With the complicity of

1 Adam Fairclough, Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915-1972, (Athens, 1995), 148, 319-320, 330-332, 377.

2 Ibid, 322, 338, 340-343.

3 Numan F. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s, (1969), 336-337; James C. Cobb, The Selling of the South: The Southern Crusade for Industrial Development, 1936-1980, (1982), 132; David R. Goldfield, Black, White, and Southern: Race relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to thepresent (1990), 111-113; McMillan, Citizen’s Council, 291; Morton Inger, “The New Orleans School Crisis of 1960,” in Jacoway and Colburn eds., Southern Businessmen and Desegregation, 94, 97; Elizabeth Jacoway, “An Introduciton,” in ibid, 8-9, 11.

4 Morton Inger, The New orleans School Desegregation Crisis of 1960,” in Jacoway and Colburn eds., Southern Businessmen and Desegregation, 93-94; Cobb, Selling of the South, 133-134. See also Cobb, Selling of the South, 122-123, 137-137 (check for locales)

5 “List of Klan Type Organizations,” December 28, 1955, Papers of the NAACP, Part 20, Reel 13, Frame 334.

6 McMillan, Citizens Councils, 224-225.

7 Moseley, 163-164.

8 ADL, “The Ku Klux Klan Revival,” Facts, VII:6, November-December 1956, 94. See also Mosely, “Invisible Empire,” 163-164.

9 Greta de Jong, A Different Day: African American Struggles for Justice in Rural Louisiana, 1900-1970, (Chapel Hill: Universityof North carolina Press, 2002), 166, 262n69.

10 FBI Report, “The Ku Klux Klan,” Section II, 1944-1958, (May 1958), downloadable from www.thememoryhole.org/fbi/kkk.htm, 42-44; Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 325-368; Wade, Fiery Cross, 297, 300.

11 McMillan, Citizens Councils, 225.

12 New Pittsburgh Courier, 31 December 1960, 25.

13 SA to SAC, New Orleans, 2/13/61, FBI file 157-93 “Klan Infiltration of Law Enforcement,” Lazar archive.

14 SAC Letter No 63-4, 1/23/63, 27-28, FBI San Francisco file 100-44462, “Bombings and Attempted Bombings,” Lazar archive.

15 Chalmers, Hooded Americanism, 368.

16 De Jong, A Different Day, 196-197.

17 De Jong, A Different Day, 175-187, 189-191.

18 De Jong, A Different Day, 193.

19 De Jong, A Different Day, 188-194.

20 Klaverns were established in Winsboro, Ouachita Parish, Sterlington, Concordia, Clinton, Deere, Jena, Tensas, Black River, Arcadia, West Carrol, Watson, Delta, Okalossa, Many, Catahoola, Deville, Folsom, Turkey Creek, Hineson, madison parish, Boeuf River, Varnado, Vidalia, New River, Homer, Roseland, East Baton Rouge, Swartz, Choudrant, Valley, Covington, Pine Grove, Big River and Northeast Louisiana.

21 “KKK Reported Growing Fast In Shreveport," New Pittsburgh Courier, 18 February, 1961, 6; Fairclough, Race and Democracy, 288-289, 399.

22 Robed, hooded Klansmen also demonstrated, mostly in Northern Louisiana towns. UPI, “Klan Active as Church School Enroll Negroes in Louisiana,” Washington Post, 3 September 1962, A6. Crosses were burned before three Negro schools in Hodge, and near Bosco. A fourth targeted a black minister's home in Bastrop, while another was set alight on a bridge connecting Monroe with West Monroe. “We'll Burn 1,000 Crosses Says KKK,” New Pittsburgh Courier, September 15, 1962, 22.

23 De Jong, A Different Day, 188.

24 De Jong, A Different Day, 188.

25 Director to New Orleans, 11/8/63, Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (FBI File 105-71801) available at www.foia.fbi.gov/kkk.htm; Belknap, Federal Law, 130; US Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities. Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations. 89th Congress, 1st Session, 1966, 2334-2339, 2359-2360, 2362, 2368-2374, 2398-2399; U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities, Report: The Present-Day Ku Klux Klan Movement, 90th Cong., 1st Sess., 1967, 31-32, 46, 48; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 356; Fairclough, Race and Democracy, 348-351; Robert E. Baker, “KKK Revival Noted in the South,” Los Angeles Times, 5 November 1964, 33.

26 W. B. Ragsdale, “EEOC’s Bogalusa Job Cited,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 29 January 1966, 6.

27 Belknap, Federal Law, 125-126, 134-135; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 58-59, 261, 444, 481; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2415-2437, 2450-2520, 2529-2531; 2475-2625; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 99-102.

28 Although investigated by the FBI, no prosecution involving this group ever resulted. Whitehead, Attack on Terror, 226-230.

29 UPI, “Klan’s Revival Feared in Burning of Crosses,” Los Angeles Times, 20 January 1964, 2.

30 Robert E. Baker, “Revived KKK Isn’t Funny Any More,” Washington Post, 5 July 1964, E1.

31 “Classroom Mixing,” Birmingham News, 6 September 1964, A15.

32 “Southern Exposure,” Newsweek, 72, 25 November 1968, 111-112.

33 “Beating Charge Plea Innocent,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 5 January 1965, 9.

34 “Race Harmony Talks Planned,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 25 April 1965, 4.

35 Five alleged Klansmen were indicted for the bombings in June 1966. “Alleged Klansmen Indicted in 1965 New Orleans Fires,” New York Times, 22 June, 1966, 32.

36 “Fire Bombing’ Damages Home in Carrollton Area,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 12 April 1965, 11.

37 “No Tie in Four Bombings View, New Orleans Times-Picayune, 13 April 1965, 15.

38 “Car’s Occupants Toss Fire Bomb,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 20 April 1965, 2.

39 Three white youths were arrested for firebombings in the vicinity of St. Thomas Housing Project area. Leroy Horn admitted participation in four of them. “Suspect in Arson Cases Confesses, Claim Police,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 9 May 1965, 1. April 1965, 19. On June 21 1966 New Orleans resident Nicholas Glover and four others were also arrested for the bombings. Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 230. Cites NYT-Check

40 “Blast Shatters Show Windows,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 22 March 1965, 14.

41 “Four are Found Guilty in Death,” New Orlean Times-Picayune, 16 January 1966, 2.

42 Roy Reed, “His Home Bombed, Negro is Arrested,” New York Times, 22 November 1965, 25.

43 Evelyn Rich, “Ku Klux Klan Ideology, 1954-1988” Ph.D. diss., (Boston University, 1988), 44-48; Present-Day KKK, 21-22, 30-32, 48; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2629-2630, 2637.

44 John Herbers, “The Klan: Its Growing Influence,” New York Times, 20 April 1965, 1.; “The Ku Klux Klan On The Way Back,” US News and World Report, 57:16 19 October 1964, 52; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 48-50, 147-148; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2365-2366, 2407, 3872-3875, 3888-3889; Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 443-444. Swenson became an organizer for the United Klans of America. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2234-2263.

45 New Orleans to Director, 9/9/64, 11/3/64 10/31/64, 12/8/64, 1/5/65, 2/18/65 11/15/65; Baumgardner to Sullivan 9/22/64 (New Orleans file); Director, to New Orleans 9/23/64, 11/3/64, 11/14/64, 8/24/65. Newton, Ku Klux Klan Encyclopedia, (New York, 1991), 58-59, 402-403 580.

46 Baumgardner to Sullivan, 6/28/65, (Section 1); Baumgardner to Sullivan, 3/12/65 and Attachment: "The Klan Today," and DeLoach to Mohr, 3/22/65, both in FBI File on the House Committee on Un-American Activities, (Wilmington, 1986).

47 Robert S. Allen and Paul Scott, "Klan Probe Hits Pay Dirt: Tax Returns Said Under Deep Probe, " Birmingham News, 25 June 1965, 8.

48 Rowland Eveans and Robert Novak, Inside Report . . . CORE vs. th e Klan,” Washington Post, 5 may 1965, A25.

49 Luders, “Countermovements,” in Goldstone ed., “States, Parties,” 43.

50 Luders, “Countermovements,” in Goldstone ed., “States, Parties,” 38.

51 New Orleans to Director, 1/5/65.

52 Lee was convicted and incarcerated in Federal prison. Ellis joined a Klan fron group, the Anti-Communist Christian Association. The lists were also obtained by the HUAC, and published in the January 1966 Hearings on Louisiana Klan organizations. New Orleans to Director, 10/13/64; Director, to New Orleans, 11/4/64; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2410-2414, 2535-2538, 2543-2544, 2449, 2527-2529, 2535-2536, 2540, 2543, 2554, 2556, 3036, 3884; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 106-107, 118; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 345.

53 New Orleans to Director, 1/5/65.

54 Michael and Judy Ann Newton, Racial and Religious Violence In America: A Chronology, (New York: Garland, 1991), 479.

55 New Orleans report, 8/7/65, United Klans of America, New Orleans, File 105-1057, Section 23, p 41 in UKA-New Orleans File, (FBI File 105-1057), [hereafter cited as UKA File]. This file was acquired by this author under the Freedom of Information Act (FIOA).

56 “’Invocation at Klan Rally Is Not According to Grand Dragon’s Style,” Alexandria, LA., Town Talk, 24 May 1965.

57 The White Citizens Council was strongest in northern Louisiana. 100 CORE Workers Go To Louisiana,” New Pittsburgh Courier, 26 June, 1965, 12. 32% of Louisiana’s blacks were registered as of 1964. Lawson, Running for Freedom, 81.

58 Morris and his followers maintained some autonomy from the UKA, until the fall. Martin and P. L. Morgan made a loose affiliation with Georgia Klan leader James Venable and the National Knights of the KKK. Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 356, 404, 443-444, 523, 379, 109, 192, 19-20; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 31-32, 49-50, 147-148; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2365-2369, 2467-2469, 2378-2379, 2384, 2398, 2407, 2438-2469, 2523, 2574-2575, 2582, 2584-2588, 2591, 2593, 2595, 2599, 2606-2607, 2627; Patsy Sims The Klan, (New York, 1978), 227-228; Hayes Johnson, The Last Stand of the Ku Klux Klan, Washington Evening Star, 12 April 1965.

59 As a result of the Klan boycott, the number of radio sponsors dropped from seventy, to four. Baumgardner to Sullivan 3/30/65 Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 58, 261; Time, 5 November 1965; UPI, “Hays Talk Cancellation is Praised,” Washington Post, 9 January 1965, A5 (quote); HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2415-2438, 2448, 2454-2458, 2475 passim; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 100. Defeated in his federal-state intermediary efforts during the Little Rock desegregation crisis, hayes Freyer, Little Rock Crisis, 106-107, 123-124.

60 James M’Lean, “Jonesboro Trip M’Kiethen Aim,” New Orleans Times Picayune, 27 March 1965, 1, 11; “Action on Klan in LA. Sought,” New Orleans Times Picayune, 27 March 1965, 9.

61 Baumgardner to Sullivan 3/30/65 and attached Editorial, 18 March 1965. As a result of the Klan boycott, the number of radio sponsors dropped from seventy, to four. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 58, 261; Time, 5 November 1965; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2415-2438, 2448, 2454-2458, 2475 passim; HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 100.

62 John Fahey, “CORE Director to Lead March,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 9 April 1965, 1.

63 Bill Crider, “New Rights Groups Plan Reaction with Violence,” Washington Post, 13 April 1965, A4.

64 John Fahey, “CORE Activities respite Called,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 10 April 1965, 1.

65 AP, “Counter-Pickets Boost Tension in Bogalusa,” Washington Post, 17 April 1965, A5.

66 “Doubing Speed of Mix Ordered,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 24 April 1965, 1.

67 On the Deacons, see Lance Hill, The Deacons of Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement, (Chapel Hill,: University of North Carolina Press, 2004); Strain, Pure Fire, Chapter 5.

68 Newton 221n13; Honigsberg, Crossing Border Street, 85.

69 Rowland Evans and Robert Novak, “Inside Report . . . Louisiana Revolution,” Washington Post, 30 June 1965, A25.

70 “Wilkinns Fired at Liuzzo Car, Says FBI Witness,” New Orleans Times-Picayune,5 May 1965, 1.

71 W.F. Minor, “Hearings on Probe of Miss. Klan Seen,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 18 April 1965, 19.

72 This from a total population of only 23,000. Austin was arrested, but since his action was clearly in self-defense, he was not prosecuted, in return for promising that he would not return to Bogalusa. Roy Reed, “Moderates fail to Aid Bogalusa,” New York Times, 11 July 1965, 46; Jack Nelson, “White Man in Bogalusa Shot, Two Negroes Held,” Los Angeles Times, 9 July 1965, 1; Heleniak, “John McKeithen,” 249; Honigsberg, Crossing Border Street, 84-86.

73 Jack Nelson, “Mass Picketing Causes New Bogalusa Violence,” Los Angeles Times, 11 July 1965, D1.

74 Point Coupe residents also defended themselves against vigilantes. De Jong, A Different Day, 189-190; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 59, 402-403; Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 482-483; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2450-2520, 2529-2531, 2938-2939, 3821; FBI Monograph, "WHITE EXTREMIST ORGANIZATIONS, Part II, National States Rights Party," May 1970, 10; “CORE-Night Riders,” Los Angeles Times, 8 April 1965, 1; Christopher Strain, Pure Fire: Self-Defense as Activism in the Civil Rights Era, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005), 102-104, 107-108; The Tablet, July 29 1965. The case against McElveen was reopened in 1999. Investigators have also implicated two former members of the Mississippi based White Knights. "Justice Delayed," ABC News: 20/20, 29 November 1999; Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan File, FBI Files 105-71801 and 173-2015, both available at www.foia.fbi.gov/kkk.htm.

75 Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 486.

76 AP, “Bogalusan Says Klan Destroyed Its Records,” Washington Post, 10 September 1965, A4.

77 New Orleans to Director, 7/1/65, 11/15/65; Director to New Orleans 7/13/65.

78 Report, State of Louisiana, Joint Legislative Committee on Un-American Activities, Activites of the ‘Ku Klux Klan’ and certain other organizations in Louisiana, 26 July, 1965. available at www.foia.fbi.gov/kkk.htm. See Part 3c, 18-59.

79 United States v. Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan et. al.,, 250 Fed. Supp. 330 (1965), reprinted in HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2475-2519

80 AP, “Klan Titan Lists More members,” Washington Post, 12 September 1965, A9; New Orleans to Director, 11/15/65.

81 FBI Informant Report, 8/5/66 and SA to Inspector, 8/7/65, UKA File, Section 23, 158, 179; New Orleans Report, 8/25/65 and Informant reports, [date deleted], 8/26/65, 8/31/65, UKA File, Section 24, p30, 50-62, 105-106, 117 128, 196.

82 ???

83 ew Orleans to Director, 10/1/65; Director to New Orleans 10/8/65?

84 “Union Links Both Races in Bogalusa,” Washington Post, 6 January 1966, A2.

85 The Klansman had told FBI interviewers that he had worked in Hollywood, where he had associated with a co-worker who might have had communist associations. The People’s World was a West Coast communist publication. New Orleans to Director, 10/1/65, 10/4/65, 11/15/65, 1/4/66; Director to New Orleans, 10/8/65, 9/2/66. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2450-2451, 2609-2625; Fairclough, Race and Democracy, 372-375; Newton KKK Encyclopedia, 59, 192.

86 Apparantly, the FBI did not investigate. Bullard, Free at Last, 89.

87 Director to New Orleans, 1/11/66; New Orleans to Director, 1/27/66.

88 Ibid; New Orleans to Director, 3/23/66; Director to New Orleans, 10/12/66, 11/17/66.

89 New Orleans to Director, 9/20/66.

90 Ibid.

91 Ibid; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 230; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2617-2620, 2622-2623.

92 HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2609-2616; “Ex-Klansman Details Church Burning in LA.,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 12 January 1966, 1; “La. Youth Testifies Of Burning, Beating,” Baton Rouge State Times, 11 January 1966, 1; James A. haswell, “Ex-Klansman Tells of Church Burnings and Belt-Whipping,” Shreveport Times, 12 January 1966, 2-A.

93 New Orleans to Director, 1/4/66. Rowley was identified as the unit leader by HUAC investigators. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2552.

94 United States v. Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, 250 F. Supp. 330 (E.D. La. 1965). Reprinted in Church Hearings, Vol 6, 843-869.

95 Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 59-60; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2450-2520, 2529-2531, 2580, 3821; O’Reilly, Racial Matters, 205; Fairclough, Race and Democracy, 356-375. For a list of former OKKK members and ACCA members submitted to the court by Farmer and Christmas at this time, see HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2467-2469.

96 AP, “Night Riders Can expect U.S. Agents--Katzenbach,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 3 January 1966, 3:6.

97 New Orleans report, 11/30/65, UKA file, Section 27, 110; Informant reports [date deleted], 1/31/66, 1/8/66, 2/3/66 2/1/66 and FBI memorandum, [date deleted] Section 24, 202, Section 27, p. 82, 73, Section 28, 126, 134, 133-134.

98 New Orleans to Director, 3/31/66; Director to New Orleans, 4/26/66.

99 Hill, Deacons of Defense, 1-2.

100 New Orleans report, 8/7/65, UKA File, Section 23, 10.

101 New Orleans report, 11/30/65, UKA file, Section 27, 42, 45.

102 New Orleans to Director, 4/26/66. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2609-2625; Director, to New Orleans 4/26/66. A list of Original Knights and UKA Klaverns existing during 1965, appears in HUAC, Activities of KKK, 1588-1589. As of early 1967, membership numbers remained at about this level. HUAC, Present Day KKK, 32; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 356.

103 Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 491.

104 Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 491.

105 Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 491.

106 HUAC, Present Day KKK, 31, 152; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2463; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 192.

107 New Orleans to Director, 11/15/65; 3/8/66; New Orleans Informant Report, 4/13/66, UKA File, Section 29, p. 38.

108 SAC Report, 9/29/66, in personal archive of FIOA researcher Ernest Lazar. http://ernie1241.googlepages.com/home

109 HUAC, Present-Day KKK, 37, 62.

110 New Orleans to Director, 4/5/65.

111 The bureau produced one hundred such cards. Director, to New Orleans, March 12 and June 28, 1965; New Orleans to Director, March 16, 1965; Baumgardner to Sullivan April 9, 1965 (New Orleans file), Griffith to Conrad May 19 and June 15, 1965, (New Orleans file); J. Edgar Hoover to Government Printing Office, June 16, 1965 (Section 1), Belmont to Tolson, Aug. 31, 1965 (Section 1; Baumgardner to Sullivan Oct. 1, 1965 (Section 1).

112 New Orleans to Director, 7/7/65. On July 27 a bomb damaged the CORE office in New Orleans. Bombs wrecked a black nightclub in Baton Rouge in August. Newton, Racial and Religious Violence, 485, 487.

113 Baumgardner to Sullivan, 4/20/66, and postcards (Section 1); New Orleans to Director, 9/6/66, 10/24/66.

114 Baumgardner to Sullivan, 3/10/66 (Section 1), 5/4/66 (Section1); Director, to Atlanta and 19 other offices 4/20/66 (Section 1). For an analysis of NCDT discourse, see John Drabble, "To Ensure Domestic Tranquillity," Journal of American Studies, 38:3 (August 2004): 297-328.

115 UKA File, Section 25-26.

116 Informant report, 9/22/65, UKA file, Section 25, 95. Robert Shelton’s acquisition of 150 Klansmen, however, was never considered significant enough to warrant significant COINTELPRO operations in Arkansas. Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 23; COINTELPRO-WHITE HATE, Little Rock field office file.

117 Talk of expulsions was also raised within the Original Knights, as Klansmen in both groups worried about informant activity. Informant reports, 8/17/65, 9/3/65, 9/20/65, UKA File, Section 23, p. 4, Section 24, p. 234-236, Section 25, p. 11; New Orleans reports, 11/8/65, 11/30/65, Section 26, p. 37, Section 27, p. 31, 41-42, 53.

118 New Orleans to Director, 11/15/65.

119 Ibid

120 “McKiethen Discusses State Racial Issues,” Baton Rouge State Times, 15 January 1966, 10A.

121 Daniel Rapoport,” “Probers Showing Klan Adversely-McKeithen,” Shreveport Times, 16 january 1966, 14A.

122 HUAC, Activities of KKK, 1542-1543, 1544, 1586, 1584-1585, 1588-1589, 1594-1596, 2334-2647, 2665, 2678, 3045, 3512, 3577, 3598-3599, 3856-3859, 3862, 3864, 3867-3883, 3891-3892.

123 “Former Klansman Tells of Bowing Out in 1964,” Shreveport Times, 5 January 1966, 2-A; “Probe bares Klan Squabble,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 5 January 1966, 6; “Klan Leader Mum During House Probe,” and “Louisiana men Called to Testify,” Baton Rouge State Times, 4 January 1966, 1; Sam A. Hanna, “Klan Probers Told of Bitter Feuds, Burned Records,” and UPI, “State Klan Chies Accused of Lining Pockets with Dues,” Shreveport Times, 5 January 1966, 1; .

124 Sam A. Hanna, “Klan Probers Cite Terrorist tactics in Bogalusa Strife,” Shreveport Times, 5 January 1966, 1.

125 James K. Batten, “Once Robust Klan is Clearly Ailing,” Charlotte Observer, 27 February 1966, 1.

126 “L.A. Men Silent at Klan Probe,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, 8 January 1966, 1; “N. O. Klan Orator Is Mute on Stand,” Baton Rouge State Times 7 January 1966, 1; “Says Klan Strength is Exaggerated,” Baton Rouge State Times, 8 January 1966, 1; J.M. haswell,” “Prober Doubts 4,000 Klan Members Exist in Bogalusa,” Shreveport Times, 8 January 1966, 1.

127 “Klan death Threat Told at Hearing,” Baton Rouge State Times, 5 January 1966, 1.

128 UPI, Several ‘Cover’ Names of La. KKK Revealed,” Baton Rouge State-Times, 5 January 1966, 13A.

129 “Bogalusa Witnesses Mum on Klan Action,” Baton Rouge State-Times, 6 January 1966, 1; James Haswell, “Sales of Scores of Guns to Alleged Klan Officials Cited in House Hearing,” Shreveport Times, 7 January 1966, 1.

130 “N.O. Klan Orator.”

131 “House Probers Amused by LA. Klan Literature,” Baton Rouge State-Times, 6 January 1966, 12A.

132 Haswell, “Prober Doubts.”

133 James K. Batten, “Once Robust Klan is Clearly Ailing,” Charlotte Observer, 27 February 1966.

134 New Orleans Office Informant Report, February 2, 1966, UKA File, Section 28, p. 27-32.

135 Informant report, 2/2/66, UKA File, Section 27, p. 99.

136 New Orleans to Director, 3/31/66.

137 Ibid, February 3, 1966.

138 Informant reports, 2/2/66, 2/3/66, 1/18/66, UKA File, Section 27, p. 96, 99, 113, 117-119, 121.

139 HUAC, Present Day KKK, 31; Newton, KKK Encyclopedia, 181; Haswell, Prober Doubts”; HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2650-2651.

140 Report, Director, FBI to Attorney General, December 19, 1967, KU KLUX KLAN INVESTIGATIONS FBI ACCOMPLISHMENTS. Reprinted in Church, Hearings, Vol 6, 523.

141 HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2588.

142 Ibid., 2593.

143 "Congressmen Swayed on Contempt of UKA" Fiery Cross, February 1966, in The Right Wing Collection of the University of Iowa Libraries, 1918-1977, [microform] (Glenn Rock NJ, 1978) (Hereafter cited as RWCUIL), Reel 51:F16. Helm worked for the L. P. Smith Construction Company, in New Orleans. HUAC, Activities of KKK, 2587. In April, Helm was suspended from his position as head of the largest Draft Board in Louisiana, a position he had held since 1957, after a successful campaign by the NAACP. James E. Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the War in Vietnam, (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 25.

144 Also opposed Sen. Russell Long and supported Sen. Allen Ellender. Drew Pearson, “Factors Underlying Klan Influence,” Washington Post, 22 October 1965, D15;

145 “Bomb Damages Gretna Church,” New Orlean Times-Picayune, 19 January 1966, 1; AP, “Bomb Blast Hits Church at Orleans,” Shreveport Times, 19 January 1966, 5-A; “Church ‘Bomb’ Case Explained,” idem, 20 January 1966, 27.

146 “Rash of Fiery Crosses Reported in 4 Parishes,” Baton Rouge State Times, 8 January 1966, 6A; UPI, “Crosses Burn in Wide Area of Louisiana,” Shreveport Times, 8 January 1966, 5B.

147 “Klan Bids for Members At Rally South of LSU,” Baton Rouge State Times, 10 January 1966, 5A; AP, “Klan Holds Rally Near Baton Rouge,” Shreveport Times, 9 January 1966, 14-A; “600 Attend Rally,” Shreveport Times, 10 January 1966, 4-C.

148 HUAC, Activities

Directory: drabbs
drabbs -> Vigilantes murdered or attempted to murder forty-six blacks around Albany