Assimilation is a process whereby adjacent consonants become more similar to each other (e.g. in manner or place of articulation) in order to facilitate pronunciation. Assimilation is the result of the process known as coarticulation that refers to the effect of the phonetic context on the articulation of speech sounds.
1.1Anatomic mechanisms underlying assimilation processes 1.1.1Perserveration
It refers to prolongation of the articulatory setting characteristic of a phoneme that occurs in the left context, so that the articulatory features of the phoneme in the right context are affected, e.g.
świat /ɕfjat/, krzywy /kʃyvy/, twarz /tfaʃ/
1.1.2Anticipation
It occurs when the articulators are set in the position characteristic of a phoneme in the right context too soon. As a result the articulatory features of the phoneme in the left context are changed, e.g.
szybko /ʃɨpko/, arabski /arapsci/, babcia /bapɕa/
1.2Typology of assimilations in Polish
the direction of the effect of the phonetic context
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progressive or perserverative a. (left to right: a sound changes with reference to a preceding segment)
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regressive or anticipatory a. (right to left: a sound changes with reference to a following segment)
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type of expression
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intra-word a. (within word boundaries)
e.g. ściemnić /st^ɕemɲit^ɕ/ or /ɕt^ɕemɲit^ɕ/
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inter-word a. (at the boundary between adjacent words)
e.g. kotek Basi /koteg baɕi/, ogród Piotra /ogrut pjotra/
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articulatory feature that becomes affected by the context
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voicing
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nasality
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palatalization
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place of articulation
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manner of articulation
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2Voicing assimilations 2.1inter-word a. (always regressive)
word-final syllable
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word-initial syllable
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voiceless obstruent (orthography) (+nasal or liquid)
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voiced obstruent (orthography)
(+nasal or liquid)
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voiced phoneme
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voiced phoneme
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regressive voicing
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word-final syllable
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word-initial syllable
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voiced obstruent (orthography)
(+nasal or liquid)
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voiceless obstruent (orthography)
(+nasal or liquid)
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voiceless phoneme
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voiceless phoneme
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regressive devoicing
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idź tam – idź do niej
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it^ɕ tam id^ʑ do ɲej
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zjedz tosta – zjedz deser
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zjet^s tosta zjed^z deser
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włóż szal – włóż żakiet
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vwuʃ ʃal vwuʒ ʒacjet
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weź pomarańczę – weź brzoskwinię
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veɕ pomaraɲt^ʃe veʑ bʒoskfiɲe
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mów ciszej – mów głośniej
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muf t^ɕiʃej muv gwoɕɲej
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ząb trzonowy – ząb biały
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zomp tʃonovɨ zomb bjawɨ
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próg sali – próg drzwi
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pruk sali prug d^ʒvi
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Idź do kuchni, weź talerz, nóż i widlec i nałóż sobie warzyw.
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id^ʑ do kuxɲi veɕ taleʒ nuʒ i videled^z i nawuʃ sobje vaʒɨf
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Zmiażdż czosnek, wrzuć go na patelnię i usmaż z cebulą.
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zmjaʃt^ʃ t^ʃosneg vʒud^ʑ go na patelɲe i usmaʃ s t^sebulow~
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2.1.1Regional variation
Poznan-Cracow pronunciation
word-final syllable
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word-initial syllable
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voiceless obstruent (orthography)
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sonorant (vowel or consonant)
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voiced phoneme
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sonorant
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regressive voicing
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Warsaw pronunciation
word-final syllable
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word-initial syllable
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voiced obstruent (orthography)
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sonorant (vowel or consonant)
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voiceless phoneme
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sonorant
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regressive devoicing
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Warsaw
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Poznan-Cracow
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sklep Adama
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sklep adama
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skleb adama
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sklep monopolowy
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sklep monopolovɨ
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skleb monopolovɨ
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grób Anny
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grup annɨ
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grub annɨ
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grób rodzinny
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grup rod^ʑinnɨ
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grub rod^ʑinnɨ
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2.2intra-word a. 2.2.1Regressive devoicing
On word boundaries and when followed by a voiceless obstruent voiced obstruents become devoiced:
-/p/
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Araba-arabski
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araba arapsci
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słaba-słabszy
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swaba swapʃɨ
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baba-babcia
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baba bapt^ɕa
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-/t/
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wóda-wódka
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vuda vutka
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młody-młodszy
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mwodɨ mwotʃɨ
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słodycz-słodsi
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swodɨt^ʃ swotɕi
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-/f/
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surowa-surówka
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surova surufka
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wada-wpada
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vada fpada
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wziąć-wsiąść
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vʑoɲt^ɕ fɕoj~ɕt^ɕ
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-/s/
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rozwód-roztwór
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rozvud rostfur
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bluza-bluzka
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bluza bluska
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bezładny-bezpłatny
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bezwadnɨ bespwatnɨ
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<ż,-rz>-/ʃ/
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książę-książki
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kɕow~ʒe kɕow~ʃci
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mężowie-mężczyzna
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mew~ʒovje mew~ʃt^ʃɨzna
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bliżej-bliższy
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bliʒej bliʃʃɨ
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In clusters of a voiced obstruent followed by a nasal/liquid or <ł> and a voiceless obstruent the following rules apply:
voiced obstruent + nasal/liquid/<ł> + voiceless obstruent ->
voiceless obstruent + devoiced nasal/liquid/<ł> + voiceless obstruent e.g. mędrca /mentrt^ɕa/
or: voiced obstruent + nasal/liquid/<ł> + voiceless obstruent e.g. módlcie /mudlt^ɕe/
or: voiceless obstruent + voiceless obstruent e.g. jabłko /japko/
2.2.2Regressive voicing
<ś> - /ʑ/
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proś-prośba
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proɕ proʑba
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- /d^ʒ/
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licz-liczba
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lit^ʃ lid^ʒba
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- /d/
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fotek-futbol
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fotek fudbol
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- /g/
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tak-także
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tak tagʒe
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wszak-wszakże
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fʃak fʃagʒe
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jak-jakże
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jak jagʒe
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jednak-jednakże
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jednak jednagʒe
| 2.2.3Terminal devoicing
Voiced obstruents at word boundaries become voiceless.
plosives
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dębu-dąb
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dembu domp
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wada-wad
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vada vat
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waga-wag
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vaga vak
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fricatives
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głowa-głów
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gwova gwuf
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bryza-bryz
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bryza brys
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talerze-talerz
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taleʒe taleʃ
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więzi-więź
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vjej~ʑi vjej~ɕ
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affricates
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rydze-rydz
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rɨd^ze rɨt^s
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łodzi-łódź
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wod^ʑi wut^ɕ
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gwiżdże-gwiżdż
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gviʒd^ʒe gviʃt^ʃ
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mądrzy-mądrz
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mondʒɨ montʃ
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In clusters of a voiced consonants followed by a sonorant at word boundary the following rule applies:
voiced consonant + sonorant (consonant) + pause ->
voiced consonant + sonorant (consonant) + pause, or
voiceless consonant + devoiced sonorant (consonant) + pause
e.g.
kadr /kadr/ or /katr/
bóbr /bubr/ or /bupr/
realizm /realizm/ or /realism/
blizn /blizn/ or /blisn/
2.2.4Progressive devoicing
Voiced consonants become devoiced when preceded by a voiceless consonant:
-/ʃ/
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wrzeć-przeć
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vʒet^ɕ pʃet^ɕ
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grze-krze
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gʒe kʃe
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brzask-trzask
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bʒask tʃask
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przedrze-przetrze
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pʃedʒe pʃetʃe
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-/f/
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dwór-czwór
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dvur t^ʃfur
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zwiad-świat
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zvjat ɕfjat
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zwarzy-twarzy
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zvaʒɨ tfaʒɨ
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Przez Krzysztofa trzeba w czwartek przyjść do pracy.
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pʃes kʃɨʃtofa tʃeba f t^ʃfartek pʃɨjʑd^ʑ do prat^sɨ
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Twój ojciec chrzestny jest świetnym przyjacielem.
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tfuj ojt^ɕet^s xʃestnɨ jest ɕfjetnɨm pʃɨjat^ɕelem
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3Nasality
Assimilation with respect to nasality is optional. It concerns only vowels and occurs in very few contexts, e.g. when the the vowel precedes a nasalized glide (/w~/ or /j~/):
wąs /võw~s/
pański /pãj~sci/
also:
kamfora /kãmfora/
tramwaj /trãmvaj/
benzyna /bẽw~zɨna/
inspektor /ĩnspektor/
inwalida /ĩnvalida/
awansie /avãw~ɕe/
4Palatalization
Some consonants preceding a palatal consonant may assimilate and become palatal. This is an alternative pronunciation:
assimilation
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word
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canonical
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alternative
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-
/ɲɲ/
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gminie-gminnie
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gmiɲe gminɲe
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gmiɲe gmiɲɲe
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cenię-cennie
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t^seɲe t^senɲe
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t^seɲe t^seɲɲe
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-
/ʑd^ʑ/
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działać-zdziałać
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d^ʑawat^ɕ zd^ʑawat^ɕ
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d^ʑawat^ɕ ʑd^ʑawat^ɕ
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podział-rozdział
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pod^ʑaw rozd^ʑaw
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pod^ʑaw roʑd^ʑaw
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-
/ɕɕ/
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się-ssie
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ɕe sɕe
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ɕe ɕɕe
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śmieszył-rozśmieszył
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ɕmjeʃɨw rosɕmjeʃɨw
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ɕmjeʃɨw roɕɕmjeʃɨw
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<-zzi,-zź>-
/ʑʑ/
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zielenieć-zzielenieć
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ʑeleɲet^ɕ zʑeleɲet^ɕ
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ʑeleɲet^ɕ ʑʑeleɲet^ɕ
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ziębnąć-zziębnąć
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ʑembnoɲt^ɕ zʑembnoɲt^ɕ
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ʑembnoɲt^ɕ ʑʑembnoɲt^ɕ
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Assimilations concerning place or manner of articulation are mostly regressive and word-internal.
A stop may assimilate with respect to manner of articulation to the following fricative or affricate: this process is known as affrication. It occurs when the articulators are set to a position appropriate for the following sound too early. As a result the plosive acquires a fricative release.
Fricatives may assimilate regressively with respect to place of articulation: the tip of the tongue is set to a position characteristic of the following fricative before the friction of the first one is released.
assimilation
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word
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canonical
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alternative
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+ /ʃ/ -> /ʃ/
(place, regressive)
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zszargać
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sʃargat^ɕ
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ʃʃargat^ɕ
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rozszerzać
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rosʃe ʒat^ɕ
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roʃʃe ʒat^ɕ
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, + /t^ʃ/ -> /ʃ/
(place, regressive)
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sczernieć
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st^ʃerɲet^ɕ
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ʃt^ʃerɲet^ɕ
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rozczarować
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rost^ʃarovat^ɕ
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roʃt^ʃarovat^ɕ
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+ /ʒ/ -> /ʒ/
(place, regressive)
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rozżalony
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rozʒalonɨ
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roʒʒalonɨ
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zrzucać
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zʒut^sa t^ɕ
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ʒʒut^sa t^ɕ
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zżymać się
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zʒɨmat^ɕ
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ʒʒɨmat^ɕ
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, + /t^s/ -> /t^s/
(manner, regressive)
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matce
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matt^se
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mat^st^se
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dowódca
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dovutt^sa
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dovut^st^sa
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, + /ʃ/ or /ʒ/ or /t^ʃ/ + vowel -> /t^ʃ/
(place or manner, regressive)
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powietrze
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povjetʃe
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povjet^ʃʃe
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odczuwam
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ott^ʃuvam
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ot^ʃt^ʃuvam
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+ /ʒ/ + vowel -> /d^ʒ/
(manner, regressive)
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kadrze
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kadʒe
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kad^ʒʒe
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Andrzej
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andʒej
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and^ʒʒej
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, + palatal consonants ->
/t^ɕ/, /d^ʑ/
(manner, regressive)
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najmłodsi
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najmwotɕi
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najmwot^ɕɕi
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Śródziemnym
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ɕrudʑemnɨm
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ɕrud^ʑʑemnɨm
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oddziału
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odd^ʑawu
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od^ʑd^ʑawu
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