Whites in the Civil Rights Movement



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Martin Luther King leads marchers across the Alabama River on the first day of the Selma-to-Montgomery march.” Photograph. Associated Press, 1965. From Finding Dulcinea. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-This-Day--The-Selma-to-Montgomery-March-Begins.html (last accessed 4/18/2012)

Memo # 2 and 3 To Accepted Applicants. Memos. Mississippi Summer Project Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Mississippi Summer Project Running Summary of Incidents. List. Univeristy of Miami, 1964. From Mississippi Freedom Summer Project 1964 Digital Collection. http://digital.lib.muohio.edu/fs/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/fstxt&CISOPTR=1139&CISOBOX=1&REC=3 (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Monsonis, Jim and Cade, Cathy, Recorders. Minutes of the Meeting of the SNCC Executive Committee, December 27-31, 1963. Record of Meeting. 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Moses, Bob. Memo #1 To Accepted Applicants. Memos. Mississippi Summer Project Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Murray, Paul. Father Nathaniel and the Greenwood Movement. The Journal of Mississippi History (2010) (can’t find issue or volume): 277-311
NAACP History. http://www.naacphistory.org/%28X%281%29S%281coiu3rcadscmbfbvjdya255%29%29/Default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#/timeline (last accessed 4/18/2012)
“Organizers of the March,” Photograph. August 28, 1963. From National Archives Online Public Access: Miscellaneous Subjects, Staff and Stringer Photographs, 1961-1974. http://research.archives.gov/description/542056 (last accessed 4/17/2012)
“Peter, Paul, and Mary at 1963 March on Washington.” Photograph. NARA, 1963. From Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/286476652/ (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Pettus, Peter, photographer. “Demonstrators walk down a street during the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965.” Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, 1965. From Learn NC. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-postwar/6087 (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Portraits From Wednesdays in Mississippi. Short Film. Los Angeles: Wednesdays in Mississippi Documentary Film Project, 2010. From Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/media/portraits-from-wednesdays-in-mississippi (last accessed 4/17/2012)
Richardson, Judy and King, Mary, Recorders. Executive Committee Minutes: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, April 18-19, 1964. Record of Meeting. 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
“Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Participating In Civil Rights March From Selma To Montgomery, Alabama.” Photograph. 1965. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SelmaHeschelMarch.jpg (last accessed 4/18/2012)

Robinson, Louis, “Why Marlon Brando Quit Film For Civil Rights: ‘If We Don’t Act Now, It’s Not Going to Be Worth Going Home’,” Jet Magazine, May 16, 1968, 59-62


Shaw, Terry. One Volunteers Freedom Summer, 1964. Excerpts from writings or interview. From PBS: American Experience, Eyes on the Prize. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ps_summer.html (last accessed 4/17/2012)
Shirah, Sam. RE: White Southern Student Project. Report. 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
“SNCC meeting, Alabama, 1962”. Photograph. 1962. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/images/imggrass.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
SNCC: Structure and Leadership. Pamphlet. Atlanta: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Southern Christian Coordinating Committee. http://sclcnational.org/from-whence-weve-come/ (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Roster. List. Atlanta: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)
Wallach, Jennifer. Bill Hansen (1939-).The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Georgia College and State University (2011)
Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_zinn#Civil_Rights_movement (last accessed: 4/18/2012)
“William English Walling, an NAACP Founder,” Photograph and Caption. From Library of Congress: NAACP: A Century in the Fight For Freedom. http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/naacp/earlyyears/ExhibitObjects/WilliamEnglishWalling.aspx#__utma=37760702.1978781561.1332878486.1332878486.1332878486.1&__utmb=37760702.2.10.1332878486&__utmc=37760702&__utmx=-&__utmz=37760702.1332878486.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=civil%20rights%20primary%20sources&__utmv=-&__utmk=200685420 (last accessed 4/17/2012)

Zellner, Bob and Curry, Constance. The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement. NewSouth Books, 2008


Note: There is also one place in which I cite conversations with family. I count that as a primary source because I am speaking about my Grandfather and a philosophy he has explicitly stated.


1 NAACP History. http://www.naacphistory.org/Default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#/bio_detail/114

2 Israel Jewish News: Revisionist History Continues as NAACP Removes Jewish Founder From Website. http://israeljewishnews.blogspot.com/2010/07/revisionist-history-continues-as-naacp.html

3 “William English Walling, an NAACP Founder,” Photograph and Caption. From Library of Congress: NAACP: A Century in the Fight For Freedom. http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/naacp/earlyyears/ExhibitObjects/WilliamEnglishWalling.aspx#__utma=37760702.1978781561.1332878486.1332878486.1332878486.1&__utmb=37760702.2.10.1332878486&__utmc=37760702&__utmx=-&__utmz=37760702.1332878486.1.1.utmcsr=google|utmccn=%28organic%29|utmcmd=organic|utmctr=civil%20rights%20primary%20sources&__utmv=-&__utmk=200685420


4NAACP History. http://www.naacphistory.org/%28X%281%29S%281coiu3rcadscmbfbvjdya255%29%29/Default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#/timeline

5 The History of CORE. http://www.core-online.org/History/history.htm

6 Houser, George and Bayard, Rustin. We Challenged Jim Crow! : A Report on the Journey of Reconciliation, April 9-23, 1947. Fellowship of Reconciliation and Congress of Racial Equality, 1947.

7 The History Of CORE. http://www.core-online.org/History/history.htm

8 Conversation with George Houser and his son Steven Houser

9 This Is Core. Pamphlet. New York: Congress of Racial Equality, 1962. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

10 Zellner, Bob; Curry, Constance. The Wrong Side of Murder Creek: A White Southerner in the Freedom Movement. NewSouth Books, 2008, 291-292

11 King, Martin L. and Baker, Ella J. Call to SNCC Founding Conference. Flyer/Advertisement. Atlanta: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1960. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

12 SNCC: Structure and Leadership. Pamphlet. Atlanta: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm (last accessed 4/18/2012)

13 Wallach, Jennifer. Bill Hansen (1939-).The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture. Georgia College and State University (2011)

14 Monsonis, Jim and Cade, Cathy, Recorders. Minutes of the Meeting of the SNCC Executive Committee, December 27-31, 1963. Record of Meeting. 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

15 Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee Roster. List. Atlanta: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

16 “SNCC meeting, Alabama, 1962”. Photograph. 1962. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/images/imggrass.htm

17 Dittmer, John. Local People: The Struggle For Civil Rights in Mississippi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 110-111, 252

18 Shirah, Sam. RE: White Southern Student Project. Report. 1963. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

19 Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_zinn#Civil_Rights_movement

20 SNCC Coordinating Committee Roster 1964

21 Minutes of the Meeting of the SNCC Executive Committee, December 27-31, 1963

22 Richardson, Judy and King, Mary, Recorders. Executive Committee Minutes: Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, April 18-19, 1964. Record of Meeting. 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

23 Zellner and Curry, 10

24 Southern Christial Coordinating Committee. http://sclcnational.org/from-whence-weve-come/ (last accessed 4/18/2012)

25 “Organizers of the March,” Photograph. August 28, 1963. From National Archives Online Public Access: Miscellaneous Subjects, Staff and Stringer Photographs, 1961-1974. http://research.archives.gov/description/542056

26 Dittmer, 252

27 “Greenwood Miss. Business Boycott ‘100 Percent,” Jet Magazine, May 16, 1968, 44

28 Murray, Paul. Father Nathaniel and the Greenwood Movement. The Journal of Mississippi History (2010) : 277-311

29 Jet Magazine, 44

30 Father Nathaniel Machezky et al., Plaintiffs- Appellants, vs. Honorable William H. Bizzell, As Chancellor of the Chancerycourt of Leflore County, Mississippi, et al., defendants-appellees, 1969

31 This Is CORE 1962

32 Dittmer, 107, 162

33 Chasan, Dan. All About CORE. Pamphlet. New York: CORE, 1965. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

34 Houser and Rustin, 3

35 Chasan

36 Black Past: The Freedom Rides. http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/freedom-rides-1961

37 Dittmer, 90-99

38 The Exchange Student. Short Film. American Experience: “Freedom Riders”. From Teachers Domain. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/fr11.soc.civil.tactics.frexstudent/

39 Interview With Jim Zwerg. May 6, 2004. From Teacher’s Domain. http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/iml04.soc.ush.civil.zwerg/

40 Houser and Rustin, 3-8

41 Arsenault, Raymond. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford University Press, 2006, 24

42“Civil Rights Rider Keeps Fight Alive.” Star-News, January 30, 1983

43 John Dolan’s Father. Letter From a Freedom Riders Father, 1961. From PBS: American Experience, Eyes on the Prize. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ps_riders.html

44 Dittmer, 207

45 Dittmer, 208-209, 243-244

46 Harding, Vincent. Freedom Summer Orientation Briefing. Transcript. 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

47 Shaw, Terry. One Volunteers Freedom Summer, 1964. Excerpts from writings or interview. From PBS: American Experience, Eyes on the Prize. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/sources/ps_summer.html

48 Dittmer, 206-241

49 One Volunteers Freedom Summer, 1964

50 Moses, Bob. Memo #1 To Accepted Applicants. Memos. Mississippi Summer Project Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm/ Memo # 2 and 3 To Accepted Applicants. Memos. Mississippi Summer Project Committee, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

51 One Volunteers Freedom Summer, 1964

52 Mississippi Summer Project Running Summary of Incidents. List. Univeristy of Miami, 1964. From Mississippi Freedom Summer Project 1964 Digital Collection. http://digital.lib.muohio.edu/fs/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/fstxt&CISOPTR=1139&CISOBOX=1&REC=3

53 Linder, Douglas. Article about Slain Civil Rights Worker, Michael Schwerner, n.d. Miami University Libraries, 2009. From Mississippi Freedom Summer Project 1964 Digital Collection. http://digital.lib.muohio.edu/fs/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/fstxt&CISOPTR=1107&CISOBOX=1&REC=15

54 Dittmer, 247-249

55 Cowan, Polly. “Wednesdays in Mississippi”- Report from Polly Cowan, Project Coordinator”, 1964. Excerpt. Wednesdays in Mississippi: Civil Rights as Women’s Work. From Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/media/wednesdays-in-mississippi-excerpts-from-report-from-polly-cowan-project-coordinator-1964

56 Portraits From Wednesdays in Mississippi. Short Film. Los Angeles: Wednesdays in Mississippi Documentary Film Project, 2010. From Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/media/portraits-from-wednesdays-in-mississippi

57 "Excerpt from Sylvia Weinberg Radov Oral History”. Excerpt of Interview. 2010. From Jewish Women’s Archive. http://jwa.org/media/excerpt-from-sylvia-weinberg-radov-oral-history

58 “March on Washington, August 28, 1963”. Photograph. August 28, 1963. From Library of Congress: The Civil Rights Era. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/0913001r.jpg

59 Leffler, Warren, photographer. “Civil Rights March On Washington, D.C.”. Photograph. August 28, 1963. From Library of Congress: Miscellaneous Items in High Demand. http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003688164/

60 “Peter, Paul, and Mary at 1963 March on Washington.” Photograph. NARA, 1963. From Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/286476652/

61 “Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Participating In Civil Rights March From Selma To Montgomery, Alabama.” Photograph. 1965. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SelmaHeschelMarch.jpg

62 Hopper, Jack. Singing Missing: First Day Marked With Odd Quietness. Birmingham News 3/22/1965

63 Martin Luther King leads marchers across the Alabama River on the first day of the Selma-to-Montgomery march.” Photograph. Associated Press, 1965. From Finding Dulcinea. http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/March-April-08/On-This-Day--The-Selma-to-Montgomery-March-Begins.html

64 Pettus, Peter, photographer. “Demonstrators walk down a street during the civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama in 1965.” Photograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, 1965. From Learn NC. http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-postwar/6087

65 “Freed After 47 Days in Jail: Join Picket Line.” CORE-Lator, March-April, 1964. From Documents of the Southern Freedom Movement 1951-1968. http://www.crmvet.org/docs/dochome.htm

66 Clemons, Arnold, photographer. “White Support For Black Power”. Photograph. Syracuse. Jet Magazine, May 16, 1968, 32

67 Dittmer, 110

68 Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Rev. Martin Luther King Lauds Role of Jews in Fight for Negro Rights. August 12 1964. From JTA: Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/article/1964/08/12/3077747/rev-martin-luther-king-lauds-role-of-jews-in-fight-for-negro-rights

69 ,Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Jewish Groups Urge Investigation of Destruction of Negro Church, August 20 1962. From JTA: Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/article/1962/08/20/3070563/jewish-groups-urge-investigation-of-destruction-of-negro-church

70 Jewish Telegraphic Agency. A.D.L Back Civil Rights Bill, Stresses Legitimate Negro Grievances. August 14 1963. From JTA: Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/article/1963/08/14/3074117/adl-backs-civil-rights-bill-stresses-legitimate-negro-grievances

71 Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Jews & Christians, White & Negro Seen United in the Civil Rights March. August 28 1963. From JTA: Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/article/1963/08/28/3074265/jews--christians-white--negro-seen-united-in-civil-rights-march

72 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Negro Marchers from Selma Wear ‘Yarmulkes’ in Deference to Rabbis. March 22 1965. From JTA Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/article/1965/03/23/3080166/negro-marchers-from-selma-wear-yarmulkes-in-deference-to-rabbis

73 Chanes, Jerome. JTA Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/topic/jews-and-civil-rights

74 Civil Rights Digital Library: Temple Bombing (Atlanta, GA). http://crdl.usg.edu/events/temple_bombing_atlanta/

75 Rev. Martin Luther King Lauds Role of Jews in Fight for Negro Rights 1964

76 JTA Jewish News Archive. http://archive.jta.org/topic/jews-and-civil-rights

77 Robinson, Louis, “Why Marlon Brando Quit Film For Civil Rights: ‘If We Don’t Act Now, It’s Not Going to Be Worth Going Home’,” Jet Magazine, May 16, 1968, 59-62

78 Dittmer, 401

79 Dittmer, 228

80 “Bob Dylan and Joan Baez at 1963 March on Washington”. Photograph. NARA, August 28, 1963. From Flickr. http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/286476690/lightbox/

81 “Charlton Heston, James Baldwin, Marlon Brando and Henry Belafonte at a 1963 Civil Rights March.” Photograph. From Zimbio: 360 Degrees of Henry Belafonte in HBO’s ‘Sing Your Song’. http://www.zimbio.com/Harry+Belafonte/articles/SLvnGiwE0_d/360+Degrees+Harry+Belafonte+HBO+Sing+Song

82 Robinson, 59-62


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