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The Mongol Drive to the West
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- Navigate this page:
- The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History: The Mongols under Kubilai Khan
- White Lotus Society
- Chapter 14, Quiz Question
- Essay Questions: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur
- Chapter 15, The West and the Changing Balance of World Power Summary
- Key Concepts: The Decline of the Old Order
- Ottoman Turks
- Ming Dynasty
- Francesco Petrarch
- Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase: One of the earliest Atlantic voyages was undertaken by the Vivaldi
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Outside the World Network
- Chapter 15, Quiz Question
The Mongol Drive to the West: The Khanate of the Golden Horde was one of the four divisions of Chinggis Khan’s empire. The goal of the Golden Horde was the conquest of Europe Division in Russia made it bulnerable to Mongol aggression. By 1240, only Novgorod had avoided conquest. Mongol rule was demanding, but also extended religious and cultural toleration. Moscow profited by Mongol rule to rebuild and to strengthen its hegemony. Mongol rule of Russia had a negative impact, but only a minor cultural legacy. Its greatest impact was in changing the direction of Russian history, leading its rulers to consolidate their power, and temporarily cutting Russia off from western Europe. Early news of the Mongols led Europeans to equate Chinggis Khan with the mythical Christian king, Prester John. Even the news of the defeat of Russia failed to alarm the western Europeans. King Bela of Hungary contemptuously rejected Mongol demands, only to be defeated in 1240. The Mongols then raided further north in eastern Europe before withdrawing. Hulegu, on of Chinggis Khan’s successors, captured Baghdad in 1258. The impact on the Islamic heartland was enormous. Berke Khan threatened Hulegu’s domains from the north. Finally, the Mongols defeat at the hands of the Mamluks under Baibars stopped Hulegu’s push to the west. The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History: The Mongols under Kubilai Khan continued their assault on China, having already conquered the Xi Xia and Jin empires. Kubilai took the title of great khan, and the dynasty he founded was known as the Yuan. Under his rule, Mongol and Chinese cultures were kept separate, and intermarriage was forbidden. The Mongol elite ruled the ethnic Chinese. However, Kubilai Khan’s capital at Tatu followed Chinese precedents, as did court ritual. Mongol women kept the freer roles to which they were accustomed. Kubilai’s wife Chabi played an influential part in his government. Kubilai and Chabi patronized and intellectuals, especially Persians and Turks. Travelers from many areas arrived at their court, including Marco Polo. Kubilai was more effective in his efforts to keep Mongols and ethnic Chinese separate than he was in encouraging his people to adapt to Chinese ways. Chinese resentment of the invaders was exacerbated by Mongol support for artisans and merchants, upsetting the traditional order. The Yuan dynasty saw a revival of urban life and high culture. Kubilai Khan had plans, never fully realized, to lighten the tax burden on peasants and establish a system of village schools. The Yuan dynasty was short-lived, and lost much of its vigor at the death of Kubilai Khan. His successors’ abuses heightened hostility towards the Mongols. Crime became widespread, and secret sects the White Lotus Society is and example found large followings. Order was restored under the leadership of Ju Yuanzhang, a commoner, who founded the Ming dynasty. The brief rule of Timur-i Lang again destabilized central Asia. From Samarkand, the Turkish leader conquered Persia, much of the Middle East, India, and southern Russia. Although Timur was himself cultured, his legacy was one of brutal destruction. Key Terms: Timur-I Lang White Lotus Society Marco Polo Ming Dynasty Kubilia Khan Chinggis Khan Mamluks Golden Horde Samarkund Karakorum Chapter 14, Quiz Question 1) In most ways, the Mongols epitomized what type of society and culture? A) Nomadic B) Sedentary agricultural C) Hunting-and-gathering D) Urban E) Modern 2) What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan? A) He was converted to Islam late in his life. B) He practiced no religious beliefs himself, but tolerated Islam only. C) All religions were tolerated in his empire. D) Buddhism became the state religion of the Mongol empire. E) After the Russian campaign the Mongols became Orthodox Christians. 3) Which of the following was NOT one of the positive aspects of Chinggis Khan's imperial rule? A) He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans. B) He brought peace to much of Asia. C) He promoted the growth of trade and commerce. D) The movement of merchants and commercial goods facilitated the spread of disease. E) He promised religious toleration for many different religious groups. 4) What accounts for the growing political dominance of Moscow under Mongol rule? A) Moscow was the only Russian city that was not destroyed during the invasion. B) As the city located farthest south in Russia, Moscow was better able to benefit from renewed trade under the Mongols. C) Moscow became the capital of the Golden Horde. D) The princes of Moscow collected tribute for the Mongol khans and became the seat of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox church. E) Kiev had been destroyed by the Golden Horde. 5) What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia? A) The Russian nobility was exterminated giving rise to a society largely composed of free peasants. B) Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry was reduced to serfdom. C) The cessation of trade destroyed the commercial and artisan classes of Russia. D) Russian women were elevated to new levels of social prominence. E) The feudal system ended and was replaced by a centralized monarchy based in Kiev. 6) What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia? A) The period of Mongol rule reinforced the isolation of Russia from western Europe and the developments of the Renaissance and Reformation. B) The Mongols aided the Russians in gaining political dominance over the peoples of the Asiatic steppes. C) The period of Mongol rule introduced many Islamic people into the region of Russia. D) The Mongol domination resulted in the destruction of Eastern Orthodoxy and the rise of Nestorian Christianity. E) Mongol rule introduced Russia to advanced Asian technology imported from China. 7) Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe? A) They were defeated at the battle of Bratislava by King Bela of Hungary and allied knights of eastern Europe. B) Attacks by Timur-i Lang on the southern limits of the territories belonging to the Golden Horde interrupted the Mongol assault. C) The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden Horde. D) The Mongols had no interest in western Europe. E) They lacked the necessary cavalry skills. 8) In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland? A) The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization. B) The successful assault on the east African city-states weakened the international trading system of Islam. C) Shi'ism was eliminated as a major factor within Islam. D) Much of the population of the Islamic heartland was converted to the animism common among the Mongolian nomads. E) Most areas were permanently changed to a Mongolian culture. 9) Why did the khan of the Ilkhan horde decide to give up his plans to continue his conquest of the Islamic heartland in 1260? A) The forces of the Christian crusader states were likely to bring the powerful armies of western Europe into the struggle against the Mongols. B) The khan died leaving a minor as the ruler of the Ilkhan horde. C) The successor of Batu as ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke, had converted to Islam and was a potential ally of the Mameluks. D) The Ilkhan horde dissipated into rival clan groups following their defeat at the hands of the Mameluks. E) The Islamic forces were already preparing a massive counterattack. 10) Which of the following was a major change in the administration of China under the Mongols? A) The central bureaucracy was dismissed and the Mongol dynasty ruled with a military elite. B) The Mongols discontinued the use of the examination system to keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power. C) The Mongols divided all of China into four great khanates under separate and independent rulers. D) Confucianism was suppressed and Daoism became the state religion of China. E) All of the main divisions of the empire were removed and replaced by local Mongol elites. 11) What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China? A) Mongolian women lost status as they fell under the social apparatus of the Confucian ideology. B) Mongolian women suffered social and political isolation as Mongol men adopted the preference for women who had undergone foot-binding. C) Mongol women were increasingly prevented from participating in hunting and martial activities, although they retained some influence in the household. D) Mongol women remained relatively independent, refused to adopt the practice of foot-binding, and retained their rights in property. E) Mongol women wholeheartedly adopted Chinese culture including the practice of foot-binding. 12) What was the Yuan policy with respect to religion during the Mongol occupation of China? A) Like the Chinese dynasties, over time the Yuan adopted Confucianism as the primary ideology of the state. B) Because it was closer to the animism practiced by the Mongols on the steppes, the Yuan adopted Daoism as the state religion. C) Despite their desire to remain separate, the Yuan emperors were converted to Buddhism under the influence of Chabi, Kubilai Khan's wife. D) The Yuan, like their ancestors, insisted on religious toleration. E) Muslims and Buddhists were excluded from public life but were allowed to practice their religion. 13) What two social groups that suffered low status under the Confucian social system benefited most from the Yuan administration? A) Peasants and aristocracy B) Scholar-gentry and aristocracy C) Merchants and artisans D) Military elite and scholar-gentry E) Criminals and slaves 14) Which of these comparisons between the Turkic expansion and the Mongol one is most accurate? A) The Turkic expansion, although of briefer duration, actually covered greater territory. B) The Turkic expansion, like the Mongol conquests, provided a period of peace and commercial expansion. C) The Turkic expansion covered less territory, failed to increase trade, and provided no internal peace. D) The Turkic expansion, unlike the Mongol conquests, resulted in the creation of a lasting kingdom based on the capital at Samarkand. E) The Turkic expansion was less brutal and destructive but did lead to internal peace. 15) What was one of the most important but indirect and unintended impacts of the Mongol drive to the west? A) The demographic blow to Eurasian populations caused by the Black Death B) The closing of the Silk Road and other major trade routes led to isolation of the East C) The tendency of the nomadic peoples to give up their lifestyle in preference for sedentary agriculture D) The progressive desiccation of the central Asian steppes E) The expansion of overseas trade to the Americas Essay Questions: The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur Define the territorial extent of the Mongol empire at its largest. How did this affect inter-cultural exchange? In what way was the political impact of the Mongol conquests of Russia and the Islamic heartland similar? In what ways did the Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to alter the traditional Chinese social structure? What can be said to have been the positive aspects of the Mongol Conquest? Chapter 15, The West and the Changing Balance of World Power Summary: By 1400, there was a shifting balance between world civilizations. The international role of the Islamic world, with the fall of the Abbasids and other Mongol disruptions, was in decline. The Ming dynasty of China attempted, for a time, to expand into the vacuum. The most dynamic contender was Western Europe. The West was not a major power, but important changes were occurring within its civilization. Italy, Spain, and Portugal took new leadership roles. The civilizations outside the international network, the Americas and Polynesia, also experienced important changes. Key Concepts: The Decline of the Old Order: The Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate continued to dominate the Middle East into the 13th century. However, by the mid – 15th century, the Ottoman Turks had taken Constantinople. Cultural change came to the Middle East with political change. The popularity of the Sufi accompanied a general shift toward mysticism and away from the sciences. A widespread decline in agriculture meant the reduction of many peasants to serfdom. Fragmentation of the Islamic world continued under the Ottoman Empire. The Mongols had taken advantage of the fragmentation, but their decline again left a power vacuum The new Ming Dynasty emerged in 1368, pushing out the Mongols. Ming emperors began a series ./of trading voyages to India in 1405, led by admiral Zenghe. The expeditions were stopped in 1433, and this line of development was not pursued. Instead, the emperors turned to strengthening their position in China, pursuing traditional policies. The Rise of the West: The 15th century was a period of profound change in the West. The aristocracy was losing its place as the defenders and leaders, turning to jousting and court ritual. Famine and the Black Death had deeply changed European culture and society. One third of the population had died in 30 years. The medieval monarchies retained their vigor. The European economy revived, after a period of decline, along with increasing urbanization. The expansion of the Mongol Empire had brought the west into more contact with the east. A variety of innovations made their way to Europe: the compass, paper, gunpowder. The great demand for eastern luxury goods led to a gold drain to the east. This demand, added to the threat of the Ottoman Empire, impelled Europeans to seek new routes to the east. The Italian Renaissance, a cultural and political movement that looked to the antique past, began to take shape in the 14th century. The individual was central to the Renaissance. Florence was preeminent in the Renaissance, extolled by men such as the poet Francesco Petrarch. The painter Giotto began to move painting away from medieval canons, aiming at more realism. Italian trade continued to flourish providing the funding for these cultural developments. The Iberian Peninsula was another area of dynamism in the 15th century. The Reconquista, the conquest of the peninsula under Christian monarchs, was completed by the end of the century the united monarchy of Castile and Aragon. Western Expansion: The Experimental Phase: One of the earliest Atlantic voyages was undertaken by the Vivaldi brothers. The Vivaldis never returned, but subsequent ventures took Europeans to the Canary Islands, the Madeiras, the Azores, and down the western coast of Africa. The compass and the astrolabe made venturing into open seas possible. Prince Henry of Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator was particularly important in supporting the sciences necessary for trans-Atlantic voyages. He also began the process of colonization, starting with the Azores. A pattern was established: cash crops grown on large estates, and the use of slaves to work the plantations. Outside the World Network: Outside the Asia-Africa-Europeans sphere, the Americas and Polynesia developed in relative isolation. Changes in the two areas were making some societies vulnerable to attack. The Aztec and Inca empires were fragmented, their central governments controlling their vast territories with difficulty. In Polynesia, the period 700 to 1400 saw expansion and migration to the Society Islands. During the same period, Hawaii was part of this greater Polynesian world, but it was cut off from about 1400. Hawaii was divided into small kingdoms, and organized hierarchically. Perhaps as early as the 8th century, Polynesians began to settle New Zealand. As in Hawaii the Maori became isolated after 1400, and were particularly vulnerable to western colonizers. Patterns perceived around the world can mask independent developments. While some elements, such as technology, were hard links between world regions, other developments were indigenous. Moreover, although increasing ties between regions had an important role, native cultural traditions overwhelmingly survived. Key Terms: Iberian Peninsula Maori Giotto Italian Renaissance Ottoman Turks Inquisition Prince Henry Admiral Zenghe Black Death Ethnocentrism Chapter 15, Quiz Question 1) Which of the following was NOT a symptom of decline in the Arabic caliphate by 1400? A) The narrowing of intellectual life symbolized by the triumph of religion over literature, philosophy, and science B) Landlords seizing power over peasants C) The decline of the Sufis D) Decline of tax revenues for the state E) Landlords ceasing to experiment with new agricultural techniques. 2) Which of the following statements concerning Arabic trade after 1100 is most accurate? A) Arabic control of the seas was strengthened following 1100. B) Although Arabic trade was reduced, Muslims remained active in world markets. C) The total collapse of the Islamic world in the 12th century can best be compared to the fall of the Roman Empire. D) The Arab trading complex was reduced after 1100 to the Middle East. E) Their economic decline could be compared to that of Rome. 3) Which of the following statements concerning the political fragmentation of the Arabic world in the 1400s is most accurate? A) After the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the emerging Ottoman Empire soon mastered most of the lands of the old caliphate plus the Byzantine corner. B) The political fragmentation caused by the fall of Baghdad lasted for several centuries under the decentralized administration of the Seljuk Turks. C) The Mongol conquests eliminated any form of centralized government in the Middle East until the 17th century. D) Following the fall of the Abbasid caliphate, the Middle East became part of the colonial empire of the emerging feudal states of western Europe. E) The political system was chaotic for 300 years until the rise of a new political order under the Ottoman Turks. 4) Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? A) The rise of the Ottoman Empire restored the full international vigor that the Islamic caliphate had possessed. B) Turkish rulers promoted trade more actively than did their Arab predecessors. C) The expansionist power of the Ottoman Empire was very real, but it was not the sole hub of an international network. D) The Ottoman Empire had no expansionist interests or capabilities. E) The Ottomans competed with western Europe for Atlantic trade. 5) What area represented a new conquest for the Ottoman Empire in the late 1400s? A) Asia Minor B) North Africa C) Southeastern Europe D) Mesopotamia E) Russia 6) Which of the following statements concerning the Ottoman Empire is most accurate? A) Turkish rulers did not promote maritime trade as vigorously as had the Arabs. B) Scientific and philosophical investigations reached the level of innovation that they had enjoyed under the Abbasids. C) The Turks refused to patronize the traditional Persian artists and craftsmen who had dominated the later Abbasid court. D) The Ottomans were more interested in cultural patronage than in military organization. E) The Ottomans never mastered the full territorial extent of the old caliphate. 7) Which of the following was NOT a reason used by the Ming dynasty to halt the trading expeditions? A) The opposition of the scholar-gentry and bureaucracy B) The technological inferiority of Chinese ships and navigation C) The growing military expenses of the campaigns against the Mongols D) The traditional preference of the Chinese for Asian products E) The expense of building the new capital in Beijing 8) Which of the following statements concerning the cessation of state-sponsored trade by the Ming dynasty is most accurate? A) The cessation of trade severely damaged the internal economy of China and produced the inevitable peasant revolutions that overthrew the Ming dynasty. B) The end of international trade signaled a general decentralization of government in Ming China. C) Because of the Chinese dependence on imports from abroad, the decision to end the state-sponsored expeditions was particularly critical in initiating cultural decline. D) In Chinese terms, it was the brief emphasis on trading and commerce that was unusual, not its cessation. E) China had long emphasized internal development at the expense of trade. 9) Which of the following was NOT a drawback to the West's emergence as a global power? A) Western nations lacked the political coherence and organizing ability of imperial China. B) The West did not begin to establish key maritime and commercial links until after 1450. C) The Catholic church, long one of the organizing institutions of Western civilization, was under attack. D) The lives and economic activities of ordinary Europeans, the artisans and peasants, were in serious disarray. E) Population loss caused further economic disarray and lack of strong leadership. 10) Which of the following was NOT a contributing factor to the economic crises of the 14th century? A) Withdrawal from the global trading network B) Bubonic plague C) Lack of technological advance in agriculture D) Recurrent famine E) Labor shortages 11) Which of the following was NOT a source of Western dynamism in the 14th and 15th centuries? A) The strengthening of feudal monarchy B) The growth of cities and urban economies C) Advances in metallurgy D) Two centuries of peace among the major European nations E) A cultural reawakening 12) In comparison to medieval culture, Renaissance culture was A) more concerned with Aristotelian philosophy. B) more concerned with things of the earthly world. C) disinterested in classical models. D) based less on urban vitality and expanding commerce. E) more other-worldly and religious. 13) Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Italy emerged as the center of the early Renaissance? A) Italy was spared the Black Plague due to its geographic location. B) Italy retained more contact with Roman traditions than did the rest of Europe. C) Italy led the West by the 14th century in banking and trade. D) Italy had closer contacts with foreign scholars, particularly those in late Byzantium. E) Italy was more urbanized than most of Europe. 14) What Italian city-state was best placed to engage in the new, Western-oriented commercial ventures of the 15th century? A) Rome B) Florence C) Genoa D) Pisa E) Padua 15) What was unique about the development of states in the Iberian peninsula? A) These governments were based on city-states rather than nation-states. B) Based on Castile and Aragon, the Iberian states were unique in their adoption of Islam. C) Spain and Portugal developed effective new governments with a special sense of religious mission and religious support. D) The states of Spain and Portugal were able to develop without emphasis on the military. E) They had never participated in the feudal practices of the Middle Ages, which made them more open to change. 16) The key theme of Polynesian culture from the 7th century to 1400 was A) the adoption of Japanese civilization in the island societies. B) the development of a uniform written script. C) contraction as a result of the world-wide epidemic of the 14th century. D) spurts of migration and conquest that spread beyond the initial base in the Society Islands. E) large-scale expeditions of discovery that were aimed at establishing colonies in South America. 17) Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Without European intervention, there is no reason to believe that the Inca and Aztec empires could not have survived for several more centuries. B) Without European interference, the likelihood is that the Inca Empire would have overwhelmed the Aztecs and established a unified government in the Americas. C) Because of internal weaknesses, both the Inca and the Aztec empires were receding and might not have survived, even if the Europeans had not arrived. D) Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, both the Inca and the Aztec empires had been replaced by other, indigenous governments. E) Both the Inca and the Aztecs stopped exploiting subject peoples after 1500 due to the intervention of the Black Plague. 18) Which of the following was NOT a result of the European contact with sub-Saharan Africa after 1500? A) Trade patterns in west Africa shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic B) Trade shifted in west Africa from Muslim to European hands C) Seizure of slaves for European use affected many regions deeply D) Regional kingdoms lost all influence in west Africa and were replaced by European governments E) European weapons played an increasing role in the tribal conflicts between north and south. 19) The practice of judging other peoples by the standards and practices of one's own culture of ethnic group is A) ethnocentrism. B) genocide. C) anthropomorphism. D) aversionism. E) localism. Essay Questions: Directory: cms -> lib09 -> UT01001306 -> Centricity -> Domain Domain -> Millennial Speech & Debate Okinawa Withdrawal March pf lib09 -> Assignment – Read the article below, then answer the questions in your own words. Upload to Google classroom lib09 -> Marketing College Athletics Popularity of Amateur Sports lib09 -> Delaware cte program of study application local education agency information lib09 -> Gifted ortalentededucationresourceguid e lib09 -> Pirates of Silicon Valley Domain -> Fashion A: Standard 4: The Fashion Industry Domain -> Cost of Living Reality Check: Scenario Download 2.22 Mb. Share with your friends:
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