Working Paper high, hot and heavy: the ch-47 chinook in combat assault operations in afghanistan
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Military Review (January-February 2008), 22-29; Chief Warrant Officer 4 Gary Ossinger, interview by the author, 10 March 2012, 2.
140 Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sturek, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 16 October 2008, 15-17. 141 Major Jared Wilson, interview by the author, 23 March 2012, 1. 142 Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sturek, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 16 October 2008, 3-4. 143 Lieutenant Colonel Frank Sturek, interview by the author, 23 March 2012, 1. 144 Corporation for Public Broadcasting, “America at a Crossroads: Kansas to Kandahar,” Press Release, July 2006, 1-2; Lieutenant Colonel Walter Bradley, interview by the author, 9 March 2012, 1-5. 145 Lieutenant Colonel Walter Bradley, interview by the author, 9 March 2012, 2. 146 The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) initially provided security for Kabul. NATO subsequently assumed command of ISAF in 2003. ISAF expanded and took control of RC-North and RC-West in 2004 and 2005, respectively. 147 173d Airborne Brigade, “2d Battalion (Airborne), 503d Infantry History,” 4, http://www.173airborne.army.mil/173rd%20Template/website%20template/2nd%20BN/unitHistory4.html (accessed 27 March 2012). 148 Captain Christopher Getter, “The Progression of the Deployment of the CH-47 Aircraft during the Global War on Terrorism,” unpublished manuscript, 28 March 2012, 2-3; “Awards and Citations: Silver Star,” awarded to Sergeant First Class William Tomlin, Military Times, 6 August 2009, 1-2, http://militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=3835 (accessed 30 March 2012). 149 “Boeing CH-47D Chinook helicopter 86-01644,” 25 March 2012, 1-2, http://www.chinook-helicopter.com/history/aircraft/D_Models/86-01644/86-01644.html (accessed 26 March 2012). 150 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Jimmy Valencia, interview by the author, 26 March 2012, 1. 151 First Lieutenant Christopher Richelderfer quoted in Brandon Aird, “Sky Soldiers Air Assault into Clouds of Nuristan,” Tien Bien Times, 1 September 2007, 15. 152 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Jimmy Valencia, interview by the author, 26 March 2012, 1; Brandon Aird, “Paratroopers Take Fight to Taliban during Operation Destined Strike,” Armed Forces Press Service, 5 September 2007, 1-2. 153 Chris Brummitt, “US, Afghan Troops Kill Scores of Insurgents,” St. Petersburg Times, 2 September 2007, 1-2; Sebastian Junger, “Into the Valley of Death,” Vanity Fair, January 2008, 84-93. 154 During their deployment, the Chinook crews at Bagram conducted several joint, multi-aircraft, operations with Afghan National Air Force crews who were flying Mi-17 Russian-built, twin turbine, transport helicopters, see Major William Hummer, interview by the author, 27 March 2012, 1. 155 Major William Hummer, interview by the author, 27 March 2012, 1; Jacob Caldwell, “Company Works to Flush Out Taliban During Rock Avalanche,” American Forces Press Service, 31 October 2007, 1-2. 156 Specialist David Hooker quoted in Jacob Caldwell, “Company Works to Flush Out Taliban During Rock Avalanche,” American Forces Press Service, 31 October 2007, 1. 157 Captain Eric Fritz, email correspondence (both quotations), 4 April 2012, 2. 158 Captain Eric Fritz, email correspondence, 4 April 2012, 2. 159 Major William Hummer, interview by the author, 27 March 2012, 1 160 Matthew Sanchez, “Kicking Out the Taliban,” WND.com, 10 December 2010, 1-2, http://www.wnd.com/2007/12/44982/ (accessed 28 March 2012); “The Taking of Musa Qala,” Scotsman.com, 16 December 2007, 1-2, http://www.scotsman.com/news/the_taking_of_musa_qala_1_704162 (accessed 28 March 2012); Mark Townsend, “Fierce Battle Rages for Taliban Stronghold,” The Observer, 8 December 2007, 1-4, 33. 161 This Section of Chapter 5 is based on original source data from Major David Henselman, Detachment Commander for the 305th Military History Detachment that deployed to Afghanistan in 2007 – Major David Hanselman, “Operation MAR KARARDAD,” unpublished manuscript, January 2008, 1-16. 162 Some aviator night vision equipment required certain lunar elevation angles and percentages of lunar illumination. Most US Chinook pilots by this time were utilizing AN/AVS-6(V)3 Aviator Night Vision Imaging Systems (ANVIS) that enabled the pilots to conduct and complete night operations during the darkest of nights, see John McGrath, email correspondence, 12 August 2010, 1; Harry Buchanan, ITT Night Vision, interview by the author, 18 May 2012, 1. 163 Headquarters, 3d Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, Spartan Review, Draft After-Action Report, May 2007, 5-13. 164 Lieutenant Colonel Brett Jenkinson, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 9 and 11 February 2011, 14. 165 Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry, “1-506 IN REGT: Red Currahee Operations in Afghanistan,” After-Action Report, 9; Note – also in July 2008, the Battle of Wanat, involving Soldiers from 2-503 IN, occurred in Nuristan Province. 166 Lieutenant Colonel Anthony DeMartino, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 5 April 2011, 19-20; Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry, “1-506 IN REGT: Red Currahee Operations in Afghanistan,” After-Action Report, 18-20; Headquarters, 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry, “Optimized Battle for Jalrez, Nerkh,” PowerPoint briefing, slides 1-3. 167 Fred Baker, “Clearing the Tangi: Task Force in Afghanistan Takes Troubled Valley,” American Forces Press Service, 9 March 2009, 1-6. 168 Colonel John Spiszer, email correspondence, 1 April 2012, 1. 169 Lieutenant Colonel Jose Galvan, email correspondence, 2 April 2012, 1. 170 Colonel John Spiszer quoted in Jim Garamone, “Terror Groups along Afghan-Pakistan Border Feel Pressure,” American Forces Press Service, 18 November 2008, 1. 171 Sergeant Matthew Moeller, “Operation VIPER SHAKE Clears Korengal Valley,” Regional Command-East Press Release, 25 April 2009, 1. 172 Colonel Brian Pearl, email correspondence, 2 April 2012, 1. 173 Colonel John Allred, interview by the author, 5 April 2012, 1-2. 174 Colonel John Allred, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Part 2, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 10 December 2010, 19-23; Colonel John Allred, interview by the author, 5 April 2012, 1-2. 175 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas W. O’Steen, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 9 February 2011, 8-10; Headquarters, 1st Squadron, 61st Cavalry, “Operation RADWA U BARQ,” Power Point Brief, undated, slide 2. 176 Colonel Daniel Hurlbut, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 7 February 2011, 3-12; Rajiv Chandrasekaran, “Troops Face New Tests in Afghanistan: Battalion's Experience Outlines Issues in South,” Washington Post, 15 March 2009, A1. 177 President Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on a New Strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan,” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 27 march 2009, 2. 178 Lieutenant Colonel Robert Campbell, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2 May 2011, 8; “Cav Air Assault,” 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, video account, April 2009, http://www.dvidshub.net/video/59707/cav-air-assault (accessed 7 April 2012). 179 Lieutenant Colonel Clint Baker, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 9 May 2011, 11; Valorous Unit Citation Narrative, 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry, undated. 180 Laura King, “World: New Taliban Video Shows US Soldier; Pfc Bergdahl of Idaho, Missing since June,” Los Angeles Times, 26 December 2009, A32; “June 30 Marks Two-Year Point for U.S. Soldier in Captivity,” ISAF Headquarters Public Affairs Office-Afghanistan, 30 June 2011, 1; Lieutenant Colonel Clint Baker, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 9 May 2011, 10. 181 Department of Defense, Report on Progress toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, Report to Congress, October 2009, 17; Ben Sheppard, “US Marines Storm south in Major Afghan Offense,” Agnece France-Presse, 1 July 2009, 3, http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/us-marines-launch-major-operation-in-afghanistan-largest-since-vietnam (accessed 3 April 2010); “Marines Launch Operation KHANJAR in Southern Afghanistan,” Marine Expeditionary Brigade-Afghanistan Public Affairs Office, 2 July 2009, 1. 182 Brigadier General Lawrence Nicholson quoted in Robert Haddick, “This Week at War, No. 24: Is Obama Channeling Bush in Afghanistan,” Foreign Policy, 10 July 2009, 1, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/07/10/this_week_at_war_no_24?page=full (accessed 4 April 2012). 183 According to Colonel Paul Bricker, 82d CAB commander in 2009, the Army and the Marines both used the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) “Gold Book” to plan the complex Khanjar mission. The Gold Book focuses on TTP unique to brigade-size air assaults. 184 Major John Gunter, interview by the author, 16 March 2012, 1-2. 185 Colonel Paul Bricker, interview by the author, 10 March 2012, 1-5. 186 Colonel Paul Bricker, interview by the author, 10 March 2012, 4-5. 187 Brigadier General Lawrence Nicholson, interview by the United States Marine Corps History Division, 9 June and 17 August, 2010, 30. 188 Lieutenant Colonel Reik Andersen, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 11 February 2011, 5-6. 189 Lieutenant Colonel Reik Andersen, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 11 February 2011, 12. 190 Marcus Butler, “Operation GERONIMO DARAU: ANSF, Paratroopers Target Militants,” CJTF-82 Afghanistan, Bagram Media Center, 10-18 September 2009, 1, http://www.troopscoop.typepad.com/updates/page/27/ (accessed 8 April 2012); Marcus Butler, “Operation GERONIMO DARAU: Paratroopers, Afghan Forces Target Militants,” Alaska Post, 2 October 2009, Vol. 16, No. 39, http://www.usarak.army.mil/alaskapost/Archives2009/091002/Oct02Story14.asp (accessed 8 April 2012); Lieutenant Colonel Clint Baker, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 9 May 2011, 14; Department of the Army, “Valorous Unit Award: 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment,” Permanent Orders 174-09, 23 June 2010, 1-2, http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/HRC/2010/174-09_20100623_HRCMD.pdf (accessed 8 April 2012). 191 Major Jeffrey Crapo quoted in Marcus Butler, “Operation GERONIMO DARAU: ANSF, Paratroopers Target Militants,” CJTF-82 Afghanistan, Bagram Media Center, 10-18 September 2009, 1, http://www.troopscoop.typepad.com/updates/page/27/ (accessed 8 April 2012). 192 Colonel Randy George, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 27 January 2011, 6-12; Lieutenant Colonel Robert B. Brown, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 16 February 2011, 19; Lieutenant Colonel Brian Pearl, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 13 May 2011, 9; Mathew Moeller, “Dawn Patrol during Operation MOUNTAIN FIRE,” 5th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, RC-East, 15 July 2009, 1, http://www.rc-east.com/regional-command-east-news-mainmenu-401/1848-dawn-patrol-during-operation-mountain-fire.html (accessed 9 April 2012); “ANSF, ISAF Completing Operation MOUNTAIN FIRE,” ISAF Public Affairs Office, 16 July 2009, 1, http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/07/pr090716-500.html (Accessed 9 April 2012). 193 Colonel Randy George quoted in “ANSF, ISAF Completing Operation MOUNTAIN FIRE,” ISAF Public Affairs Office, 16 July 2009, 1, http://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/pressreleases/2009/07/pr090716-500.html (accessed 9 April 2012). 194 Sean Rayment, Patrick Sawer, and Benjamin Farmer, “Afghanistan: First Stage of Operation MOSHTARAK Declared a Success,” The Telegraph, 13 February 2010, 1-3, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/7230940/Afghanistan-first-stage-of-operation-Moshtarak-declared-a-success.html (accessed 9 April 2012); Lieutenant Colonel Carl Slaughenhaupt, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 3 May 2011, 14; Lieutenant Colonel Burton Shields, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2 February 2011, 11. 195 Colonel Paul Bricker quoted in Aubree Clute, “Army Aviation Plays Key MOSHTARAK Role,” American Forces Press Service, 17 February 2010, 1. 196 Josh Wingrove, “Canadians Play Key Role in NATO Offensive,” Globe and Mail, 12 February 2010, A23. 197 Lieutenant Colonel David Oclander, interview by Contemporary Operations Study Team, Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 16 February 2011, 5, 15-16. 198 In 2010, Chinooks in the 3d CAB were flown by B Company , 2d Battalion, 3d Aviation Regiment; F Troop, 3d Squadron, 17th Cavalry, and; B Company, 1st Battalion, 169th General Support Aviation Brigade, assigned to 4th Battalion, 3d Aviation Regiment. 199 Sergeant First Class Jeremy Whittaker quoted in Kaden Koba, “Heavy Lifting: National Guard Chinook Unit Moves Thousands of Passengers and Tons of Cargo for TF Viper,” FALCON FLYER, April 2010, 10-11. 200 Major Michael Reyburn quoted in Monica Smith, “Flying in the Shadow of the Valley of Death,” FALCON FLYER, May 2010, 16. 201 Lieutenant Colonel Thomas von Eschenbach, “Halfway There,” Lighthorse Times, 25 April 2010, 2, http://www.stewart.army.mil/units/AB/unit317CAV/docs/TFLH-FRG_4.pdf (accessed 22 February 2012). 202 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Kyle Evarts, interview by the author, 13 March 2012, 1-2. 203 Sergeant Bradley Mora quoted in Bruce Cobbledick, “Soldiers, Afghan Forces Conduct Air Assault,” Task Force Bayonet Public Affairs, Army News Service, 30 September 2010, 2, http://www.army.mil/article/45944/Soldiers__Afghan_forces_conduct_air_assault/ (accessed 11 April 2012). 204 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Jeffrey Hutchinson, Chief Warrant Officer 3 William Johnson, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Timothy Lidson, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Mark Morris, and Chief Warrant Officer 3 Duane Sandbothe, group interview by the author, 14 March 2012, 4-5. 205 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Jeffrey Hutchinson, Chief Warrant Officer 3 William Johnson, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Timothy Lidson, Chief Warrant Officer 4 Mark Morris, and Chief Warrant Officer 3 Duane Sandbothe, group interview by the author, 14 March 2012, 5. 206 Chief Warrant Officer 4 Gary Ossinger, interview by the author, 10 March 2012, 1-2. 207 Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Lutsky, interview by the author, 11 April 2012, 1; Staff Sergeant Brent Powell, “Afghan Air Assault Nets Weapons, Ammo, Intel,” WWW.ARMY.MIL, 12 October 2010, 1-2, http://www.army.mil/article/46467/afghan-air-assault-nets-weapons-ammo-intel (accessed 11 April 2012). 208 Amanda Brown, “TF Phoenix Supports Largest Air Assault in RC-East,” Task Force Phoenix Public Affairs, RC-East.com, 3 April 2011, 1-2; Ryan Matson, “Red Bulls, ANA Sweep Galuch Valley, Establish Joint Security Center,” Task Force Red Bulls Public Affairs, RC-East.com, 7 April 2011, 1-3. 209 Lieutenant Colonel Steven Kremer quoted in Ryan Matson, “Red Bulls, ANA Sweep Galuch Valley, Establish Joint Security Center,” Task Force Red Bulls Public Affairs, RC-East.com, 7 April 2011, 2. 210 Colonel Rafael Torres quoted in “UPDATE Afghanistan, Coalition Forces Destroy IEDs in Kandahar,” ISAF Joint Command-Afghanistan, IJC News Release #2010-09-CA-218, 21 September 2010, 1. 211 Lieutenant Colonel Peter Benchoff, interview by Afghan Study Team, US Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 10 June 2011, 28. 212 Captain Christopher Getter, “The Progression of the Deployment of the CH-47 Aircraft during the Global War on Terrorism,” unpublished manuscript, 28 March 2012, 5-6; Lieutenant Colonel Peter Benchoff, interview by Afghan Study Team, US Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 10 June 2011, 3, 30. 213 Lieutenant Colonel Peter Benchoff, interview by Afghan Study Team, US Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 10 June 2011, 42-47. 214 Colonel Arthur Kandarian, email correspondence, 11 April 2012, 1. 215 Major General Nicholas Carter quoted in “Provincial Governor Proves Kandahar Highway Safe,” ISAF Joint Command-Afghanistan, IJC News Release #2010-10-CA-228, 22 October 2010, 1. 216 Lieutenant Colonel Peter Benchoff, interview by Afghan Study Team, US Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 16 June 2011, 9, 13, 34, 36-39. 217 Julius Cavendish, “Afghanistan’s Linchpin: Kandahar,” The Christian Science Monitor, 16 November 2010, 14; Edward Garibay, “Soldiers and ANA Fight to Drive Out Last Taliban Stronghold,” 16th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, 3 December 2010, 1, http://www.army.mil/article/48987/Soldiers_and_ANA_fight_to_drive_out_last_Taliban_stronghold/ (accessed 21 April 2012). 218 Captain Christopher Getter, “The Progression of the Deployment of the CH-47 Aircraft during the Global War on Terrorism,” unpublished manuscript, 28 March 2012, 5. 219 Colonel William Gayler, interview by Afghan Study Team, US Army Combat Studies Institute, Fort Leavenworth, KS, 18 April 2012, 19, 21, 25. 220 B/1-171AVN Chinooks were split-based in Bagram, Kandahar, and FOBs Salerno and Shank. B/2-135 AVN (Colorado and Nebraska ARNG) replaced B/1-171 AVN in August 2011. 221 Colonel Kenneth Royar, interview by the author, 7 May 2012, 1. 222 Lieutenant Colonel Darren Gerblick, interview by the author, 26 April 2012, 1; Note: the Special Operations air assault raids flown by 159th CAB pilots and crews resulted in the capture of approximately 180 Taliban leaders, see Bill Larson, “The 159th Combat Aviation Brigade Uncased their Colors in a Ceremony at Fort Campbell Yesterday,” Clarksville Online, 23 March 2012, 6, http://www.clarksvilleonline.com/2012/03/23/the-159th-combat-aviation-brigade-uncased-their-colors-in-a-ceremony-at-fort-campbell-yesterday/ (accessed 23 April 2012). 223 Captain Robert Bender, email correspondence, 22 May 2012, 1. 224 Captain Robert Bender, interview by the author, 17 May 2012, 1; Captain Robert Bender, email correspondence, 22 May 2012, 1. 225 Colonel Kenneth Royar, interview by the author, 7 May 2012, 2. 226 Colonel Donald Bolduc, “Forecasting the Future of Afghanistan,” Special Warfare, October-December 2011, 27. 227 Captain Christopher Ruff, interview by the author, 25 April 2012, 2-3. 228 Captain Christopher Ruff, interview by the author, 25 April 2012, 2. 229 “Afghan, Coalition Forces Capture Senior Haqqani Leader in Afghanistan,” ISAF Joint Command – Afghanistan, ISAF Releases, 1 October 2011, 1-3; Captain Christopher Ruff, interview by the author, 25 April 2012, 3. 230 Two of the ill-fated Chinook crew members were from B Company, 2d Battalion, 135th GSAB. 231 Brigadier General Jeffrey Colt, Executive Summary: Crash of CH-47D Aircraft in Wardak Province, Afghanistan on 6 August 2011, Memorandum for Commander, United States Central Command, 9 September 2011, 1-3; Captain Christopher Ruff, interview by the author, 25 April 2012, 1-4. 232 Brigadier General Jeffrey Colt, Executive Summary: Crash of CH-47D Aircraft in Wardak Province, Afghanistan on 6 August 2011, Memorandum for Commander, United States Central Command, 9 September 2011, 3-5; Captain Christopher Ruff, interview by the author, 25 April 2012, 1-4. 233 General John Allen, “DoD News Briefing with General Allen via Teleconference from Afghanistan,” Office of the Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), 10 August 2011, 1-2, 5. 234 Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Kidd quoted in Summer Woode, “Dreadnaughts Mark Return with Uncasing of Colors,” 1st Heavy Brigade Combat Team Public Affairs, 14 February 2012, 1, http://www.1id.army.mil/NewsViewer.aspx?id=6061 (accessed 1 May 2012). 235 Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Kidd, interview by the author, 8 May 2012, 1. 236 Lieutenant Colonel Christopher Kidd, interview by the author, 8 May 2012, 2. 237 Major Nicholas Ayers, interview by the author, 8 May 2012, 1. 238 Major General Anthony Crutchfield, interview by Vago Muradian, “US Army Aviation Part I,” This Week in Defense News, 22 May 2011, http://www.rucker.army.mil/biographies/bio_cg.html (accessed 14 May 2012). 239 Major General William Crosby, email correspondence with the author, 30 April 2012, 1. 240 Major General William Crosby, email correspondence with the author, 30 April 2012, 1. 241 Colonel Robert Marion, email correspondence with the author, 29 April 2012, 1. 242 As of 2012, Chinooks were the rotary wing aircraft of choice in the OEF theatre, where Army Aviation OPTEMPO was at its highest point ever. The new F model CH-47s incorporate machined airframes, common avionics architecture system cockpits that meet digitized interoperability requirements, full authority digital automatic flight control systems, and additional integrated improvements, see Major General William Crosby, “Department of Defense Rotorcraft Modernization Programs,” Statement before the Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces Committee on Armed Services, United States House of Representatives, Second Session, 112th Congress, 27 March 2012, 5-6. 243 Colonel Robert Marion quoted in Kari Hawkins, “Forget the Museum, First Chinook Still Flying,” Redstone Rocket, 11 April 2012, 2. 244 Major General Anthony Crutchfield, Army Aviation 2030 Vision, 16 February 2012, 2. 245 Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2008 US Army Posture Statement, “Information Papers: Restructuring Army Aviation,” 26 February 2008, 1-2; Headquarters, Department of the Army, 2011 US Army Posture Statement, “Information Papers: Restructuring Army Aviation,” 2 March 2011, 1-2. 246 Major General Anthony Crutchfield, Army Aviation 2030 Vision, 16 February 2012, 6. 247 Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, A CBO Paper: Modernizing the Army’s Rotary-Wing Aviation Fleet, November 2007, 24; Colonel Robert Marion, “The Amazing Cargo Helicopter: Celebrating 50+ Years, 1961-2012,” Army Aviation Association of America, AAAA Cargo Update, 4 April 2012, 4. 248 Major General William Crosby, “Department of Defense Rotorcraft Modernization Programs,” Statement before the Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces Committee on Armed Services, United States House of Representatives, Second Session, 112th Congress, 27 March 2012, 6. 249 Colonel Robert Marion, “The Amazing Cargo Helicopter: Celebrating 50+ Years, 1961-2012,” Army Aviation Association of America, AAAA Cargo Update, 4 April 2012, 6. 250 The nonlinear battlefield and lack of infrastructure/road networks in Afghanistan increased dependence on aviation support in general. 251 Captain Jared Koelling, email correspondence with the author, 7 May 2012, 1. 252 Major General Anthony Crutchfield, Army Aviation 2030 Vision, 16 February 2012, 6, 9. 253 Major General Anthony Crutchfield, Army Aviation 2030 Vision, 16 February 2012, 2-8. 254 Peter Bergen, “The Last Days of Osama Bin Laden,” Time, 7 May 2012, 24-33. 255 Captain Robert Bender, email correspondence, 22 May 2012, 2. 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