Alternatives to Invasive Exotics—Resources Organic Growers School, March 2011



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Alternatives to Invasive Exotics—Resources

Organic Growers School, March 2011

Debbie Green, dxgree@wm.edu, Buncombe County Master Gardener


Background Definitions and Information:
Invasive Species:

“1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and

2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.”

Executive Order 13112, February 1999.

Native Plants:

One that “occurs naturally in a particular region, state, ecosystem and habitat without direct or indirect human actions.”



Plant Conservation Alliance

Those plants “native to the EPA Level III ecoregion of the site or known to naturally occur within 200 miles of the site. Naturally occurring hybrids, varieties, and cultivars of species native to the ecoregion are acceptable.”



Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines
Native Plant Communities:

“are plant species, composition, and structure typical of communities native to the EPA Level III ecoregion or known to naturally occur within 200 miles of the site… Native plant communities include (but are not limited to) wetlands, grasslands, riparian buffers, and habitat for wildlife species of concern within the region.”



Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines

Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines Related to Vegetation:
Prerequisite 1.4: Preserve threatened or endangered species and their habitats

Prerequisite 4.1: Control and manage known invasive plants found on site


Credit 4.5: Preserve all vegetation designated as special status

Credit 4.6: Preserve or restore appropriate plant biomass on site

Credit 4.8: Preserve plant communities native to the ecoregion

Credit 4.9: Restore plant communities native to the ecoregion


Plant Characteristics Comparisons:
Function in the Landscape
Cultural needs
Shape/Size
Deciduous/Evergreen
Season(s) of interest
Flowers
Color
Shape/Size
Bloom time
Foliage
Color
Form/Texture
Fruit
Color
Size
Season/Persistence

Useful Books:
Armitage, Allan M. Armitage’s Native Plants for North American Gardens. Timber Press, 2006.
Burrell, C. Colston. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2006.
Dunne, Niall. Great Natives for Tough Places. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2009.
Foote, Leonard E., and Samuel B. Jones. Native Shrubs and Woody Vines of the Southeast. Timber Press, 2005.
Greenlee, John. The American Meadow Garden: Creating a Natural Alternative to the Traditional Lawn. Timber Press, 2009.
Hunter, Margie. Gardening with the Native Plants of Tennessee: The Spirit of Place. University of Tennessee Press, 2003.

Kirkman, L. Katherine. Native Trees of the Southeast: An Identification Guide. Timber Press, 2007.


Porcher, Richard D., and Douglas A. Rayner. A Guide to the Wildflowers of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 2001.
Sawyers, Claire E. The Authentic Garden: Five Principles for Cultivating a Sense of Place. Timber Press, 2007.
Sternberg, Guy, and James W. Wilson. Native Trees for North American Landscapes. Timber Press, 2004.
Summers, Carolyn. Designing Gardens with Flora of the American East. Rutgers University Press, 2010.
Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants. Timber Press, 2009.
Wasowski, Sally (& Andy Wasowski). Gardening with Native Plants of the South. Taylor, Reprint 2009.
Wells, B. W. The Natural Gardens of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

Web Resources:
Asheville Botanical Garden: Ihttp://www.ashevillebotanicalgardens.org/
North Carolina Arboretum: http://www.ncarboretum.org/
North Carolina Native Plant Society: http://www.ncwildflower.org/
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program: http://www.ncnhp.org/
Native & Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas: http://www.namethatplant.net/
Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council: http://www.se-eppc.org/
Alternatives to Ornamental Invasive Plants: http://suffolk-lamp.cit.cornell.edu/assets/galleries/Agriculture/Commercial-Nursery-and-Landscape-Management/Presentation-Handouts/10-09-FINALBrochure-List-of-Alternatives.pdf
Breeding for Non-invasive Landscape Plants: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/nursery/short/2005_short_cs/breeding_noninvasive.htm
Center for Plant Conservation: http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: wildflower.org/plants
Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes: An Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic http://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/rnaczi/Mistaken_Identity_Final.pdf
Plant Conservation Alliance: http://www.nps.gov/plants/index.htm
PlantNative: http://plantnative.org/
Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009: http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/Guidelines%20and%20Performance%20Benchmarks_2009.pdf
USDA Forest Service Climate Change Atlas: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/atlas/
USDA PLANTS Database: http://plants.usda.gov
Why Should I Care about Invasive Plants?: http://www.mipn.org/InvasivesBrochure.pdf



North Carolina DO NOT PLANT List

Native Alternatives

Exotic Trees

Native Trees

Mimosa

Albizia julibrissin

Redbud

Cercis canadensis

Princess Tree

Paulownia tomentosa

Catalpa

Catalpa speciosa

Bradford Pear

Pyrus calleryana

Serviceberry

Amelanchier species

Exotic Shrubs

Native Shrubs

Japanese Barberry

Berberis thunbergii

Ninebark

Physocarpus opulifolious

Autumn/Russian/Thorny/Olive

Eleagnus umbellate/angustifolia/pungens

Spicebush

Lindera benzoin

Bicolor Lespedeza

Lespedeza bicolor

Indigo Bush

Amorpha fruticosa

Japanese/Chinese/Common/Privet

Ligustrum japonicum/sinense/vulgare

Inkberry

Ilex glabra

Oregon Grape

Mahonia bealei

American Beautyberry

Callicarpa americana

Multiflora Rose

Rosa multiflora

Carolina Rose

Rosa carolina

Exotic Vines

Native Vines

Porcelainberry

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata

Heartleaf peppervine

Ampelopsis cordata

Oriental Bittersweet

Celastrus orbiculatus

American Bittersweet

Celastrus scandens

Sweet Autumn Virginsbower

Clematis cuspidatum

Virgin’s Bower

Clematis virginiana

Winter Creeper

Euonymus fortunei

Bearberry

Arctostphylas uva-ursi

English Ivy

Hedera helix

Allegheny Spurge

Pachysandra procumbens

Cypress Vine

Ipomoea quamoclit

Scarlet Honeysuckle

Lonicera sempervirens

Japanese Honeysuckle

Lonicera japonica

Yellow Honeysuckle

Lonicera sempervirens

Kudzu

Pueraria lobata

Virginia Creeper

Parthenocissus quinquefolia

Chinese Wisteria/Japanese Wisteria

Wisteria sinensis/Wisteria floribunda

American Wisteria

Wisteria frutescens

Exotic Plants

Native Plants

Queen Anne's Lace

Daucus carota

Hairy Angelica

Angelica venenosa

Cogongrass

Imperata cylindrica

Red Switchgrass

Panicum virgatum

Chinese Silvergrass

Miscanthus sinensis

Pink Muhly Grass

Muhlenbergia capillaris

Japanese Knotweed

Polygonum cuspidatum

Goatsbeard

Aruncus dioicus

Johnson Grass

Sorghum halepense

Indiangrass

Sorghastrum nutans

Adapted from: Going Native: Urban Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants (http://www.ncsu.edu/goingnative/) and Tennessee’s Native Plant Alternatives to Exotic Invasives: (http://www.tneppc.org/Landscaping/Native_Substitutes.pdf)


  TREES

SHRUBS

HERBACEOUS

Aesculus octandra

Yellow buckeye



Amorpha fructicosa

Indigo bush



Angelica venenosa

Hairy Angelica



Aesculus pavia

Red buckeye



Aronia arbutifolia

Red chokeberry



Aruncus dioicus

Goatsbeard



Amelanchier laevis

Serviceberry



Callicarpa Americana

American beautyberry



Asclepias tuberosa; A. incarnate

Butterflyweed; Swamp milkweed



Betula lenta

Cherry birch



Calycanthus floridus

Sweet-shrub



Asplenium platyneuron

Ebony spleenwort



Carya ovata

Shagbark hickory



Ceanothus americanus

New Jersey tea



Chelone glabra

Turtlehead



Catalpa speciosa

Northern Catalpa



Ilex glabra

Inkberry


Chrysogonum viginianum

Green and Gold



Cercis Canadensis

Eastern redbud



Lindera benzoin

Spicebush



Coreopsis major

Coreopsis



Chionanthus virginicus

Fringe tree



Physocarpus opulifolius

Ninebark


Echinacea purpurea

Easter purple coneflower



Halesia caroliniana

Silverbell



Rhododendron maximum

Rosebay Rhododendron



Eupatorium perfoliatum

Boneset


Liriodendron tulipifera

Tulip tree/Yellow poplar



Rhododendron calendulaceum

Flame azalea



Impatiens capensis

Jewel-weed



Magnolia acuminata

Cucumber tree



Rhododendron periclymenoides

Wild azalea

Muhlenbergia capillaries

Pink Muhly grass



Oxydendrum arboreum

Sourwood


Robinia kelseyi

Kelsey locust



Oenothera fruticosa

Sundrops


Prunus serotina

Black cherry



Rosa Carolina

Carolina rose



Pachysandra procumbens

Allegheny spurge



Querus marilandica

Blackjack oak



Spirea latifolia

Meadowsweet



Panicum virgatum

Switchgrass



Tsuga caroliniana

Carolina hemlock



Vaccineum species

Deerberry Lowbush Highbush



Solidago species

Goldenrods



Xanthorhiza simplicissima

Yellow-root



Viburnum dentatum; V. nudum

Arrowwood Possumhaw



Thelypteris palustris

Marsh fern




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