Chapter 1: Key Geography Concepts
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| 219. (B) Te act of locating environmental hazards close to regions or neighborhoods that
are mainly populated by minorities, accomplished via political representation, has been termed environmental racism. Tis practice disadvantages certain groups because of their race and ethnic origin. 220. (E) A country that contains distinct environmental zones that encourage different ways of life is more likely to be home to a population that sees itself as socially and politically divided. 221. (C) Economic competition encourages political competition. A state that wants to reach the same markets and utilize the same resources as another state is most likely to develop political concerns about the actions of its competitor. 222. (C) A nation-state is typically understood to be a country in which the population is ethnically uniform, which allows for a shared language, cultural heritage, and religion. 223. (B) Te Peace of Westphalia, signed in 1648, was a set of European peace treaties that ended different conflicts between Spain and the Dutch Republic. These treaties did not lead to peace in western Europe but allowed the heads of nations to meet and agree that each country held sovereign powers. 224. (D) A political leader might use popular media to push for the idea of a united, rela- tively homogeneous, and shared national culture. Te traditional concept of a nation-state involves the population of the country having cultural solidarity and remaining resistant to change from outside. 225. (A) A nation-state is partially defined by its sovereignty. Te state government’s most important responsibilities include defending the state from invasion and outside rule. Te state government must also prevent different populations within its borders from fragment- ing the state. 226. (C) A nation-state that experiences a large influx of immigrants is the most at risk to suffer a crisis of identity, which could fragment it politically and socially. 227. (E) Nation-states tend to view the land of their country as nontransferable. Te leader of a nation-state would not be likely to agree with an intergovernmental action that man- dated that his or her country exchange territory with another country. 228. (C) Te practice of gerrymandering involves redistricting a legislative territory to provide one party with an unequal advantage during the electoral process. 229. (C) Te Arab League’s acts to coordinate free trade among member states reduce each nation’s sovereign authority over its economic affairs. 230. (B) An empire’s political fragmentation is most likely to lead to instability in frontier regions. Tis is what occurred as the Roman Empire declined, especially in the areas that today compose France and Germany. 231. (D) Devolution involves the distribution of powers formerly held by the central gov- ernment to regional or state governments. Devolution may be temporary or can be a per- manent arrangement, but the central government continues to hold most of the authority. 232. (A) Domestic and international acts of terror have the same effect: to threaten a population using violence. A terrorist act is one intended to cause panic and harm. 233. (A) Electoral geography can most effectively be studied in democratic countries, in which voters can freely cast their votes for the candidate of their choice. 234. (D) Members of the Allied forces acted jointly to limit Germany’s sovereign powers to prosecute Nazi war criminals. Tey did not feel Germany would pursue this action and punish offenders effectively. 235. (B) NATO is a military alliance, originally organized by member states to defend one another against Russia and Germany. 236. (A) Te European Union is an example of supranationalism because its member states have transferred some of their powers to a central authority. Te establishment and continuing stability of a central intergovernmental authority allow member states to make many decisions as a group. 237. (C) Te migratory movements of survivors of a terrorist attack is a phenomenon that can be effectively mapped with geographic techniques. None of the other phenomena can be visualized effectively. 238. (A) Te physical landscape of an area is the factor that is most likely to influence how people in the area vote. Te physical landscape determines the local issues that affect people, as well as their ability to visit polling stations and encounter political candidates. 239. (C) Te United Nations’ goal is to maintain international peace. It will use economic and military sanctions to limit the sovereign powers of any state that threatens international peace. 240. (B) Australia is a union because its states are united under a common constitution and central federal government. 241. (B) Large countries such as Canada have used devolution to allow populations in resource-rich areas to become more self-sufficient in exchange for a share of the resources. In Canada, the population of the Northwest Territories has gained more power to educate its residents, oversee its airports, and manage its forests. 242. (D) Democratic nations that experience acts of terrorism often enact laws that limit civil liberties in an effort to prevent another attack. 243. (C) Political cleavages vary widely and can be traced to class, language, religion, culture, attitudes about national constitutions—almost any issue that particularly concerns voters. 244. (B) NGOs, such as Amnesty International, often publicize information about coun- tries’ alleged human rights violations in attempts to limit those states’ sovereign powers. 245. (A) Before the 1960s, India’s caste system divided the country into a number of socially discrete groups. Te continued existence of the caste system is one of the factors that caused political fragmentation within the subcontinent. 246. (B) Te adjective supranational is indicative of more than one national government being engaged in an effort. Terefore, a supranational resolution is one that is signed by a group of different nations. 247. (E) Colonists who use religion to control indigenous groups often do so with the aim of requiring the indigenous groups to perform forced labor. Typically, they require indigenous groups to engage in agricultural or mining projects. 248. (D) Spain could not maintain its control over its New World colonies. Many colonies successfully staged revolutions to gain their independence in the 19th century. 249. (C) Between the 15th and 19th centuries, European nations used chartered trading companies to engage in imperialism in India. 250. (C) Settlers from the colonizing country are most likely to allow information and revenue to flow back from the colony to the colonizing country. 251. (A) In the United States and Canada, national governments followed the doctrine of imperialism by allowing their citizens to expand the territories of these countries, while mandating that indigenous groups be relocated or remain on reservations. 252. (E) British imperialism has been the most influential type of imperialism in the past two centuries. Many other Western nations have mimicked Great Britain’s efforts to form a worldwide commercial and ideological empire. 253. (C) In democracies, citizens have civil liberties. A country that is transitioning from a dictatorship to a democracy must grant its citizens protection from powerful leaders who threaten civil liberties. 254. (A) Te end of the Civil War brought with it a grant of voting rights to African Americans. Tis act caused participatory democracy in the United States to increase. 255. (C) Elections must be free and open to the majority of the country’s citizens to estab- lish a democracy. If national elections are closed to certain segments of the population or are forced, the elections are less likely to establish a democratic form of government. 256. (B) Advocates of military intervention often state that Germany and Japan were able to establish themselves as democracies partly because of policing and sanctions by the international community. 257. (D) Te establishment of a legislative body is an extremely common step in the process of democratization. Te legislative body often serves to anchor the nation in the democratic process, providing an avenue for voters to discourage leaders who attempt to become dictators. 258. (C) Since the USSR dissolved and became a number of separate countries, the major- ity of smaller nations that the USSR had aided strengthened their sovereign powers. If they had chosen not to do so, other countries would likely have dominated them. 259. (A) An agreement between two countries to grant dual citizenship to members of a certain ethnic group would be most likely to unify the ethnic group. A real-life example of this can be seen in the case of the Indian Tamils. In the 1960s, the Indian and Sri Lankan governments agreed to give Indian Tamils citizenship to Sri Lanka. Tere are multiple diverse communities of Tamils in India and Sri Lanka. Yet the bonds between most of them have strengthened since Sri Lanka and India formed this agreement. 260. (B) Devolution is a dispersal of the central government’s powers. Basque groups in Spain could directly force a devolution of the Spanish government by gaining political control over certain regions of the country. 261. (E) Te lack of political unity among nations in the Middle East makes it difficult for them to address supranational concerns, which are issues beyond the authority of a single government. An example of a supranational concern is the interest to preserve sites of cul- tural heritage. 262. (D) When two or more nations with political differences form a federation, they must unify. Te other answer choices involve processes that are not necessary to create a successful federation. 263. (C) Nations that want a resource that another nation possesses would be most likely to try to limit the powers of the nation with the resource. 264. (B) Te end of the Cold War allowed electoral geographers to study political cleavages where they had not been able to before: Poland and the Czech Republic. These nations were formerly Communist states that had been heavily influenced by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). 265. (A) Louisiana now has six seats instead of seven because one area of the state, the area encompassing the city of New Orleans and its surrounding environs, was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina. Te city of New Orleans was flooded and lost much of its population. Individuals relocated to other parts of the state as well as to other states. In addition, Louisiana did not experience much population growth between 2000 and 2010. Te change in the number of districts affects the entire state. Louisiana will not have as much voting power, and therefore political clout, in the U.S. House of Representatives as it did in the past. (B) Te district was also extended because it contains a large number of Democratic voters. Republican candidates would not want to face a loss to a Democrat in this region. One result of including more territory in the second district is that African Americans’ and Democrats’ votes will be diluted. If the area of and surrounding Baton Rouge was part of another district, a Democratic candidate would have more of a chance to win a seat in another district. Another result of including more territory in the second district was pacifying both African Americans and Democrats who might have contested the redistrict- ing plan. Te extension of the district allowed African Americans to be more certain that they would retain dominancy in this district. Tere was some concern, because the area is underpopulated. It lost a huge number of people after Hurricane Katrina, far more than many other districts. Te Voting Rights Act of 1965 requires Louisiana to pass a redistrict- ing plan that affords African Americans an equal right to be represented in Congress. A third result of the extension of the second district is the increase in partisanship between the Republican and Democratic congressmen from Louisiana. Since the extension led to the two sides eventually agreeing on the redistricting plan, the plan established some common ground between the parties. (C) Te U.S. Congress upholds and amends the statutes that make up the provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These portions of the U.S. Code make it illegal to apply voter registration requirements unequally. Te U.S. Congress upholds and amends the other statutes (beyond the ones mentioned in the question) that make up the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned literacy tests for voters. These tests tended to have the effect of dis- enfranchising African American voters. Te U.S. Supreme Court confronts any challenges to the 14th Amendment, which made African Americans citizens and provides all citizens the same protections under state and federal laws. Te U.S. Supreme Court confronts any challenge to the 15th Amendment, which protects the voting rights of African American men. Te U.S. Supreme Court confronts any challenge to the 19th Amendment, which provides women (including African Americans) with the right to vote. 266. (A) In order to protect itself from terrorism, the countries of the United Kingdom could have formed a task force, with representatives from each country, to target terrorist cells across the UK. Te countries could have sought financial and educational help from countries outside the UK to fund and train in counterterrorist activities. Te countries could have worked cooperatively to screen travelers and limit travel between and out of the countries. Te countries could have engaged in negotiations and discussions with nationalist groups to solve the problems that led to agitation and violence. Te countries could have worked to more closely monitor and later block financial transactions between suspects and possible donors. Te countries could have formed a partnership with the Republic of Ireland to oppose the terrorist activities. (B) Northern Ireland is located on the same island as the Republic of Ireland. Over the Irish Sea, and directly across from the island, lie Scotland, England, and Wales. It is only a short distance to cities that have high populations that terrorists might want to target. To facilitate the organization of terrorist activities, English is the dominant language in most of these countries. Te countries are also somewhat culturally similar to Northern Ireland. Te Republic of Ireland and the members of the United Kingdom afford individuals a high amount of personal freedom. Individuals and families are spread across the countries. Te countries share common banking institutions, making it easy for individuals to move money between people. Te unification of the four countries of the UK can serve to make other countries’ political representatives into antagonists of Northern Ireland’s terrorist groups. England blocks the island of Ireland from most of the European mainland. Yet from London, it is only a short distance to France, Spain, and Germany. These three countries contain major cities with high populations that are cultural centers for Western Europe. These major cities are also economic engines for Western Europe. Tey are home to finan- cial activities that affect areas to which they maintain governmental ties, such as the Carib- bean. Two of the countries, France and Spain, are home to other terrorist groups, which support Basque and Catalonian independence. Supporters of these groups might assist and defend terrorists from Northern Ireland. (C) Te allotment of additional powers to Northern Ireland has helped it to become more politically stable. Te removal of British forces and security and the development of North- ern Ireland forces and security have led to the creation of a task force that is more familiar with and less antagonistic toward Northern Ireland’s citizens. Tis has led to less frustration and anger against England by groups in Northern Ireland. Te terms of the Belfast Agree- ment require England to recognize and respect efforts by Northern Ireland to separate from the United Kingdom and move toward uniting with the Republic of Ireland. Te recogni- tion has allowed citizens of Northern Ireland to see political representation and democratic government as a road to independence. As Northern Ireland’s government has become more powerful and respected, it has become more effective at reducing terrorist activity. Chapter 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use 267. (B) Te Second Agricultural Revolution occurred from around 1750 to 1900, at the same time as the Industrial Revolution. 268. (A) Te Tird Agricultural Revolution is sometimes referred to as the Green Revolution. 269. (B) Locations farthest from large bodies of water, such as oceans, are more likely to experience extreme climates. 270. (D) Dogs, pigs, and chickens were first domesticated in Southeast Asia. 271. (E) Of the answer choices listed, pastoral nomadism is the only form of agriculture that is not an example of commercial agriculture. 272. (C) Crop rotation is the planting of different crops in the same field from year to year to replenish the nutrients in the soil used up by the previous crops. 273. (B) Wet rice is grown in rice sawahs planted in the sides of hills that are terraced so that water runs over the plants and does not get stagnant. 274. (D) Squash and beans were first domesticated in Mexico, the first major area of seed agriculture. 275. (E) Most ethanol produced in South America is made from sugarcane. In the United States, ethanol is made from corn. 276. (A) Market-gardening activities occur in the first zone of von Tünen’s model of agricultural land use. 277. (D) Because of disorganization and lack of communication along production lines, the collectivization of agricultural production initially resulted in food shortages. 278. (E) All of the answer choices except wheat represent traditional plantation crops, typically grown in tropical locations. 279. (B) Cash-cropping is the practice of growing crops for profit, usually on a large scale. Tis is a form of extensive agriculture. 280. (C) Organic farming, growing crops without the use of pesticides, has grown in popularity since the ill effects of pesticides were discovered. 281. (E) Of the answer choices listed, rice is the only crop that is not grown on truck farms. 282. (A) Te development of subsistence farming, the practice of growing all of the crops needed to sustain a community in one location, allowed people to settle permanently. 283. (D) Genetic engineering in the 1960s marked the beginning of the Tird Agricultural Revolution. 284. (B) Coffee was domesticated in present-day Ethiopia about 1,200 years ago. 285. (C) Te township and range system of land use divided land into square-mile tracts. 286. (A) China has a government-controlled economy, and the government dictates the types and quantities of crops grown by farmers. 287. (E) Winter wheat is planted in the fall and harvested in the spring. 288. (B) A reaper is a farm tool that harvests grains standing in the field. 289. (C) Biomass is an alternative, renewable energy source derived from decomposing plant matter. 290. (E) A potential reserve is a fossil fuel source that is suspected to exist in a particular geographic location but has not been discovered yet. 291. (B) Topicide is the complete destruction of a landscape to create a new landscape, usually for development. 292. (A) Farming on long lots involves using long fields that extend back from waterways such as rivers. Farmers along the water source use the waterways to transport their goods. 293. (E) Mediterranean agriculture requires a moderate climate with cool and wet winters. Apples are the only crops of those listed that do not grow in this climate. 294. (B) Te substitution principle is the choice to replace a product that is harmful to the environment with one that is more environmentally friendly. 295. (A) Creative destruction occurs when the original landscape is altered, usually through the removal of vegetation, to raise crops or livestock. 296. (B) Te process of clearing land by hand using manual tools, such as hoes and shovels, is called labor-intensive farming. 297. (C) Mineral fuels are also known as fossil fuels. Natural gas, oil, and coal are examples of mineral fuels. 298. (A) Te preservationist land use model involves protecting the environment through encouraging people to not alter the natural landscape, which preservationists view as more important than economic activity. 299. (B) A suitcase farm is a farm that relies primarily on migrant workers who do not live on the property for labor. Typically, the owners also do not live or work on the farm. 300. (C) Te tragedy of the commons, developed by William Forest Lloyd and Garret Hardin, asserts that people will do what is in their own best interest even if it is detrimental to the common good. 301. (B) Pastoral nomadism is a type of herding that involves moving herds each season to locations that are most suitable for the animals. Directory: ourpages -> auto -> 2014 2014 -> A message from Mr. Dryden 2014 -> Major works data sheet 2014 -> Extended learning modules language Arts/Reading 2014 -> A message from Mr. Dryden 2014 -> Situating Solipsism in Philosophy Branches of Philosophy 2014 -> Lesson 3 Computers and Programming Student Resources 2014 -> There Will Come Soft Rains by Ray Bradbury (1920-2012) 2014 -> Balancing on Ledger Lines By Jenna Coburn 2014 -> Why I write” (1946) by George Orwell Download 0.62 Mb. Share with your friends:
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