Aristotle – “A change in the state of the soul results in a change in the state of the body and a change in the state of the body results in a change in the state of the soul.” Science

Planes of reference

Frontal

Longitudinal – parallel to long axis

Directional terms

Head

Trunk

Abdomen ( regions and quadrants )

Pelvic region – pubic, perineum, lumbar, sacral, gluteal.

Upper extremity – shoulder, brachium, cubital, antebrachium, carpus, Manus

Lower extremity – hip, thigh, patellar, popliteal, crural region( leg ), pes
Body membranes

Mucous membranes line body cavities open to the exterior.

Serous membranes line body cavities NOT open to the exterior.

1-14-99
Terms for the day:

neuropathy - A classical term for any disorder affecting any segment of the nervous system

1. Flexion - decrease in joint angle, if thigh or shoulder it means bringing it anteriorly

a. lateral flexion - bending of a joint, decrease of a joint angle

2. Extension - increase in joint angle

In anatomic position most joints are in extension

3. Abduction - away from the main axis

4. Adduction - toward the main axis

5. Rotation - movement of a body part around its own axis

a) medial rotation - internal rotation

b) lateral rotation - external rotation

c) supination of the forearm – anatomical position

d) pronation - rotation of the forearm so that the palm is rotated in a medial and posterior direction

or rotation of the radius on the ulna

6. Circumduction - circular movement of a body part

7. Inversion of the foot - ( sometimes called supination ) turning the sole of the foot inward

8. Eversion of the foot – ( sometimes called eversion ) turning the sole of the foot outward/laterally

9. Protraction - movement of the body part anteriorly

10. Retraction - movement of the body part posteriorly

11. Elevation - movement which raises a body part

12. Depression - lowering of a body part

1. Homeostasis - equilibrium - balance within the body. Disease results from a disruption of homeostasis

2. Fluids of the body

a) Extracellular fluids

1) plasma

2) interstitial fluid - intercellular fluid

3) synovial fluid

4) cerebrospinal fluid

b) Intracellular fluids

1) cytoplasm - cytosol

2) nucleus – nucleoplasm

There is a constant exchange between extracellular and intracellular fluids in the body.

3. Stress - reactions to disturbance in homeostasis, things that disturb the homeostasis of the body.

4. Disease - inappropriate response to stress, the body’s inappropriate response to stress

a) Signs - objective evaluation made by a trained person

b) Symptoms – subjective: “I don’t feel good”

c) Etiology - cause of disease, cause of disease

d) Diagnosis

S – subjective – complaint of the patient

O – objective – clinical findings

A – assessment – put it all together

P – plan – what to do given the above information
D – degenerative

A – anomalies or auto-immune

M – metabolic

N – Neoplasm

I – infectious

T – trauma or toxic

1. 
   Allopathic Medicine - create conditions antagonistic to the causative factor
   
2. 
   Homeopathic Medicine - like treats like, medicines which evoke similar symptoms ( eg. Extract of jalapeno to treat hemorrhoids.)
   
3. 
   Chiropractic - maintain neurological and musculoskeletal balance
   
4. 
   Medicine - treatment and prevention of disease using nonsurgical means
   

Deciliter = 100 ml

mg% = mg/100ml

1 cup = 8 oz. = 1/2 pint

1 meter = 100 centimeters = 1000 mm = 3.28 ft.

1 grain = 64.8 mg.

1. 
   The Axial Skeleton
   

Auditory ossicles – 3 bones total per side

Hyoid bone – below the larynx

Vertebral column – 26 bones in the adult

Rib cage/sternum -

2. 
   The Appendicular Skeleton
   

• 
  Pectoral Girdle - scapula & clavicles - cingulum membri superioris - girdle - articulates with sternum & vertebral column
  

• 
  Upper Extremities - humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges
  
• 
  Pelvic Girdle - 2 ossa coxae, cingulum membri inferioris - articulates with sacrum
  
• 
  Lower Extremities - femur, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges
  

1. 
   Support – it is an internal rigid framework to our structure
   
2. 
   Protection – of internal organs
   
3. 
   Body movement – levers for muscles to pull against
   
4. 
   Provide an anchoring point of muscles
   
5. 
   Calcium/phosphorus storage and metabolism
   
6. 
   Hematopoiesis
   

1. 
   Condyle – a large rounded projection or a knob usually on the end of a long bone. Provides smooth articulation point
   
2. 
   Facet – a flattened or shallow articulating surface – ribs, vertebrae
   
3. 
   Head – a prominent rounded articulating bone end
   
4. 
   Alveolus – deep pit or a socket – teeth
   
5. 
   Foramen – a hole or rounded opening
   
6. 
   Fissure – a narrow, slit-like opening
   
7. 
   Sinus – a cavity or a hollow space in a bone
   
8. 
   Sulcus – a groove
   
9. 
   Crest – a narrow, ridgelike projection
   
10. 
    Epicondyle – a projection located superior to a condyle
    
11. 
    Process – any bony protuberance
    
12. 
    Spine – a sharp, slender process – scapula
    
13. 
    Trochanter – a massive, big process, only on the femur: greater, lesser, and gluteal tuberosity
    
14. 
    Tubercle – a small rounded process
    
15. 
    Tuberosity – a small roughened process
    
16. 
    Fossa – a flattened or shallow surface, depression
    

1. 
   Long bones – are longer than wide – femur
   
2. 
   Short bones – somewhat cube shaped – wrist
   
3. 
   Flat bones – cranial bones, ribs, scapula
   
4. 
   Irregular bones – vertebrae and certain bones of the skull
   
5. 
   Accessory bones – extra bones
   
6. 
   Wormian bones – after Olas W. – sutural bones in the skull, extra bones
   

Shaft – diaphysis – long tubular

1. 
   periosteum – dense regular CT
   

1. 
   Sharpey’s fibers – perforating fibers that connect periosteum to bone
   

2. 
   Epiphysis – spongy bone on each end of the diaphysis
   

1. 
   Epiphyseal plate – the growth center of the bone, covered with hyaline cartilage
   
2. 
   Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage
   
3. 
   Red marrow – hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis
   

3. 
   Medullary cavity – a central cavity within the diaphysis
   

1. 
   endosteum – lines the medullary cavity
   
2. 
   yellow marrow – fills it
   

1. 
   Osteogenic cells – in periosteum and endosteum,  osteoblasts or  osteoclasts
   
2. 
   Osteoblasts – lay down the osteoid, make bone
   
3. 
   Osteocytes – mature bone cells, reside in the lacunae, regulate calcium release into the blood stream maintain bone
   
4. 
   Osteoclasts – break down bone
   
5. 
   Bone lining cells – derived from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones, regulate Ca/P movement
   

1. 
   Spongy bone – lacy network of trabeculae (= supporting bundles of fibers), located deep to compact bone
   
2. 
   Compact bone – very dense, forms external portion of bone composed of cylindrical columns of bone.
   

1. 
   lamellae – concentric rings of bone
   
2. 
   central canal – contains artery, vein, and lymphatics
   
3. 
   lacunae – spaces where osteocytes reside
   
4. 
   canaliculi – small channels which connect lacunae
   
5. 
   perforating channels – Volkmann’s canal
   

1. 
   Endochondral ossification – long bones, etc. preexisting, most bone is made like this
   
2. 
   Intramembranous ossification – flat bones, within a membrane
   

1. 
   Hematopoiesis – in the bone marrow, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets (thrombocytes)
   
2. 
   Calcium storage and release
   

1. 
   Function of calcium in the body
   

1. 
   blood clotting
   
2. 
   nerve transmission
   
3. 
   muscle contraction
   

2. 
   Control of calcium levels in the blood
   

1. 
   bone
   
2. 
   kidney
   
3. 
   parathyroid glands
   

3. 
   diet/GIT Disorders of calcium metabolism
   

1. 
   hypocalcemia – tetany, spasm/seizures of muscles
   
2. 
   pH is proportional to HCO3/CO2 ( story about his wife in labor- hypocalcemic – paperbag over her mouth )
   
3. 
   hypercalcemia
   

4. 
   Essential nutrients for normal bone development and function
   

1. 
   Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
   
2. 
   Vitamin D – absorption of calcium
   
3. 
   Vitamin A – osteoblast function
   
4. 
   Vitamin C – necessary for osteoid synthesis
   
5. 
   Protein
   

Skull

1. 
   Cranial bones – 8 bones in all
   

1. 
   Cranial cavity – where the brain is
   

1. 
   Calvaria – roof of the cranial vault
   
2. 
   Cranial fossa – floor of the cranial cavity
   

2. 
   Facial bones – 14 bones are not in contact with the brain. All are paired except the vomer and mandible
   

1. 
   Anterior fontanel – bregmatic fontanel closes by 18-24months  bregma
   
2. 
   Posterior or occipital fontanel – closes by 2 months  lambda
   
3. 
   Anterolateral or sphenoidal fontanel – closes by 3 months of age  pterion ( 4 bones come together here )
   
4. 
   Posterolateral or mastoid fontanel – closes by 12 months  asterion
   

1. 
   Sagittal suture – separates parietal bones, bregma  lambda
   
2. 
   Coronal suture – anterolateral fontanel  bregma  anterolateral fontanel
   
3. 
   Lambdoid suture – posterolateral to posterolateral fontanel, asterion to lambda
   
4. 
   Squamous suture - anterolateral posterolateral fontanel, pterion  asterion
   
5. 
   Metopic suture – bregma  intranasal sutures, anterior fontanel rostrally to glabella, closes by age 6
   

Carotid canal foramen Petrous temporal bone 7 Internal carotid artery

Internal carotid nerve plexus
Greater palatine foramen palatine bone 5 greater palatine nerve
Hypoglossal canal superior and anterolateral hypoglossal nerve XII to the occipital condyles 5, 7
Incisive foramen anterior region of palatine e nasopalatine nerve

process of maxilla 5

of sphenoid bone 2 zygomatic nerve

Foramen lacerum btwn petrous portion of the loop of the internal carotid artery -does not go thru

Temporal bone and sphenoid 5
Foramen magnum occipital bone 5, 7 spinal cord, vertebral arteries, spinal accessory nerve roots XI, meninges
Mandibular foramen medial surface of ramus of V3 inferior alveolar nerve ( once it goes thru here)

mandible 10

Olfactory foramina bone 7

Foramen rotundum sphenoid bone 5, 7 maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve V2

Stylomastoid foramen btwn styloid and mastoid facial nerve VII

process of temporal bone 5
Superior orbital fissure btwn greater and lesser wings oculomotor III, trochlear IV, ophthalmic division of

of the sphenoid bone 1 trigeminal nerve V1, Abducens VI

zygomatic bone 1

1-19-99

Prefix denoting joint, action sharing.

Words of the day 1-26-99