthians Evaluation - Among historians of early Christianity the books are considered invaluable, especially those that almost made it into the final canon, such as Shepherd of Hermas. Bart Ehrman, for example, said: “The victors in the struggles to establish Christian Orthodoxy not only won their theological battles, they also rewrote the history of the conflict; later readers then naturally assumed that the victorious views had been embraced by the vast majority of Christians from the very beginning ... The practice of Christian forgery has a long and distinguished history ... the debate lasted three hundred years ... even within "orthodox" circles there was considerable debate concerning which books to include.”   Directory: 2016 2016 -> Senate, No. 627 State of new jersey 217th legislature 2016 -> 2017 afoCo Landmark Scholarship Program 2016 -> Instructions for the Preparation of Camera-Ready Contributions to the Conference Proceedings 2016 -> Strategic Plan South Sudan Country Office Context 2016 -> Original: English 2016 -> Step student Scholarships for Year 10-13 2016 -> Resolution 2016 -> American bar association adopted by the house of delegates Download 8.06 Mb. Share with your friends:
|