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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[edit]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons.png/250px-polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons.png

An illustration of typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Clockwise from top left: benz(e)acephenanthrylene, pyrene and dibenz(ah)anthracene.



Main article: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents.[11] Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.[12][13][14]



They are also found in the interstellar medium, in comets, and in meteorites and are a candidate molecule to act as a basis for the earliest forms of life. In graphene the PAH motif is extended to large 2D sheets.

See also[edit]


  • Aromatic substituents: Aryl, Aryloxy and Arenediyl

  • Asphaltene

  • Hydrodealkylation

  • Simple aromatic rings

References[edit]


    1. Jump up ^ Definition IUPAC Gold Book Link

    2. Jump up ^ Mechanisms of Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Maria Backlund, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet

    3. Jump up ^ HighBeam Encyclopedia: aromatic compound

    4. Jump up ^ James Wilkins Armit and Robert Robinson (1925) "Polynuclear heterocyclic aromatic types. Part II. Some anhydronium bases," Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 127: 1604-1618.

    5. Jump up ^ William B. Jensen (April 2009) "The circle symbol for aromaticity," Journal of Chemical Education, 86(4): 423-424.

    6. Jump up ^ Jerry March Advanced Organic Chemistry 3Ed., ISBN 0-471-85472-7

    7. Jump up ^ Webb, K.; Seneviratne, V. (1995). "A mild oxidation of aromatic amines". Tetrahedron Letters 36 (14): 2377–2378. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(95)00281-G. edit

    8. Jump up ^ Lafrance, M.; Rowley, C.; Woo, T.; Fagnou, K. (2006). "Catalytic intermolecular direct arylation of perfluorobenzenes.". Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (27): 8754–8756. doi:10.1021/ja062509l. PMID 16819868. edit

    9. Jump up ^ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.371 (1988); Vol. 51, p.103 (1971). http://orgsynth.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV6P0371.pdf

    10. Jump up ^ Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p.743 (1973); Vol. 41, p.56 (1961). http://orgsynth.org/orgsyn/pdfs/CV5P0567.pdf

    11. Jump up ^ Fetzer, J. C. (2000). "The Chemistry and Analysis of the Large Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons". Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (New York: Wiley) 27 (2): 143. doi:10.1080/10406630701268255. ISBN 0-471-36354-5.

    12. Jump up ^ "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons – Occurrence in foods, dietary exposure and health effects". European Commission, Scientific Committee on Food. December 4, 2002.

    13. Jump up ^ Larsson, B. K.; Sahlberg, GP; Eriksson, AT; Busk, LA (1983). "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in grilled food". J Agric Food Chem. 31 (4): 867–873. doi:10.1021/jf00118a049. PMID 6352775.

    14. Jump up ^ "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)". Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 1996.

External links[edit]


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/commons-logo.svg/12px-commons-logo.svg.pngMedia related to Aromatic hydrocarbons at Wikimedia Commons

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aromatic_hydrocarbon&oldid=635532825"

Categories:


  • Aromatic hydrocarbons

BTEX

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BTEX is an acronym that stands for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.[1] These compounds are some of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in petroleum derivatives such as petrol (gasoline). Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes have harmful effects on the central nervous system.

BTEX compounds are notorious due to the contamination of soil and groundwater with these compounds. Contamination typically occurs near petroleum and natural gas production sites, petrol stations, and other areas with underground storage tanks (USTs) or above-ground storage tanks (ASTs), containing gasoline or other petroleum-related products.

The amount of 'Total BTEX', the sum of the concentrations of each of the constituents of BTEX, is sometimes used to aid in assessing the relative risk or seriousness at contaminated locations and the need of remediation of such sites. Naphthalene may also be included in Total BTEX analysis yielding results referred to as BTEXN. In the same way, styrene is sometimes added, making it BTEXS.

See also[edit]


  • Alkylation

  • BTX (chemistry)

  • Friedel–Crafts reaction

  • Hydrodealkylation

References[edit]

    1. Jump up ^ "BTEX Definition Page". USGS. December 14, 2006.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BTEX&oldid=643330670"



Categories:

  • Aromatic compounds




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