A/hrc/25/crp. 1 Distr.: Restricted

1398 ^ TLC040.

1399 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, afternoon (01:04:00).

1400 ^ See also “Vietnam War Soldier is POW, Not Defector to Pyongyang”, The Korea Times, 30 September 2009. Available from http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_52798.html.

1401 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, afternoon (01:25:00).

1402 ^ Choi Eun-hee and Shin Sang-ok, Jogukeun Jeohaneul Jeommeolli (Kidnapped to the Kingdom of Kim Jong- Il), vol. 1, p. 24, as cited in The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, Taken!: North Korea’s Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (2011), pp. 14 and 50.

1403 ^ Ibid.

1404 ^ TBG031.

1405 ^ Choi Eun-hee and Shin Sang-ok, Jogukeun Jeohaneul Jeommeolli (Kidnapped to the Kingdom of Kim Jong- Il), vol. 1.

1406 ^ TLC022, TBG025, TLC040.

1407 ^ KBA, White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea (2006), p. 296.

1408 ^ The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, Taken!: North Korea’s Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (2011), p. 33.

1409 ^ A/67/370 [31-38].

1410 ^ The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, Taken!: North Korea’s Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (2011), p. 43.

1411 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (00:13:00).

1412 ^ TSH024.

1413 ^ Mr Jung Hyun-soo, Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (03:55:00); TSH024, TSH026 and TSH027.

1414 ^ Mr Jung Hyun-soo, Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (03:55:00).

1415 ^ Mr Choi Sung-yong, Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (00:53:00).

1416 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, afternoon (01:27:00).

1417 ^ KINU, White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea (2013), p. 513.

1418 ^ TSH021.

1419 ^ ROK, Law on Compensation and Support of the Abductees after the Military Armistice Agreement (27 April 2007).

1420 ^ ROK, Law on Korean War Abduction Truth Ascertainment and Regaining Honour of Abductees, Law no. 11690, (26 March 2010), article 3.

1421 ^ Mr Choi Sung-yong, Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (00:07:15).

1422 ^ Mr Yamada Fumiaki, Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, morning.

1423 ^ Kikuchi Yoshiaki, Kitachousen kikoku jigyou ‘soudaina rachi’ ka ‘tsuihou’ ka (The North Korean Return Home Movement: A Grand Abduction or Exile?) (Chuokoron-shinsha, Tokyo, 2009).

1424 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, afternoon.

1425 ^ Exhibit 8A-T and 8B-T, provided by Mr Yamada Fumiaki at the Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, morning (00:29:30).

1426 ^ TSH012.

1427 ^ Mr Yamada Fumiaki, Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, morning (00:32:00); TSH008, TSH009, TSH005, TSH010, TSH011.

1428 ^ TSH003.

1429 ^ Mr Kato Hiroshi, Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, afternoon.

1430 ^ Mr Shibata Hiroyuki, Tokyo Public Hearing, 30 August 2013, afternoon (00:51:45).

1431 ^ Amnesty International, “North Korea: Concern about the fate of Shibata Kozo and his family”, September 1994 (ASA 24/007/1994). Available from https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/007/1994/fr/34cd971d-ebf0-11dd-9b3b-8bf635492364/asa240071994en.pdf.

1432 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 24 August 2013, afternoon.

1433 ^ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Opening Statement by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro at the Press Conference on the Outcome of his Visit to North Korea”, Press statement, 17 September 2002. Available from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/n_korea/pmv0209/press.html.

1434 ^ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan-DPRK Pyongyang Declaration”, 17 September 2002. Available from http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/n_korea/pmv0209/pyongyang.html.

1435 ^ TLC040.

1436 ^ Mr Lee Jae-geun, Seoul Public Hearing 23 August 2013, morning; TLC022.

1437 ^ TLC022.

1438 ^ TLC040.

1439 ^ TLC022.

1440 ^ TLC040.

1441 ^ See section (g) below.

1442 ^ Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Opening Statement by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro at the Press Conference on the Outcome of his Visit to North Korea”. Available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/n_korea/pmv0209/press.html

1443 ^ Submission to the Commission: The Government of Japan. This number fluctuates as cases are opened and closed. The current number can be found at Japanese National Police Agency Webpage. Available from http://www.npa.go.jp/keibi/gaiji1/abduct/index.html.

1444 ^ Submission to the Commission: ICNK Japan Team.

1445 ^ Three of these cases are contained below under “abductions from abroad”. 

1446 ^ DNA tests have established the child to be that of Ms Yokota Megumi and Mr Kim Young-nam. Samples for the tests were provided by the respective grandparents.

1447 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 29 August 2013, morning (01:25:00).

1448 ^ Submission to the Commission: Masumoto Teruaki.

1449 ^ A fifth defector Mr Joseph T White is believed to have crossed into the DPRK in 1982, however Mr Jenkins does not appear to have met him. A sixth American serviceperson, Mr Roy Chung, is reported to have defected to the DPRK from the US Army whilst on service in West Germany in 1979.

1450 ^ Charles Robert Jenkins with Jim Frederick, The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion, Court-Martial and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2008), p. 171.

1451 ^ TSH037.

1452 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 29 August 2013, morning (00:19:25).

1453 ^ The fourth case, that of Mr Tanaka Minoru, is contained below, under “abductions from abroad”. 

1454 ^ Ishidaka Kenji, Koredemo shira wo kiru noka kitachousen: nijonjin rachi zokuzoku todoku ‘shozai no akashi’ (North Korea, do you still deny?: The Abduction of Japanese Continues), 2nd ed. (Tokyo, Kobunsha, 2003).

1455 ^ Tottori Prefecture website, “Rachi higaisha Matsumoto Kyoko san” (abduction victim Kyoko Matsumoto). Available from http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/93163.htm.

1456 ^ The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, Taken!: North Korea’s Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (2011), p. 35.

1457 Japan’s National Police Agency Report, Focus: The Growing Severity of the International Terror Situation: Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the “Yodo-go” Group, vol. 271, as cited in The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, Taken!: North Korea’s Abduction of Citizens of Other Countries (2011), p. 35.

1458 ^ Former DPRK agent TSH059.

1459 ^ TSH055.

1460 ^ Former DPRK agent TSH059.

1461 ^ Former DPRK agent TSH059.

1462 ^ TSH055.

1463 ^ TSH033, TSH034.

1464 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 29 August 2013, morning.

1465 ^ TLC040.

1466 ^ TSH055.

1467 ^ TLC022.

1468 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 29 August 2013, afternoon, and exhibit T3.

1469 ^ TSH055.

1470 ^ TLC040.

1471 ^ Charles Robert Jenkins with Jim Frederick, The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion Court-Martial and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea, pp. 60-63, 72.

1472 ^ Ishidaka Kenji, Koredemo shirawo kiruno ka kitachousen: nijonjin rachi zokuzoku todoku ‘shozono akashi’ (North Korea, do you still deny?: The Abduction of Japanese Continues’), 2nd ed. (Tokyo, Kobunsha, 2003).

1473 ^ Charles Robert Jenkins with Jim Frederick, The Reluctant Communist: My Desertion Court-Martial and Forty-Year Imprisonment in North Korea, p. 72.

1474 ^ Macao Daily News, 5 July 1978.

1475 ^ National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (NARKN). Available from http://www.sukuukai.jp/narkn/updates.html.

1476 ^ Macao Daily News, 5 July 1978.

1477 ^ The Star, 15 December 2005. Available from http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file= per cent2f2005 per cent2f12 per cent2f15 per cent2fnation per cent2f12876706&sec=nation.

1478 ^ The Straits Times, 17 December 2005.

1479 ^ TJH040.

1480 ^ Letter dated 19 December 2013 to the Commission of Inquiry on the DPRK from the Permanent Mission of Romania.

1481 ^ Information provided by the National Association for the Rescue of Japanese Kidnapped by North Korea (NARKN).

1482 ^ TSH054.

1483 ^ NARKN.

1484 ^ See HRNK, Taken! report, p. 33 (citing statements made by the victims in 1979 to a Lebanese newspaper).

1485 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 24 August 2013, afternoon (00:20:00).

1486 ^ Seoul Central District Court, 21 April 2005 (Case: 2005Gohap43).

1487 ^ The judgment indicates that is based on closed proceedings, because the court considered that it involved state secrets. The Commission obtained a copy of the judgment from a reliable source.

1488 ^ TBG031 and TLC026.

1489 ^ Testimony of Jeong Gwang-il at the Seoul Public Hearings, 21 August 2013, morning, with additional details on the injuries sustained by Reverend Kim provided in a confidential interview with Jeong Gwang-il. Relevant evidence was also received from witness EJH003.

1490 ^ KINU, White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea (2006), p. 252; Christian Solidarity Worldwide, “North Korea: A Case To Answer – A Call To Act”, p. 57, tendered to the Commission by Reverend Stuart Windsor at the fifth session of the London Public Hearing (exhibit L4).

1491 ^ Seoul Central District Court, 21 April 2005 (Case: 2005Gohap43).

1492 ^ These cases were found to have occurred according to the Seoul Central District Court, 21 April 2005 (Case: 2005Gohap43), and second judgment referred to above, issued in 2006 by the Intermediate People’s Court of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Jilin Province, China.

1493 ^ TBG012.

1494 ^ TLC026 and a written submission from a reliable confidential source. The case is also reflected in the HRNK, Taken! report, p. 30.

1495 ^ See Christian Solidarity Worldwide, “North Korea: A Case To Answer – A Call To Act”, p. 57, (exhibit L4).

1496 ^ North Korea Freedom Coalition, “The List’ of North Korean Refugees and Humanitarian Workers Seized by Chinese Authorities”, 2013, pp. 9 and 20.

1497 ^ TLC018.

1498 ^ EJH003, TGC004, TJH010, TJH024.

1499 ^ TLC026.

1500 ^ EJH003, TGC004, TJH024.

1501 ^ TGC004.

1502 ^ TBG022.

1503 ^ The Declaration for the Protection of All Persons From Enforced Disappearances 1992, article 1.1.

1504 ^ ICCPR, articles 9 and 12.

1505 ^ ICCPR, article 16.

1506 ^ ICCPR, article 7.

1507 ^ TLC040, TSH054.

1508 ^ See section IV.A.

1509 ^ TJH005, TJH021, TJH022, TBG016.

1510 ^ A/67/370, [31-38].

1511 ^ TJH029.

1512 ^ TBG015, TJH029.

1513 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning.

1514 ^ TBG015.

1515 ^ General Comment on women affected by enforced disappearances adopted by the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances at its ninety-eighth session, 14 February 2013 (A/HRC/WGEID/98/2), 3.

1516 ^ Ibid.

1517 ^ ICCPR, article 7.

1518 ^ ICCPR, article 2.

1519 ^ On the violations entailed in enforced disappearances and their continuous nature, see Declaration for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances, adopted by General Assembly resolution 47/133 of 18 December 1992, preamble and article 17.

1520 ^ TSH021.

1521 ^ Only one witness that spoke with the Commission had attended a separated family reunion, but the Commission does not conclude that this has been the total sum of abduction related family members that have been able to attend the separated family reunions.

1522 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, afternoon (02:41:51).

1523 ^ Tokyo Public Hearing, 29 August 2013, morning (02:34:43).

1524 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (03:05:00).

1525 ^ The four Lebanese women, Ms Anocha Panjoy, Ms Dona Bumbea and Ms Soga Hitomi.

1526 ^ See United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299, 29 August 2006).

1527 ^ Submission to the Commission: KWAFU.

1528 ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), article 9.

1529 ^ CRC, article 7.

1530 ^ CRC, article 13.

1531 ^ CRC, article 14.

1532 ^ CRC, article 16. See section I.A for further information about violations of children’s rights in the DPRK.

1533 ^ CRC, article 5.

1534 ^ CRC, article 9.

1535 ^ Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning (03:35:00).

1536 ^ See for example the testimonies of Mr Nam Jang-ho and Mr Choi Sung-yong, Seoul Public Hearing, 23 August 2013, morning.

1537 ^ A/HRC/22/57.

1538 ^ For details on the standard of proof, see section II.E.

1539 ^ The Commission notes that other patterns of violations could entail crimes against humanity as well. In particular, purges undertaken to consolidate the rule of Kim Il-sung and stifle any challenges to the dynastic successions of Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un deserve to be closely examined with regard to crimes against humanity after access to relevant archives and more witnesses from within the state system becomes more readily available.

1540 ^ See section V.A.

1541 ^ See Antonio Cassese and Paola Gaeta, Cassese’s International Criminal Law, 3rd ed. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 105; Julian Fernandez and Xavier Pacreau, Statut de Rome de la Cour Pénale Internationale (Paris, Editions Pedone, 2012), p. 419. Where the definitions under the Rome Statute and customary international law apparently diverge from another, this has been noted. Considering that crimes against humanity could become subject to prosecution before the International Criminal court on the basis of the Rome Statute or prosecution before another international or national court that applies customary international law (see section VI.B), the commission has followed a “lowest common denominator” approach, Thus, it has applied the Rome Statute where it is narrower than customary international law and vice versa. Therefore, all crimes against humanity established by the Commission would amount to crimes under the definitions of crimes against humanity under both the Rome Statuate and customary international law.

1542 ^ The policy required under the Rome Statute does not have to be incorporated in a written document or formal statement. The policy “need not be explicitly defined … an attack which is planned, directed or organized – as opposed to spontaneous or isolated acts of violence - will satisfy this [policy] criterion”. See Prosecutor v. Katanga et al, ICC-01/04-01/07 [ICC Pre-Trial Chamber I], Decision on the Confirmation of Charges of 30 September 2008, para. 396.

It is debated whether the requirement of a State or other organizational policy also forms part of customary international law or whether the Rome Statute introduces a new requirement. Against the proposition that customary international law requires the existence of a policy: Prosecutor v. Kunarac et al, IT-96-23& IT-96-23/1-A [ICTY Appeals Chamber], Judgment of 12 June 2002, para. 98 [with further references in id., fn 114]. For an overview of relevant arguments see William Schabas, Unimaginable Atrocities (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 128 ff.; Antonio Cassese, “Crimes Against Humanity” in Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta, and John R.W.D. Jones, eds.,The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 375-376; Guénaël Mettraux, “The Definition of Crimes Against Humanity and the Question of a “Policy” Element”, in Leila Nadya Sadat, Forging a Convention on Crimes against Humanity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013), pp. 143 ff. This contested question of law has no bearing on the legal findings of the Commission since it finds reasonable grounds indicating that the crimes against humanity committed in the DPRK form part of systematic attacks. The notion of a systematic attack already indicates the existence of an underlying policy.

1543 ^ See Rome Statute, article 7 (1). See also Antonio Cassese and Paola Gaeta, Cassese’s International Criminal Law, pp. 94 ff.

1544 ^ See Rome Statute, article 30. It is subject to debate whether customary international law accepts a wider ambit of criminal intent that also extends to cases where perpetrators are aware of the possible risk that their conduct will result in the consequences defining the inhumane act and accept this risk (dolus eventualis in civil law systems; advertent recklessness in common law systems). For this proposition see e.g. Antonio Cassese and Paola Gaeta, Cassese’s International Criminal Law, p. 99.

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