Aquaculture Affirmative fyi
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- AT: Other countries out-compete
- AT: Warming destroys aquaculture
- Aquaculture can adapt to warming
- AT: State siting conflicts
- AT: Offshore conditions block solvency
ATAT: IMTA exists nowCurrent IMTA models are insufficient- new support is keyOgden ’13 [Lesley Evans Ogden, Ph.D., Wildlife Ecology from Simon Fraser University, M.Sc. in Biological Sciences from York University, former wildlife ecologist, freelance science writer, “Aquaculture’s Turquoise Revolution,” BioScience 63: 697–704, http://www2.unb.ca/chopinlab/articles/files/Evans%20Ogden%202013%20Aquaculture's%20Turquoise%20Revolution%20BioScience.pdf] One of the greatest challenges that IMTA now faces is creating a workable, commercial, practical system. Using the early iPad and other tablet¶ computers as an analogy for IMTA,¶ Robinson suspects that lots of people are waiting to see who is going to emerge as a market leader. New Brunswick’s¶ Cooke Aquaculture has taken¶ a leap of faith on IMTA, a move that¶ Robinson thinks “deserves a pat on¶ the back.” Since becoming involved in¶ the project in 2005, Cooke Aquaculture¶ has invested nearly $2 million in IMTA¶ research and development. Frank Powell,¶ Cooke Aquaculture’s alternative¶ species manager, says, “It’s early days for IMTA… so [it is] difficult to tell at this stage how large a scale it will be.” Scaling up farming of new species within a system often depends on getting regulatory approval, explains¶ Powell, but he says that his company¶ will invest in IMTA for the foreseeable¶ future. “As stewards of the marine¶ environment, we strive to continually¶ improve our methods,” he adds.¶ As society begins to care more about food quality and sustainability, Robinson¶ suspects that governments, which¶ often lag behind technologies, will eventually need to introduce new food production systems that move away from managing on a species-by-species basis. We’re now looking beyond “just the rabbits, just the deer, and just the¶ wolves” and toward thinking more¶ holistically, says Robinson, and some¶ of our legislation and policies need¶ to move along those lines, he argues.¶ Buschmann agrees that governments have yet to recognize and promote the benefits of more sustainable aquaculture systems and approaches. “A lot of the economic models in the Western world focus on short-term gain; continuous¶ growth; and money, money,¶ money,” says Chopin. “The challenge¶ is that in the biological world, you cannot¶ have exponential growth continuously.” He cautions that sustained and¶ responsible growth in the long-term¶ should be the goal. AT: Other countries out-competePlan spurs US aquaculture despite global competitionKnapp ’08 [Gunnar, PhD in Economics from Yale, director of the Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), after acting as interim director since January, is a long-time professor of economics at ISER, widely respected for his studies of Alaska’s commercial fisheries and other aspects of the state’s economy, “Offshore Aquaculture in the United States: Economic Considerations, Implications & Opportunities,” July, http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/economics_report/econ_report_all.pdf] U.S. offshore fish farms may be economically viable even if other farms have lower costs, as long as the total supply from lower-cost farms is limited. What matters is not whether competitors can produce fish at a lower cost, but whether they can produce enough fish at a lower cost to keep prices below levels at which U.S. offshore farming is profitable. ¶ ¶ For any given fish species, the economic viability of U.S. offshore fish farms depends on far more than the relative cost of U.S. offshore farming in comparison with other sources of ¶ world fish supply. Note that farming—rice, wheat, poultry, beef—occurs worldwide in countries ¶ and environments with vastly different costs of production, not just in the lowest-cost countries and environments. AT: Warming destroys aquacultureAdaptation measures solve warming’s effect on aquacultureHishamunda et al ‘14 [Nathanael Hishamunda, Senior Aquaculture Officer at the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Neil Ridler, Emeritus Professor of Economics at the University of New Brunswick, Elisabetta Martone, FAO consultant, “Policy and governance ¶ in aquaculture ¶ Lessons learned and way forward,” http://www.fao.org/docrep/019/i3156e/i3156e.pdf] At the regional level, climate change and extreme weather could reinforce regional institutions and structures (FAO, 2008b). Increased supply volatility, and the need to ¶ reduce carbon footprints, could oblige individual producers to review supply chains and distribution outlets, encouraging more local trade. There may also be regional cooperation in such areas as the gathering of common data and the sharing of best practices, as well as fish disease and the introduction of exotic species. Therefore, ¶ climate change could reinforce regional governance of certain issues in aquaculture. Aquaculture may also need to combine with other resource sectors in order to ¶ influence policies, because as a relatively small sector, it lacks a “voice” in international ¶ discussions on climate change policy, in spite of its vulnerability, and its contribution ¶ to food security. Aquaculture can adapt to warmingSwaminathan ‘12 [Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, PhD, former director general of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, minister of Agriculture, director general of the International Rice Research Institute, president of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources “Farming the Waters for People and Food,” http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2734e/i2734e.pdf] Climate change is likely to be a powerful driver of change, and it has to be¶ accepted that humans cannot control ecosystems and that social-ecological¶ stability is the exception rather than the norm. To cope with climate change¶ that is likely to be both rapid and unpredictable, aquaculture systems must be¶ resilient and able to adapt to change. Resilient aquaculture systems are those¶ that are more likely to maintain economic, ecological and social benefits in the¶ face of dramatic exogenous changes such as climate change and price swings.¶ Resilience requires genetic and species diversity, low stress from other factors,¶ and “healthy” and productive populations. Effective ecosystem approach to¶ aquaculture (EAA) should lead to resilient social-ecological systems. In the face of uncertainty, aquaculture food production systems should be established which are diverse and relatively flexible, with integration and coordination of¶ livestock and crop production.¶ Aquaculture is the best adaptation of fisheries to climate change, due to its¶ ability to respond to demand, improve efficiency of resource use and overcome¶ disease shocks. Improving efficiency of resource use is mainly through improved feeding technology, diet formulation, conversion and integration on a global scale,¶ and zero exchange systems, recirculation systems, integration with irrigation and¶ intensification (e.g. striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, production of¶ up to 300 tonnes/ha in Viet Nam). Aquaculture’s ability to respond to disease¶ shocks is through better site selection and vaccines in salmon, use of low and¶ zero water exchange systems, the selective breeding of disease-free and disease¶ resistant stocks in shrimp, and the introduction of new species in oysters.¶ Farming systems and diversification in fresh and brackishwater¶ Increasing investment in aquaculture and aquatic ecosystems is an investment¶ in the “liquid assets” of adaptation. Aquatic ecosystems play a crucial role in buffering and distributing climatic shocks, whether from storms, floods, coastal¶ erosion or drought. Aquaculture provides opportunities to adapt to climate change by integrating aquaculture and agriculture, which can help farmers cope¶ with drought while increasing livelihood options and household nutrition. Water¶ from aquaculture ponds can help sustain crops during periods of drought while¶ at the same time, the nutrient-rich waters can increase productivity. Farmers can¶ use saline areas no longer suitable for crops (expected to increase due to sea¶ level rise) to cultivate fish. The impacts on small-scale farmers and commercialscale large farmers may be different. For example, for small-scale farmers,¶ providing food and/or income at the household or community level may be¶ seriously affected by an extreme event such as a flood, which may result in an¶ immediate reduction in the availability of food and money. Small-scale farmers may not have sufficient financial resources to overcome these situations.¶ The integration of aquaculture, fisheries, agriculture and other productive or ecosystem management activities has an integral role to play in the future of the¶ aquaculture industry. The techniques include ranching, integrated agriculture aquaculture (IAA), integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) and links with¶ renewable energy projects. Integration is a key element of the ecosystem approach¶ to aquaculture (EAA), which “is a strategy for the integration of the activity within¶ the wider ecosystem in such a way that it promotes sustainable development,¶ equity, and resilience of interlinked social and ecological systems” (Soto et al.,¶ 2008). Trends include the expansion of the farming of low-trophic-level fish, the culture of more efficient shrimp species (i.e. Litopenaeus vannamei vs Penaeus¶ monodon), more efficient feed conversion, lower protein and fishmeal content in diet, use of zero water exchange systems, closed breeding cycles, domesticated¶ specific pathogen free (SPF) and specific pathogen resistant (SPR) stocks, and the more efficient use of fishmeal and fish oil inputs. AT: State siting conflictsExisting law solves siting concernsPittenger et al ‘07 [Richard Pittenger is chairman of the Marine Aquaculture Task Force, former Vice President for Marine Operations and Arctic Research Coordinator for Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, former Chief of Staff to the U.S. Naval Forces in Europe, and Oceanographer of the Navy, Bruce Anderson, PhD in biomedical sciences from the University of Hawaii, is president of the Oceanic Institute, holds an M.P.H. in epidemiology from Yale University, Daniel Benetti is Associate Professor and the Director of Aquaculture at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, has over 25 years experience in aquaculture worldwide, “Sustainable Marine Aquaculture: Fulfilling the Promise; Managing the Risks,” January, http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Protecting_ocean_life/Sustainable_Marine_Aquaculture_final_1_07.pdf] The Coastal Zone Management Act¶ (CZMA) provides a tool the states can use to ensure that federal activities are not in conflict with state efforts to manage coastal areas¶ and resources. The CZMA requires federal¶ activities, including issuing a permit for private¶ activities, within or affecting the coastal¶ zone of a state to be consistent “to the maximum¶ extent practicable” with enforceable¶ policies of a state’s coastal zone management¶ plan. Activities affecting a state’s coastal zone must be evaluated for consistency with the state plan and a state may dispute the socalled¶ consistency determination. If necessary,¶ disputes among permit applicants, permitting¶ agencies, and a state or states can be¶ adjudicated by the Secretary of Commerce. In practice, however, most consistency issues are resolved by modifications to the proposed permit or activity. AT: Offshore conditions block solvencyNew advancements solve offshore adaptationUpton and Buck ’10 [Harold F. Upton, Analyst in Natural Resources Policy for the Congressional Research Service, Eugene H. Buck, Specialist in Natural Resources Policy for the CRS, “Open Ocean Aquaculture,” August 9, http://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL32694.pdf] Since open water aquaculture is a relatively new industry, many potential operators are¶ inexperienced with the technical requirements for open ocean facilities. Historically, development¶ has been limited by technology that requires water depths of 100-150 feet; this narrow band of¶ acceptable depth exists from ¼ mile to about 50 miles offshore, depending on location. Open ocean aquaculture facilities, moored or floating miles off the coast in a high-energy environment, experience numerous environmental conditions that differ from nearshore aquaculture operations, including exposure to wind and wave action from all directions, short and steep wave patterns,¶ strong currents, seasonal anoxic (oxygen-lacking) conditions, and other severe ocean conditions that can prevent operators from being able to access their cages for days to weeks.7 Systems have been developed to overcome these obstacles, including cage designs that do not deform under strong current and wave loads, submersible cages, and single-point moorings. Cage-mounted autonomous feeding systems have been developed that can operate both at the surface and submerged. Others have developed closed containment systems for open ocean use to address environmental concerns. Universities and private-sector research interests are developing automated buoys that can monitor the condition of stock and feed fish on a regular basis for weeks at a time. Other research groups are working on automated, floating cages that would travel with the currents and be tracked by satellite.8 These ship-like structures could float on¶ favorable oceanic currents or be held in the same location with low-energy thrusters. 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