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And hellenic colonization
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Page | 1/4 | Date | 06.08.2017 | Size | 243.48 Kb. | | #27967 |
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FA 202-2015 BEHİN AKSOY MYCENAEANS, HELLENES
AND HELLENIC COLONIZATION
I.
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Mycenaeans: from about 1600 BC to 1200 BC
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A.
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Indo-European Hellenic speaking people
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B.
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Myc. geography
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1. Peloponnesus: esp. Argolidos-cities: Mycenae
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Tiryns
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the South Argos
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2. Attica : the East
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3. Euboea : the East
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4. Epirus : the North and North-west
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C.
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Myc. Art and Architecture (type site Mycenae)
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1. fortified citadel
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2. one main gate:
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two rampant lions above, reminiscent of Phrygian lions on rock monuments such as Aslantaş, Afyon (common ancestors in the Balkans)
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3. graves
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a. grave circles
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1) A: I-VI shaft graves/inside the fortress, 13th century BC
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2) B: outside the fortress, also 13th cent.
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b. tholos tombs: such as the so called “Treasury of Atreus” / 13th cent. BC,
decorated parts now missing
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1) round tomb chamber
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2) dromos: long corridor before the entrance to the tomb chamber
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4. typical Myc. objects
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a. the treasures
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1) gold plated box w. embossed decoration
(hexagonal): geometric and naturalistic motifs
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2) round gold pieces as ornamentation for clothing (embossed motifs)
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3) silver and gold cups: decoration techniques
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embossing
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inlay: silver and gold, also niello (metallic alloy of sulphur
w. silver, lead, copper, etc.)
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4) gold funerary masks
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5) gold funerary diadems
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b. figurines: esp. female/mostly draped in pleated clothing
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c. life size sculpture: not many retrieved/one example stucco female head
with painted decoration on cheeks and chin
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d. pottery
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many shapes, but the stirrup jar is the most typical
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decoration: esp. fr. 13th cent. on Minoan influence, therefore
naturalistic sea life represented the most
a) fish
b) octopuses
c) shelled molluscs
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D.
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Myc. seamanship and first attempts of colonization in Anatolia
(1400-1200 BC)
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1. through legend
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a. Argonauts and Jason
1) group of heroes in the boat Argo
2) they sailed to Colchis
3) in search of the golden fleece (in actual fact: in search of real gold)
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b. Iliad: 8th cent. epic poem of the blind poet, Homer of Smyrna (fall of Troy
is ca. 1250 – if it ever happened at all – so the poet is telling of a
tale which is in a setting of about 500 years ago)
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1) siege of Troy by Achaeans (Mycenaeans)
2) fall of Troy (the wooden horse, etc.)
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2. boat paintings, esp. on pottery, point out to concentrated sea-faring esp. in
the Aegean (from island to island, also coastal navigation)
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3. archaeological data: Myc. pottery found in 2nd millennium levels of some
Western Anatolian sites
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a. Troy
b. Çandarlı
c. Miletus
d. Müskebi
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4. written sources: Hittite tablet/Hittite king granting protection to the Trojan
king against Myc. attacks
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II.
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Dorian invasion of Greece (about 1200 BC) and aftermath
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A.
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Dark Ages of Greece: 1200 – 1050 BC (about 150 years)
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B.
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After the Dark Ages
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1. Greek city states in the Myc. area
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2. attempts at colonization of Western Anatolia, coastal areas
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a. Proto-geometric pottery (arch. data) in early 1st mill.
levels of Western Anatolian sites
1) naturalistic decoration totally absent
2) geometric decoration only
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a) panels: concentric circles, lozenges, etc. within them
b) bands and lines
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b. Geometric pottery in slightly later levels of the same sites
1) naturalistic scenes reappearing
a) floral, faunal, human and other
b) highly stylized
c) in restricted panels
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2) geometric decoration mostly
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III.
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Intensive Hellenic colonization of Western Anatolia: 750-550 BC
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A.
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important Hellenic colonies of this early period
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1. islands
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a. Chios
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b. Samos
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2. cities of Anatolia
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a. Phocaea
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b. Clazomenae
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c. Erythrae
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d. Teos
e. Lebedos
f. Colophon
g. Ephesus (Apasa of the Hittites)
h. Priene
i. Myus
j. Miletus (Millawanda of the Hittites)
k. Smyrna (founded somewhat later than these)
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1) first founded as a meagre mudbrick village offshore on an island
2) then the island is annexed to the shore (Bayraklı suburb of Smyrna
today)
3) the archaic temple of Athena was important: of Aeolic order
a) Greek closed temples were first built in the colonies (influence
of Lydian wooden temples, now lost, but depicted on rock
monuments)
- the earliest in Samos (Heraion)
- then in Anatolia proper
- then in Greece
b) ground plan: megaron (basic Western Anatolian and island house
plan from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age on)
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B.
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Basic periods of art in the Hellenic World
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1. Orientalizing Period: end of 8th, beginning of 7th centuries, esp. East Greek.
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a. influence of Oriental cultures, esp. Anatolian, on Greek Art.
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b. Cybele, the Mother Goddess of the Lydians, draws special attention
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c. mixed creatures also draw special attention: esp. reminiscent of Lydian
decoration on pottery
1) sphinxes (body: lion, head: human)
2) griffons (body: lion, head: bird)
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d. counterpart of Orientalizing pottery of East Greeks in the West is
Proto-Corinthian
pottery: shift now more to the naturalistic w. less geometric decoration.
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2. Archaic Period: Late 7th and 6th centuries BC
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a. life size statues in the round increase, esp. in Greece (much under
Egyptian influence)
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1) rigid postures
2) very little movement
3) interest in the naked human body already present, esp. male
a) young boy: kouros, mostly naked
b) young girl: kore, mostly dressed
4) “archaic smile”: corners of the mouth upturned
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b. pottery
1) in Greece
a) Corinthian: plain background, drawings in dark brown (purplish)
on all the available surface
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b) Attic/black figure “firnis” (had a natural glazed effect after firing
because of the chemical composition of the black paint)
- mostly black painted overall or wide bands
- black figures in light preserved background
- preferred a lot in all the Hellenic world of the Mediterranean
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2) Anatolia: local pottery production continuing, but there is a distinct
preference for the Attic black figure
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3. Classical Period: 5th cent. BC
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a. sculpture in the round and in relief
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1) much tendancy, esp. in Greece, toward sculpture
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2) sculptors mostly from mainland Greece
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a) Myron
b) Phidias (responsible for the sculpture of the temple of Athena
Parthenos in the Acropolis, Athens)
c) Polycleitus
d) Cresilas
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3) sculpture in Anatolia is also mostly by mainland Greek sculptors
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b. pottery: black and mostly red figure Attic vases predominant
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IV.
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Greek “polis” (city-state): basic architectural features
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A.
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the plan: regular grid plan w. insulae
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1. influence of the earlier Anatolian cities
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2. finally developed by Hippodamos of Miletos (therefore known as
“Hippodamian plan”)
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3. appearance of plan
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a. regular streets cutting each other at 90o
b. regular insulae: square or rectangular
c. usually two main streets cutting each other at a certain point
d. major buildings usually at the junction point of the main streets
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B.
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major architectural features
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1. bouleuterion: city council building (boule: city council)
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2. agora: market place
a. open square
b. stoa: gallery of columns (usually around the square)
c. shops behind the stoa
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3. gymnasion: school and place for exercise (palaestra) for young boys
and the youth
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4. stadion
a. U shaped area w. seats around
b. not all cities necessarily have it
c. for athletics and races
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5. temple: one always dedicated to the patron god or goddess of the city
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6. odeion:
a. for music and poetry contests
b. small enough to be closed by a roof without having a forest of columns
c. amphitheater form
d. not all cities have an odeion
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7. theatre
a. cavea: amphitheatre built on a hill slope
b. diazoma: walks of the cavea in line with the orchestra
c. loge: seats of honour near the orchestra
d. skene: stage building
1) acting is done on the skene
2) earlier theatres do not have permanent skenes
e. proskene: front part of the skene
f. orchestra
1) complete circle form: the early ones
2) semicircular form: later ones, esp. from Hellenistic Per. on
3) where the chorus sings and dances
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