A brief history of the united states

Apalachicola. [12]
To Georgia was annexed the territory between the St. Marys River, the

proclamation line, and the Altamaha.

Mountains. In New York they extended a short distance up the Mohawk River.

In Pennsylvania the little town of Bedford, in Maryland Fort Cumberland,

and in Virginia the Allegheny Mountains marked the frontier (p. 144).

frontier ran several lines of forts intended to protect routes of

communication. Thus in New York the route up the Mohawk to Oneida Lake and

down Oswego River to Lake Ontario was protected by Forts Stanwix,

Brewerton, and Oswego. From Fort Oswego the route continued by water to

Fort Niagara at the mouth of the river of that name, then along the

Niagara River and by Lake Erie to Presque Isle, then by land to Fort Le

Boeuf, then by river to Fort Pitt.

Potomac valley was that cut from Fort Cumberland by Braddock (in 1755) and

known as Braddock's Road. The other to Bedford on the Pennsylvania

frontier was cut by General Forbes (in 1758).

and now held by the British. These were Sandusky, Detroit, Mackinaw, and

St. Joseph.
[Illustration: OLD FORT NIAGARA.]
PONTIAC'S WAR.--Between this chain of forts and the Mississippi River, in

the region given up by France, lived many tribes of Indians, old friends

of the French and bitter enemies of the British. The old enmity was kept

aflame by the French Canadians, who still carried on the fur trade with

the Indians. [13]
When, therefore, Pontiac, a chief of the Ottawas, in 1762 sent out among

the Indian nations ambassadors with the war belt of wampum, and tomahawks

stained red in token of war, the tribes everywhere responded to the call.

[14] From the Ohio and its tributaries to the upper lakes, and southward

to the mouth of the Mississippi, they banded against the British, and

early in 1763, led by Pontiac, swept down on the frontier forts. Detroit

was attacked, Presque Isle was captured, Le Boeuf and Venango were burned

to the ground, Fort Pitt was besieged, and the frontier of Pennsylvania

laid waste. Of fourteen posts from Mackinaw to Oswego, all but four were

taken by the Indians. It seemed that not a settler would be left west of

the Susquehanna; but a little army under Colonel Bouquet beat the Indians,

cleared the Pennsylvania frontier, and relieved Fort Pitt in 1763; another

army in 1764 passed along the lake shore to Detroit and quieted the

Indians in that region, while Bouquet (1764) invaded the Ohio country,

forced the tribes to submit, and released two hundred white prisoners.

SUMMARY
1. The war which followed the defeat of Washington is known as the French

and Indian War.
2. Fearing that the French Acadians in Nova Scotia would become

troublesome, the British dispersed them among the colonies.

Niagara, and Fort Duquesne.

expeditions against other strongholds came to naught, and during the early

years of the war the French carried everything before them.
5. But when Pitt rose to power in England, the tide turned: Louisburg and

Fort Duquesne were captured (in 1758); Niagara, Ticonderoga, Crown Point,

and Quebec were taken (in 1759); and Montreal fell in 1760.
6. Spain now joined in the war, whereupon Great Britain seized Cuba and

the Philippines.

her, but Florida was ceded to Great Britain; and France gave up her

possessions in North America.
8. Canada, Cape Breton, and all Louisiana east of the Mississippi, save

New Orleans and vicinity, went to Great Britain.

and West Florida, and drew the Proclamation Line.

but was quickly put down.

FOOTNOTES
[1] New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,

Pennsylvania, and Maryland were the only colonies represented.

the pieces allowed to touch, they would join and the snake would not die.

Franklin meant that unless the separate colonies joined they would be

conquered.

seventeen children. He went to work in his father's candle shop when ten

years old. He was fond of reading, and by saving what little money he

could secure, bought a few books and read them thoroughly. When twelve, he

was bound apprentice to a brother who was a printer. At seventeen he ran

away to Philadelphia, where he found work in a printing office, and in

1729 owned a newspaper of his own, which soon became the best and most

entertaining in the colonies. His most famous publication is _Poor

Richard's Almanac_. To this day the proverbs and common sense sayings

of Poor Richard are constantly quoted. Franklin was a good citizen: he

took part in the founding of the first public library in Philadelphia, the

formation of the first fire engine company, and the organization of the

first militia, and he persuaded the authorities to light and pave streets

and to establish a night watch. He is regarded as the founder of the

University of Pennsylvania. Franklin was also a man of science. He

discovered that lightning is electricity, invented the lightning rod, and

wrote many scientific papers. He served in the legislature of

Pennsylvania, and was made postmaster general for the colonies. All these

things occurred before 1754.
[4] About six thousand were carried off. Nowhere were they welcome. Some

who were taken to Boston made their way to Canada. Such as reached South

Carolina and Georgia were given leave to return; but seven little

boatloads were stopped at Boston. Others reached Louisiana, where their

descendants still live. A few succeeded in returning to Acadia. Do not

fail to read Longfellow's poem _Evangeline_, a beautiful story founded on

this removal of the Acadians. Was it necessary to remove the Acadians?

Read Parkman's _Montcalm and Wolfe_, Vol. I, pp. 234-241, 256-266, 276-

284; read also "The Old French War," Part ii, Chap, viii, in Hawthorne's

_Grandfather's Chair_.

1738 to take charge of his uncle's property in the Mohawk valley. He

settled about twenty miles west of Schenectady, and engaged in the Indian

trade. He dealt honestly with the Indians, learned their language,

attended their feasts, and, tomahawk in hand, danced their dances in

Indian dress. He even took as his wife a sister of Brant, a Mohawk chief.

So great was his influence with the Indians that in 1746 he was made

Commissary of New York for Indian Affairs. In 1750 he was made a member of

the provincial Council, went to the Albany convention in 1754, and later

was appointed a major general. After the expedition against Crown Point he

was knighted and made Superintendent of Indian Affairs in North America.

He died in 1774.

mistake. He was surprised because he did not send scouts ahead of his

army; but the Indians were not in ambush. Braddock would not permit the

troops to fight in Indian fashion from behind trees and bushes, but forced

his men to form in platoons. A part of the regulars who tried to fight

behind trees Braddock beat with his sword and forced into line. Some

Virginians who sought shelter behind a huge fallen tree were mistaken for

the enemy and fired on. In the fight and after it Washington was most

prominent. Twice a horse was shot under him. Four bullets passed through

his clothes. When the retreat began, he rallied the fugitives, and brought

off the wounded Braddock.
[7] War between France and Great Britain was declared in May, 1756. In

Europe it was known as the Seven Years' War; in America as the French and

Indian. On the side of France were Russia and Austria. On the side of

Great Britain was Frederick the Great of Prussia. The fighting went on not

only in America, but in the West Indies, on the European Continent, in the

Mediterranean, and in India.

commander, Montcalm, agreed that they should return to their homes in

safety. But the Indians, maddened by liquor, massacred a large number, and

carried off some six hundred prisoners. Montcalm finally secured the

release of some four hundred. Cooper's novel _The Last of the Mohicans_

treats of the war about Lake George.

(map, p. 144), and spent much time in road making. Late in September he

was still fifty miles from Fort Duquesne, and decided to go into winter

quarters. But the French attacked Forbes and were beaten; and from some

prisoners Forbes learned that the garrison at Fort Duquesne was weak. A

picked force of men, with Washington and his Virginians in the lead, then

hurried forward, and reached the fort to find it abandoned. A new stockade

was built near by, and named Fort Pitt, and the place was named Pittsburg.

fall of Quebec is treated in fiction in Gilbert Parker's _Seats of the

Mighty_.
[11] When Manila was captured, all private property was saved from plunder

by the promise of a ransom of Ł1,000,000. One half was paid in money, and

the rest in bills on the Spanish treasury. Spain never paid these bills.
[12] The north boundary was the parallel of 31°; but in 1764 West Florida

was enlarged, and the north boundary became the parallel of latitude that

passes through the mouth of the Yazoo River.
[13] They told the Indians that the British would soon be driven out, and

that the Mississippi River and Canada would again be in French hands; that

the British were trying to destroy the Indian race, and for this purpose

were building forts and making settlements.

Pontiac_.

CHAPTER XII
THE QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY

The French and Indian War gave the colonists valuable training as

soldiers, freed them from the danger of attack by their French neighbors,

and so made them less dependent on Great Britain for protection. But the

mother country took no account of this, and at once began to do things

which in ten years' time drove the colonies into rebellion.

representation was the cause of the Revolution. It was indeed one cause,

and a very important one, but not the only one by any means. The causes of

the Revolution, as stated in the Declaration of Independence, were many,

and arose chiefly from an attempt of the mother country to (1) enforce the

laws concerning trade, (2) quarter royal troops in the colonies, [1] and

(3) support the troops by taxes imposed without consent of the colonies.
THE TRADE LAWS were enacted by Parliament between 1650 and 1764 for the

purpose of giving Great Britain a monopoly of colonial trade. By their

provisions--
1. No goods were to be carried from any port in Europe to America unless

first landed in England.

furs, rice, sugar, could not be sent to any country save England; but

lumber, salt fish, and provisions could be sent also to France, Spain, or

other foreign countries.

their woolen goods or hats to any country whatever, or even from colony to

colony.
4. To help English iron manufacture, the colonists were forbidden to make

steel.
5. To help the British West Indies, a heavy duty was laid (in 1733) on

sugar or molasses imported from any other than a British possession.
SMUGGLING.--Had these laws been rigidly enforced they would have been

severe indeed, but they could not be rigidly enforced. They were openly

violated, and smuggling became so common in every colony [2] that the cost

of collecting the revenue was much more than the amount gathered.

in 1764, the colonies were ordered to stop all unlawful trade, naval

vessels were stationed off the coast to seize smugglers, and new courts,

called vice-admiralty courts, were set up in which smugglers when caught

were to be tried without a jury. [3]
A STANDING ARMY.--It was further proposed to send over ten thousand

regular soldiers to defend the colonies against the Indians and against

any attack that might be made by France or Spain. The colonists objected

to the troops on the ground that they had not asked for soldiers and did

not need any.
[Illustration: BRITISH SOLDIER.]
THE STAMP ACT.--As the cost of keeping the troops would be very great, it

was decided to raise part of the money needed by a stamp tax which

Parliament enacted in 1765. The Stamp Act applied not only to the thirteen

colonies, but also to Canada, Florida, and the West Indies, and was to

take effect on and after November 1, 1765. [4]
1. Every piece of vellum or paper on which was written any legal document

for use in any court was to be charged with a stamp duty of from three

pence to ten pounds.
2. Many kinds of documents not used in court, and newspapers, almanacs,

etc., were to be written or printed only on stamped paper made in England

and sold at prices fixed by law.
The money raised by the stamp tax was not to be taken to Great Britain,

but was to be spent in the colonies in the purchase of food and supplies

for the troops.
THE COLONIES DENY THE RIGHT OF PARLIAMENT TO TAX THEM.--But the colonists

cared not for what use the money was intended. "No taxation without

representation," was their cry. They cast no votes for a member of

Parliament; therefore, they said, they were not represented in Parliament.

Not being represented, they could not be taxed by Parliament, because

taxes could lawfully be laid on them only by their chosen representatives.

[5]
In the opinion of the British people the colonists were represented in

Parliament. British subjects in America, it was held, were just as much

represented in the House of Commons as were the people of Manchester or

Birmingham, neither of which sent a member to the House. Each member of

the House represented not merely the few men who elected him, but all the

subjects of the British crown everywhere. [6]

the House of Burgesses passed a set of resolutions written by Patrick

Henry. [7] In substance they declared that the colonists were British

subjects and were not bound to obey any law taxing them without the

consent of their own legislatures.
[Illustration: PATRICK HENRY ADDRESSING THE VIRGINIA ASSEMBLY. From an old

print.]
Massachusetts came next with a call for a congress of delegates from the

colonies, to meet at New York in October.
THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS, 1765.--Nine of the colonies sent delegates, and

after a session of twenty days the representatives of six signed a

declaration of rights and grievances.
The declaration of rights set forth that a British subject could not be

taxed unless he was represented in the legislature that imposed the tax;

that Americans were not represented in Parliament; and that therefore the

stamp tax was an attack on the rights of Englishmen and the liberty of

self-government. The grievances complained of were trial without jury,

restrictions on trade, taxation without representation, and especially the

stamp tax.
THE STAMP DISTRIBUTERS.--In August, 1765, the names of the men in America

chosen to be the distributers or sellers of the stamps and stamped paper

were made public, and then the people began to act. Demands were made that

the distributers should resign. When they refused, the people rose and by

force compelled them to resign, and riots occurred in the chief seaboard

towns from New Hampshire to Maryland. At Boston the people broke into the

house of the lieutenant governor and destroyed his fine library and

papers.
[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA JOURNAL AND WEEKLY ADVERTISER]

piece of stamped paper could be had in any of the thirteen colonies. Some

of the newspapers ceased to be printed, the last issues appearing with

black borders, death's heads, and obituary notices. But soon all were

regularly issued without stamps, and even the courts disregarded the law.

[8]
[Illustration: LANTERN USED AT CELEBRATION OF THE REPEAL OF THE STAMP ACT.

In the Old Statehouse, Boston.]
THE STAMP ACT REPEALED, 1766.--Meantime the merchants had been signing

agreements not to import, and the people not to buy, any British goods for

some months to come. American trade with the mother country was thus cut

off, thousands of workmen in Great Britain were thrown out of employment,

and Parliament was beset with petitions from British merchants praying for

a repeal of the stamp tax. To enforce the act without bloodshed was

impossible. In March, 1766, therefore, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act.

[9] But at the same time it enacted another, known as the Declaratory Act,

in which it declared that it had power to "legislate for the colonies in

all cases whatsoever."

the colonists gave no heed to the Declaratory Act. But the very next year

Charles Townshend, then minister of finance, persuaded Parliament to pass

several laws since known as the Townshend Acts. One of these forbade the

legislature of New York to pass any more laws until it had made provision

for the royal troops quartered in New York city. Another laid taxes on all

paints, paper, tea, and certain other articles imported into the colonies.

[10]
THE COLONIES AGAIN RESIST.--None of the new taxes were heavy, but again

the case was one of taxation without representation, so the legislature of

Massachusetts sent a letter to the other colonial legislatures asking them

to unite and consult for the protection of their rights. This letter gave

so great offense to the mother country that Massachusetts was ordered to

rescind her act, and the governors of the other colonies to see that no

notice was taken of it. [11] And now the royal troops for the defense of

the colonies began to arrive. But Massachusetts, North Carolina, and South

Carolina refused to find them quarters, and for such refusal the

legislature of North Carolina was dissolved.
[Illustration: BOSTON MASSACRE MONUMENT. In Boston Common.]
THE BOSTON MASSACRE.--At Boston the troops were received with every mark

of hatred and disgust, and for three years were subjected to every sort of

insult and indignity, which they repaid in kind. The troops led riotous

lives, raced horses on Sunday on the Common, played "Yankee Doodle" before

the church doors, and more than once exchanged blows with the citizens. In

one encounter the troops fired on the crowd, killing five and wounding

six. This was the famous "Boston Massacre," and produced over all the land

a deep impression. [12]

chiefly through refusing to buy British goods--was successful, and

Parliament took off all the Townshend taxes except that on tea. This

import tax of three pence a pound on tea was retained in order that the

right of Parliament to tax the colonies might be asserted. But the

colonists stood firm; they refused to buy tea shipped from Great Britain,

but smuggled it from Holland. [13]
TEA TAX JUGGLE.--By 1773 the refusal to buy tea from the mother country

was severely felt by the East India Company, which had brought far more

tea to Great Britain than it could dispose of. Parliament then removed the

export duty of twelve pence a pound which had formerly been paid in Great

Britain on all tea shipped to the colonies. Thus after paying the three-

pence tax at the American customhouses, the tea could be sold nine pence a

pound cheaper than before.
THE TEA NOT ALLOWED TO BE SOLD.--The East India Company now quickly

selected agents in the chief seaports of the colonies, and sent shiploads

of tea consigned to them for sale. [14] But the colonists were tempted by

cheap tea; they were determined that Parliament would not tax them. They

therefore forced the agents to resign their commissions, and when the tea

ships arrived, took possession of them. At Philadelphia the ships were

sent back to London. At Charleston the tea was landed and stored for three

years and then seized and sold by the state of South Carolina. At

Annapolis the people forced the owner of a tea ship to go on board and set

fire to his ship; vessel and cargo were thus consumed. At Boston the

people wished the tea sent back to London, and when the authorities

refused to allow this, a party of men disguised as Indians boarded the

ships and threw the tea into the water. [15]
[Illustration: THROWING THE TEA OVERBOARD, BOSTON.]
THE INTOLERABLE ACTS.--Parliament now determined to punish the colonies,

and for this purpose enacted five laws called by the colonists the

Intolerable Acts:--
1. The port of Boston was shut to trade and commerce till the colony

should pay for the tea destroyed.

taken for trial to another colony or to Great Britain.

Mississippi rivers. As Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia claimed