Working Paper high, hot and heavy: the ch-47 chinook in combat assault operations in afghanistan
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THE CH-47 CHINOOK IN COMBAT ASSAULT OPERATIONS IN AFGHANISTAN LIST OF SUGGESTED PHOTOGRAPHS Cover http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://kunar.artofwar.ru/photo/asadabad/fob.asadabad/thumbnails/200_getting.dropped.off.jpg&imgrefurl=http://kunar.artofwar.ru/photo/asadabad/fob.asadabad/index_2.htm&usg=__TreHB4-xyhXGBQ3PYQ3c2WtLsUM=&h=112&w=150&sz=4&hl=en&start=1&sig2=2x1qcK03juOmGHRlFSy2rw&zoom=1&tbnid=0hbu0_q2oHFnAM:&tbnh=72&tbnw=96&ei=rZizT9v5BKmKiALHnpW2BA&prev=/search%3Fq%3D200_getting_dropped_off.jpg%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1 Others http://theunawriterslair.typepad.com/photos/tf_brawler_afghanistan_fa/b11.html http://theunawriterslair.typepad.com/photos/tf_brawler_afghanistan_fa/b6.html http://theunawriterslair.typepad.com/photos/tf_brawler_afghanistan_fa/b7.html http://theunawriterslair.typepad.com/photos/tf_brawler_afghanistan_fa/b2.html http://theunawriterslair.typepad.com/photos/tf_brawler_afghanistan_fa/b5.html 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http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img401.imageshack.us/img401/5899/chinook20makes20house20kq1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?104760-Chinook-pick-up&h=533&w=800&sz=81&tbnid=YDFdt2XzZHs9DM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=140&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dchinook%2Bphotos%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=chinook+photos&docid=SoLbfr4Cigek-M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qx60T8OeE6PY2gXK1NUe&sqi=2&ved=0CHYQ9QEwDA&dur=2657 http://www.pbase.com/aztomas/image/41514265 http://www.pbase.com/aztomas/image/41514282 http://www.pbase.com/aztomas/image/41514286 http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.museumsyndicate.com/images/6/56394.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item%3D56394&h=1504&w=2064&sz=510&tbnid=nGQTQyT71uJ8PM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=124&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dchinook%2Bphotos%2Bafghanistan%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=chinook+photos+afghanistan&docid=iZxo8tBi9r_GsM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=tSG0T7fbG4e62gXuhuA0&ved=0CFkQ9QEwAA&dur=5547 http://xaxor.com/other/22566-ch-47-chinook-photos.html http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=675978239&k=ti2m4&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=385654526&k=9wySt&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=493083574&k=RsE6D&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=410405577&k=jviQF&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=408664412&k=wpQTy&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491568495&k=Jg7HR&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=493083919&k=X38v3&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491563889&k=HXGPU&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491564118&k=ZvVxL&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=493081462&k=mdzu2&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491564083&k=2T2VU&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491560718&k=zFxD9&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491563010&k=UQbAy&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=491560736&k=Vrbhw&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=410415554&k=bcMyD&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=406460681&k=nXTYm&lb=1&s=A http://www.visualintel.net/Army/Systems/CH-47-Chinook/7601910_kGMRZc#!i=663100214&k=ma2WV&lb=1&s=A 1 Major General William Crosby quoted in Ann Roosevelt, “New Boeing Production Line Expects More, Less Expensive, and high Quality CH-47Fs,” Defense Daily, Vol. 251, 21 September 2011, 3-4. 2 Leanne Caret quoted in Ann Roosevelt, “New Boeing Production Line Expects More, Less Expensive and high Quality CH-47Fs,” Defense Daily, Vol. 251, 21 September 2011, 3-4. 3 James Warden, “Chinooks Take On More Air Assaults,” Stars and Stripes, 29 February 2008, 1-2. 4 Mark Ballew quoted in Eric Tegler, “High Ground: Boeing’s CH-47F Delivers Where Others Can’t,” Defense Media Network Newsletter, 22 July 2011, 1-2. 5 Aircraft and crews were from (1) A Company, 7th Battalion, 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and (2) B Company, 159th Aviation Regiment (Hunter Army Airfield), 18th Aviation Brigade, 18th Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. The principal ground units were (1) 3d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, and (2) 1st Battalion, 87th Regiment, 10th Mountain Division. See Donald Wright et al., A Different Kind of War (Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2010), Ch. 6. 6 James Dunnigan, “Chinook Replaces Blackhawk in Combat,” StrategyWorld.com, 25 March 2008, 1, http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200832521247.asp (accessed 12 December 2011). 7 J. Gordon Leishman, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 5-6; David Lentink et al., “Leading-Edge Vortices Elevate Lift of Autorotating Plant Seeds,” Science, 12 June 2009, 1438-1440; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 5. 8 Ivor Hart, The World of Leonardo da Vinci: Man of Science, Engineer, and Dreamer of Flight (London: Macdonald Publishing Company, 1961), 356; “The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci,” Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering, and Technology Exhibition, 27 October to 3 December 1994; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 5. 9 Leonardo da Vinci quoted in J. Gordon Leishman, “A History of Helicopter Flight,” extracts from the author’s book, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics (First Edition, 2000), 3, http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~leishman/Aero/history.html (accessed 17 January 2012). 10 Da Vinci may have intended to power his aerial screw machine by using four men to operate cranks that rotated the central shaft and helical wing surfaces. See “Leonardo da Vinci Inventions: Helicopter (Aerial Screw),” provided by InventHelp, 2008, 1, http://www.da-vinci-inventions.com/about.aspx (accessed 17 January 2012). 11 Douglas Jackson, Early Helicopter History, The Aircraft Museum, 1997, 1-3, http://www.aerospaceweb.org?design?helicopter/history.shtml (accessed 17 January 2012). 12 Judy Rumerman, Early Helicopter Technology, US Centennial of Flight Commission, 2003, 1-5; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 5; J. Gordon Leishman, “A History of Helicopter Flight,” extracts from the author’s book, Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics (First Edition, 2000), 3, http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~leishman/Aero/history.html (accessed 17 January 2012). 13 C.V. Glines, “The Flying Octopus,” Air Force Magazine, October 1990, 8-11. 14 Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 8. 15 “Pioneers in Vertical Flight: Frank N. Piasecki,” Piesecki Aircraft Corporation Fact Sheet, 2009, 1-5; David Anderton and Jay Miller, Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1989), 1-2; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 12-13. 16 K. I. Grina, “Helicopter Development at Boeing-Vertol Company,” The Aeronautical Journal, March 1975, 401-416; Helicopter History Site, “Boeing-Vertol 107M, H-46 Sea Knight: Helicopter Database,” Helis.com, 1997, 1-2; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 30-41; David Anderton and Jay Miller, Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1989), 4-7. 17 Tom Marinucci, “CH-47D Chinook,” Boeing Defense, Space & Security Backgrounder, June 2010, 1-2; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 45-47, 70-71; David Anderton and Jay Miller, Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1989), 7, 21-22. 18 Leo Burnett, “The Chinook Story,” US Army Aviation Digest, August 1972, 9-14; James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 118; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 42-44, 49-50; David Anderton and Jay Miller, Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1989), 7-11. 19 Boeing Defense, Space & Security, CH-47D/F Technical Specifications Fact Sheet, 2012, 1; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 51-53; David Anderton and Jay Miller, Boeing Helicopters CH-47 Chinook (Arlington, TX: Aerofax, Inc., 1989), 8-9. 20 “Boeing MH-47D Model Helicopters,” Boeing Defense, Space & Security Factsheet, January 2012, 1-2; “MH-47E/G Special Operations Chinook,” Boeing Defense, Space & Security Factsheet, January 2012, 1-2; Jack Satterfield, “US Army Special Operations Command MH-47G Special operations Chinook,” Boeing Defense, Space & Security Backgrounder, March 2005, 1-2; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 59-60. 21 Department of the Army, 2010 Army Modernization Strategy, Report to Congress, 23 April 2010, 58-60; James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 351-353, 386; Tom Marinucci, “CH-47F Chinook,” Boeing Defense, Space & Security Backgrounder, January 2012, 1-2; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 56-58. 22 Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual ATTP 3-18.12 (FM 90-4), Air Assault Operations (Washington, DC, 1 March 2011), 1-1; Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Publication (JP) 3-18, Joint Forcible Entry Operations (Washington, DC, 16 June 2008), GL-4. 23 Lieutenant Colonel Ronald Brown, “Whirlybirds: US Marine Helicopters in Korea,” in US Marines in the Korean War, ed. Charles Smith (Washington, DC: History Division United States Marine Corps, 2007), 710; Kevin Dougherty, “The Evolution of Air Assault,” Joint Forces Quarterly, Summer 1999, 52. 24 James Gavin, “Cavalry – And I Don’t Mean Horses,” Harper’s Magazine, April 1954, 54-60; James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 69. 25 Major General Gavin quoted in Russell Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1973), 423; the term “Sky Cavalry” attributed to Major General Gavin in Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 1-100, Aviation Operations (Washington, DC, 21 February 1997), G-3. 26 Colonel Stewart McKenney, “SKYCAV Operations during Exercise Sagebrush,” Military Review, June 1956, 11-18. 27 Brigadier General Carl Hutton, “The Commandant’s Column: An Air Fighting Army,” Army Aviation Digest, July 1955, 2-3; See also Richard Weinert, History of Army Aviation 1950-1962: Phase II 1955-1962 (Fort Monroe, VA: US Army Training and Doctrine Command Historical Office, 1976), 90. 28 James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 76; Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 57-35, Army Transport Aviation Combat Operations (Washington, DC, June 1958), 4. 29 Headquarters, Department of the Army, Field Manual (FM) 57-35, Airmobile Operations (Washington, DC, 2 November 1960), 3. 30 Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 8-9; James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 90-91, 98-99; Lieutenant General Hamilton Howze, “The Howze Board I,” Army, February 1974, 14; Lieutenant General Hamilton Howze, A Cavalryman’s Story: Memoirs of a Twentieth-Century Army General (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 235-236. 31 Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 10. 32 145th Combat Aviation Battalion, “Battalion History: 11 December 1961 to 2 April 1972,” 1-3, http://www.145thcab.com/History/BattalionHistory.htm (accessed 31 January 2012); Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 3; Nick Van Valkenburgh, Chinook – The Legacy of Tandem Rotor Helicopter (Huntsville, AL: US Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM), Cargo Helicopters Project Management Office, 2011), 18. 33 Robert McNamara, Memorandum to the Secretary of The Army, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 19 April 1962, 1. 34 Robert McNamara, Memorandum to the Secretary of The Army, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 19 April 1962, 1; Robert McNamara, Memorandum to Mr. Stahr, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 19 April 1962, 1-2. 35 Robert McNamara, Memorandum to the Secretary of The Army, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 19 April 1962, 2; Robert McNamara, Memorandum to Mr. Stahr, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 19 April 1962, 1. 36 J. Stockfisch, The1962 Howze Board and Army Combat Developments (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994), 15-16; Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 20-21. 37 Lieutenant General Hamilton Howze quoted in Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 24. 38 John Carland, How We Got There: Air Assault and the Emergence of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) 1950-1965 (Arlington, VA: The Institute for Land Warfare, 2003), 10-11; J. Stockfisch, The1962 Howze Board and Army Combat Developments (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994), 18-24. 39 General Hamilton Howze, “Winding Up a Great Show: Howze Board III,” Army, April 1974, 18-23. 40 At the time of the Howze Board, the terms airmobile and air assault were often used interchangeably. Following the air assault concept evaluation at Fort Benning, airmobility began to refer generally to the use of Army airlift assets to simply move troops and equipment. Air assault operations, however, were seen as deliberate combat operations using aviation assets to engage and destroy enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain. 41 Major General Robert York quoted in Lieutenant General John Tolson, Vietnam Studies: Airmobility 1961-1971 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1973), 55. 42 J. Stockfisch, The1962 Howze Board and Army Combat Developments (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 1994), 25-28; John Carland, How We Got There: Air Assault and the Emergence of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) 1950-1965 (Arlington, VA: The Institute for Land Warfare, 2003), 11-14. 43 President Lyndon Johnson, “The President’s News Conference,” 28 July 1965, 1-2. 44 “The Scout’s Prologue: Organizational Legacy of the 1st Cavalry Division and its Subordinate Commands,” Cavalry Outpost Publications, 1996, Chapters 7 and 8, http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/ (accessed 3 February 2012). 45 “The Scout’s Prologue: Organizational Legacy of the 1st Cavalry Division and its Subordinate Commands,” Cavalry Outpost Publications, 1996, Chapter 8, 4-5, http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/chapt_08/ (accessed 3 February 2012). 46 James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 126-128; “The Scout’s Prologue: Organizational Legacy of the 1st Cavalry Division and its Subordinate Commands,” Cavalry Outpost Publications, 1996, Chapter 8, 5-6, http://www.first-team.us/tableaux/chapt_08/ (accessed 3 February 2012). 47 James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 130. 48 Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara quoted in Lieutenant General Harold Moore and Joseph Galloway, We Were Soldiers Once and Young (New York: Random House, 1992), 368. 49 John McGrath, The Brigade: A History: Its Organization and Employment in the US Army (Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004), 65; Kevin Dougherty, “The Evolution of Air Assault,” Joint Forces Quarterly, Summer 1999, 56; Walter Boyne, How The Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 2011), 132-136; James Williams, A History of Army Aviation: From Its Beginnings to the War on Terror (Lincoln, NE: US Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. and iUniverse, 2005), 136, 159. 50 James Willbanks, The Tet Offensive: A Concise History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 79-86. 51 Jack Shulimson et al., US Marines in Vietnam: 1968 The Defining Year (Washington, DC: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, US Marine Corps, 1997), 255-290. 52 227th Assault Helicopter Battalion, “After Action Report: A Shau Valley, 227th AHB,” May 1968, 1-5, Appendix I, http://vhfcn.org/ashau.html#bn (accessed 6 February 2010). 53 Shelby Stanton, The Rise and Fall of an American Army: US Ground Forces in Vietnam 1965-1973 (New York: Random House Publishing Group, 1985), 333-339; John Shaw, The Cambodian Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America’s Vietnam War ( Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2005), 158-162; Major Donald Phillips, Across the Border: Success and Failures of Operation Rockcrusher (Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College, 4 June 1999), 68-87. 54 Nguyen Duy Hinh, Indochina Monographs: LAM SON 719 (Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History, 1979), 58-88; Lewis Sorley, A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Years in Vietnam (New York: Harvest Books, 1999), 253. 55 Earl Tilford, Setup: What the Air Force Did in Vietnam and Why (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 1991), 201; James Williams, Download 0.52 Mb. 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