Alternatives to Invasive Exotics—Resources
Organic Growers School, March 2011
Debbie Green, dxgree@wm.edu, Buncombe County Master Gardener
Background Definitions and Information:
Invasive Species:
“1) non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and
2) whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.”
Executive Order 13112, February 1999.
Native Plants:
One that “occurs naturally in a particular region, state, ecosystem and habitat without direct or indirect human actions.”
Plant Conservation Alliance
Those plants “native to the EPA Level III ecoregion of the site or known to naturally occur within 200 miles of the site. Naturally occurring hybrids, varieties, and cultivars of species native to the ecoregion are acceptable.”
Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines
Native Plant Communities:
“are plant species, composition, and structure typical of communities native to the EPA Level III ecoregion or known to naturally occur within 200 miles of the site… Native plant communities include (but are not limited to) wetlands, grasslands, riparian buffers, and habitat for wildlife species of concern within the region.”
Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines
Sustainable Sites Initiative Guidelines Related to Vegetation:
Prerequisite 1.4: Preserve threatened or endangered species and their habitats
Prerequisite 4.1: Control and manage known invasive plants found on site
Credit 4.5: Preserve all vegetation designated as special status
Credit 4.6: Preserve or restore appropriate plant biomass on site
Credit 4.8: Preserve plant communities native to the ecoregion
Credit 4.9: Restore plant communities native to the ecoregion
Plant Characteristics Comparisons:
Function in the Landscape
Cultural needs
Shape/Size
Deciduous/Evergreen
Season(s) of interest
Flowers
Color
Shape/Size
Bloom time
Foliage
Color
Form/Texture
Fruit
Color
Size
Season/Persistence
Useful Books:
Armitage, Allan M. Armitage’s Native Plants for North American Gardens. Timber Press, 2006.
Burrell, C. Colston. Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2006.
Dunne, Niall. Great Natives for Tough Places. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2009.
Foote, Leonard E., and Samuel B. Jones. Native Shrubs and Woody Vines of the Southeast. Timber Press, 2005.
Greenlee, John. The American Meadow Garden: Creating a Natural Alternative to the Traditional Lawn. Timber Press, 2009.
Hunter, Margie. Gardening with the Native Plants of Tennessee: The Spirit of Place. University of Tennessee Press, 2003.
Kirkman, L. Katherine. Native Trees of the Southeast: An Identification Guide. Timber Press, 2007.
Porcher, Richard D., and Douglas A. Rayner. A Guide to the Wildflowers of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, 2001.
Sawyers, Claire E. The Authentic Garden: Five Principles for Cultivating a Sense of Place. Timber Press, 2007.
Sternberg, Guy, and James W. Wilson. Native Trees for North American Landscapes. Timber Press, 2004.
Summers, Carolyn. Designing Gardens with Flora of the American East. Rutgers University Press, 2010.
Tallamy, Douglas W. Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants. Timber Press, 2009.
Wasowski, Sally (& Andy Wasowski). Gardening with Native Plants of the South. Taylor, Reprint 2009.
Wells, B. W. The Natural Gardens of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
Web Resources:
Asheville Botanical Garden: Ihttp://www.ashevillebotanicalgardens.org/
North Carolina Arboretum: http://www.ncarboretum.org/
North Carolina Native Plant Society: http://www.ncwildflower.org/
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program: http://www.ncnhp.org/
Native & Naturalized Plants of the Carolinas: http://www.namethatplant.net/
Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council: http://www.se-eppc.org/
Alternatives to Ornamental Invasive Plants: http://suffolk-lamp.cit.cornell.edu/assets/galleries/Agriculture/Commercial-Nursery-and-Landscape-Management/Presentation-Handouts/10-09-FINALBrochure-List-of-Alternatives.pdf
Breeding for Non-invasive Landscape Plants: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/nursery/short/2005_short_cs/breeding_noninvasive.htm
Center for Plant Conservation: http://www.centerforplantconservation.org/
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center: wildflower.org/plants
Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes: An Identification Guide for the Mid-Atlantic http://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/rnaczi/Mistaken_Identity_Final.pdf
Plant Conservation Alliance: http://www.nps.gov/plants/index.htm
PlantNative: http://plantnative.org/
Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009: http://www.sustainablesites.org/report/Guidelines%20and%20Performance%20Benchmarks_2009.pdf
USDA Forest Service Climate Change Atlas: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/atlas/
USDA PLANTS Database: http://plants.usda.gov
Why Should I Care about Invasive Plants?: http://www.mipn.org/InvasivesBrochure.pdf
North Carolina DO NOT PLANT List
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Native Alternatives
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Exotic Trees
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Native Trees
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Mimosa
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Albizia julibrissin
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Redbud
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Cercis canadensis
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Princess Tree
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Paulownia tomentosa
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Catalpa
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Catalpa speciosa
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Bradford Pear
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Pyrus calleryana
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Serviceberry
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Amelanchier species
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Exotic Shrubs
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Native Shrubs
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Japanese Barberry
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Berberis thunbergii
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Ninebark
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Physocarpus opulifolious
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Autumn/Russian/Thorny/Olive
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Eleagnus umbellate/angustifolia/pungens
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Spicebush
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Lindera benzoin
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Bicolor Lespedeza
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Lespedeza bicolor
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Indigo Bush
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Amorpha fruticosa
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Japanese/Chinese/Common/Privet
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Ligustrum japonicum/sinense/vulgare
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Inkberry
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Ilex glabra
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Oregon Grape
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Mahonia bealei
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American Beautyberry
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Callicarpa americana
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Multiflora Rose
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Rosa multiflora
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Carolina Rose
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Rosa carolina
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Exotic Vines
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Native Vines
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Porcelainberry
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Ampelopsis brevipedunculata
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Heartleaf peppervine
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Ampelopsis cordata
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Oriental Bittersweet
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Celastrus orbiculatus
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American Bittersweet
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Celastrus scandens
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Sweet Autumn Virginsbower
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Clematis cuspidatum
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Virgin’s Bower
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Clematis virginiana
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Winter Creeper
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Euonymus fortunei
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Bearberry
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Arctostphylas uva-ursi
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English Ivy
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Hedera helix
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Allegheny Spurge
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Pachysandra procumbens
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Cypress Vine
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Ipomoea quamoclit
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Scarlet Honeysuckle
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Lonicera sempervirens
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Japanese Honeysuckle
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Lonicera japonica
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Yellow Honeysuckle
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Lonicera sempervirens
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Kudzu
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Pueraria lobata
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Virginia Creeper
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Parthenocissus quinquefolia
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Chinese Wisteria/Japanese Wisteria
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Wisteria sinensis/Wisteria floribunda
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American Wisteria
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Wisteria frutescens
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Exotic Plants
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Native Plants
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Queen Anne's Lace
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Daucus carota
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Hairy Angelica
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Angelica venenosa
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Cogongrass
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Imperata cylindrica
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Red Switchgrass
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Panicum virgatum
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Chinese Silvergrass
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Miscanthus sinensis
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Pink Muhly Grass
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Muhlenbergia capillaris
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Japanese Knotweed
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Polygonum cuspidatum
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Goatsbeard
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Aruncus dioicus
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Johnson Grass
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Sorghum halepense
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Indiangrass
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Sorghastrum nutans
| Adapted from: Going Native: Urban Landscaping for Wildlife with Native Plants (http://www.ncsu.edu/goingnative/) and Tennessee’s Native Plant Alternatives to Exotic Invasives: (http://www.tneppc.org/Landscaping/Native_Substitutes.pdf)
TREES
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SHRUBS
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HERBACEOUS
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Aesculus octandra
Yellow buckeye
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Amorpha fructicosa
Indigo bush
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Angelica venenosa
Hairy Angelica
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Aesculus pavia
Red buckeye
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Aronia arbutifolia
Red chokeberry
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Aruncus dioicus
Goatsbeard
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Amelanchier laevis
Serviceberry
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Callicarpa Americana
American beautyberry
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Asclepias tuberosa; A. incarnate
Butterflyweed; Swamp milkweed
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Betula lenta
Cherry birch
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Calycanthus floridus
Sweet-shrub
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Asplenium platyneuron
Ebony spleenwort
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Carya ovata
Shagbark hickory
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Ceanothus americanus
New Jersey tea
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Chelone glabra
Turtlehead
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Catalpa speciosa
Northern Catalpa
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Ilex glabra
Inkberry
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Chrysogonum viginianum
Green and Gold
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Cercis Canadensis
Eastern redbud
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Lindera benzoin
Spicebush
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Coreopsis major
Coreopsis
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Chionanthus virginicus
Fringe tree
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Physocarpus opulifolius
Ninebark
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Echinacea purpurea
Easter purple coneflower
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Halesia caroliniana
Silverbell
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Rhododendron maximum
Rosebay Rhododendron
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Eupatorium perfoliatum
Boneset
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Liriodendron tulipifera
Tulip tree/Yellow poplar
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Rhododendron calendulaceum
Flame azalea
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Impatiens capensis
Jewel-weed
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Magnolia acuminata
Cucumber tree
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Rhododendron periclymenoides
Wild azalea
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Muhlenbergia capillaries
Pink Muhly grass
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Oxydendrum arboreum
Sourwood
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Robinia kelseyi
Kelsey locust
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Oenothera fruticosa
Sundrops
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Prunus serotina
Black cherry
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Rosa Carolina
Carolina rose
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Pachysandra procumbens
Allegheny spurge
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Querus marilandica
Blackjack oak
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Spirea latifolia
Meadowsweet
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Panicum virgatum
Switchgrass
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Tsuga caroliniana
Carolina hemlock
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Vaccineum species
Deerberry Lowbush Highbush
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Solidago species
Goldenrods
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Xanthorhiza simplicissima
Yellow-root
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Viburnum dentatum; V. nudum
Arrowwood Possumhaw
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Thelypteris palustris
Marsh fern
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