Habitat: "In dry fields" (Britton 1901). "In moist open situations"
(Shreve et al 1910). "Dry to moist woods, fields, and salt meadows" Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Coastal Zone; frequent" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Beach of Valentine Creek 8/19/1927, E. C. & G. M. Leonard (US) (Stieber 1967). Fishing Creek Farm (Williams 1986b). Jacobsville Park, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1991). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
Sightings: Chase Creek watershed (old field near Ruckers Pond).
Herbaria: US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1288. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. var. laciniatum Gray B&B.933
(Thoroughwort) Herb.
Habitat: "In old fields" (Stieber 1971).
Frequency: "Reported from Prince George's County and D.C." (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Java Farm, solitary in two old fields, Higman 136, 423 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Beachwood Park (Longbottom 1991).
Herbaria: CBC. US (Stieber 1971).
1289. Eupatorium maculatum L. 1755 B&B.928
[Eupatorium maculatum (L.) King & Robinson]
[Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum (L.) Darl.]
(Spotted Joe-Pye Weed)
Tall perennial herb. Stem solid, to 6'. Leaves long-tapering at base, in whorls of 4-5. Flowers purple, 9 or more per head.
Habitat: "Moist soil of thickets and grassland" (Brown & Brown 1984). Swamps and moist acidic soils.
Frequency: "Common in the Midland and Mountain Zones" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Heritage Rating: 1988: B3 (State rare). 1991: Endangered Extirpated.
Records: Picture Spring Branch: Nevamar Pond (Ecological Analysts 1983).
Herbaria: CBC (CBC 1993).
1290. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. 1753. Shr.490, B&B.933
(Boneset; Common Thoroughwort)
Large erect native perennial herb. Ht. 2-5 ft. Opposite leaves
joined. Flowers white.
Habitat: "In moist open situations, marshes and swamps" (Shreve et al 1910). "A weed...in pastures and waste ground, especially where damp" (Jaques 1959). "Wet soils of low woods and open, uncultivated fields" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Throughout the state; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Rt. 424, near Rt. 3, in a moist ditch, shaded edge of a woods 9/2/1966, Stieber 568 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Java Farm, solitary on floodplain of North Fork of Muddy Creek; Ivy Neck, solitary in moist pine-hardwoods forest on lower Cheston Peninsula, Higman 68 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Four county fresh-marsh stations mapped by Sipple 1978. Angels Bog (Sipple & Klockner 1984). Picture Spring Branch: Nevamar Pond (Ecological Analysts 1983). Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991). Governors Bridge gravel pits (Longbottom 1991). Wet meadow above Kinder Park Pond 6/10/1992 (Sipple 1993).
Sightings: Chase Creek watershed (near Ruckers Pond).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1291. Eupatorium pilosum Walt. 1788. B&B.931
(Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michx. 1803) Shr.489
[Eupatorium rotundifolium L. var. saundersii (Porter) Cron.]
(Rough Thoroughwort, Vervain Thoroughwort)
Large erect native perennial herb. Leaves mostly opposite. Flowers white.
Habitat: "Moist soil and bogs" (Brown & Brown 1984). "Bogs, damp sands, acid soil" (Stieber 1971).
Frequency: "Coastal and Midland Zones" (Shreve et al 1910). "Common on the Coastal Plain" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Beach of Valentine Creek 8/19/1927, E.C. & G.M.Leonard (US) (Stieber 1967).
Herbaria: US (Stieber 1971).
1292. Eupatorium purpureum L. 1753. Shr.489, B&B.928
(Green-stemmed Joe-Pye-weed; Sweet Joe-Pye-Weed; Tall or Purple Boneset)
Tall native perennial herb to 6 ft. Stem green, solid, purplish at nodes. Leaves in whorls of 2-5, not 3-veined. Flowers pale purplish.
Habitat: "Moist open situations" (Shreve et al 1910). "Rich, dry to moist woods" (Stieber 1971). "Rich soils of open woods and thickets, usually in drier places than related species" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Throughout the state; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Manresa, moist woods 9/9 & 10/3/1966, Stieber 569 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Rt. 424 near Rt. 3, with Mikania scandens 9/2/1966, Stieber 570 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Java Farm, solitary along old entrance road through mixed hardwood forest, Higman 31 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Round Bay Bog (Sipple & Klockner 1984). Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991).
Sightings: Chase Creek watershed: Rucker (lot 706, ca. 10 plants 8/18/1999).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1293. Eupatorium rotundifolium L. 1753. Shr.490, B&B.933
(Round-leaved Thoroughwort, Wild Horehound)
Erect native perennial herb. Leaves opposite, mostly broad-ovate. Flowers white.
Habitat: "Dry soil" (Robinson & Fernald 1908). "In marshes, swamps, and moist open situations" (Shreve et al 1910). Dry to wet sandy or peaty-acid soils; open woods, clearings.
Frequency: "Throughout the state; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Oak Grove near Deale in a dry field 7/10/1945, L. B. Smith (US) (Stieber 1967). Cypress Creek Savanna (Sipple & Klockner 1984). Fishing Creek Farm (Williams 1986b). Jacobsville Park, Governors Bridge gravel pits (Longbottom 1991). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
Herbaria: US (Steiber 1971).
1294. Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. B&B.935
[Ageratum altissima (L.) R. M. King & H. Robinson]
(Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard 1780)
(Eupatorium ageratoides L. 1781) Shr.490
(White Snakeroot)
Erect native branching native herb. Ht. 1-4 ft. Leaves opposite. Flowers bright white.
Habitat: "Rich woods" (Robinson & Fernald 1908). "In dry forests" (Shreve et al 1910). "A weed...woods, pastures, fields, and roadsides"
(Jaques 1959). "Rich woods, thickets and clearings" (Steiber 1971).
Frequency: "Throughout the state, being most common in the Mountain Zone" (Shreve et al 1910). "Frequent in the Piedmont, north Coastal Plain, Midlands and Western Maryland" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Manresa, in a moist woods 10/3/1966, Stieber 571 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991). Jacobsville Park (Longbottom 1991).
Sightings: Herndon Avenue, Bay Ridge (roadside bank, south of small pond - tentative identification, Gail Reed & Rucker 10/6/90).
Herbaria: LCU (Stieber 1971).
1295. Eupatorium rugosum forma villicaule Fern. B&B: unlisted.
Records: Java Farm, solitary in grassy old field south of main buildings, Higman 488 (CBC) (Higman 1977).
Herbaria: CBC.
1296. Eupatorium serotinum Michx. 1803. B&B.935
(Late-flowering Throughwort)
Much-branching native perennial herb to 6 ft. Flowers white.
Habitat: "Damp to dry thickets, edge of woods" (Stieber 1971).
Frequency: "Frequent on the Coastal Plain, rare in the Piedmont" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Beach of the Severn, just W. of the mouth of Valentine Creek 8/19/1927, E. C. & G. M. Leonard (US) (Stieber 1967). Churchton, shore of the bay at Cape Anne 9/26/1948, L. B. Smith (US) (Stieber 1967). Patuxent R. at Rt. 50, grassy roadside 9/16 & 10/29/1966, Stieber 574 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Java Farm, infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields, Higman 79, 127 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Fishing Creek Farm (Williams 1986b). Beachwood Park, Jacobsville Park, Poplar Ridge Park, Lake Waterford Park (Longbottom 1991).
Sightings: Chase Creek watershed (clearing near Ruckers Pond).
Jacobsville Park (Longbottom 1991). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1297. Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake B&B.1018
(Galinsoga parviflora Cav. var. hispida DC.)
(Hispid Galinsoga, Raceweed, Quickweed)
Pubescent, branching annual herb naturalized from tropical America. Stems weak, 1-2 ft. Ray-flowers 4-5, white.
Habitat: "A very common and highly persistent weed, maturing quickly" (Jaques 1959). "Common weed of gardens, lawns and roadsides" (Stieber 1971).
Frequency: Spreads rapidly; several generations per year.
Records: Shaded area along Rt. 648 & jct. Rt. 2, 6/20/1966, Stieber 505 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Ivy Neck, infrequent along roadsides and tractor trails, Higman 836, 1060 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1298. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. 1753. Shr.494, B&B.987
(Sweet Everlasting, Sweet Balsam, Catfoot, Old-field Balsam)
Fragrant, erect woolly annual or winter annual native herb. Ht. 1-3 ft. Flowers white.
Habitat: "A weed...fields, pastures, meadows, and waste places" (Fogg
1956). "Dry clearings, borders of woods, and fields" (Stieber 1971).
"Pastures, fields, and woodland borders" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Rt. 3, S. of jct. Rt. 424, sandy area 9/2/1966, Stieber 564 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Churchton, open field at Cape Anne 9/26/1948, L. B. Smith (US) (Stieber 1967). Patuxent R. near Rt. 50, common in sandy-clay area & grassy road embankment 10/29/1966, Stieber 563 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Java Farm, infrequent in old fields, especially in grassy area south of main building area, Higman 51, 229 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Fishing Creek Farm (Williams 1986b). Beachwood Park, Poplar Ridge Park, Jacobsville Park (Longbottom 1991). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991). Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1299. Gnaphalium purpureum L. 1753. Shr.494, B&B.987
(Purple Cudweed)
Erect woolly annual or biennial native herb.
Habitat: "Usually in dry or sandy soils" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Coastal Zone; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Patuxent R. near Rt. 50, grassy roadside embankment & in sandy clay 6/7/1966, Stieber 565 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Beachwood Park (Longbottom 1991). Java Farm, solitary on south slope of old orchard above Phalaris meadow, Higman 1120 (CBC) (Higman 1977).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1300. Helenium flexuosum Raf. B&B.1020
(Helenium nudiflorum Nutt. 1841)
(Helenium polyphyllum)
(Purple Sneezeweed, Southern Sneezeweed)
Perennial herb; disk brown or purplish.
Habitat: "Moist soil and waste areas" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Infrequent throughout" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Beverly-Triton Beach, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1993).
1301. Helianthus angustifolius L. Shr.495, B&B.1001
(Narrow-leaved Sunflower)
Tall biennial or perennial herb.
Habitat: "In open moist situations, preferring sandy soil" (Shreve et al 1910). "Wet pinelands and swampy thickets" (Grimm 1968). "In wet, acid soils of bogs and swampy woodland" (Brown & Brown 1984)
Records: Noted early October 1986 by D. H. Williams: "abundant in moist soil in partial sun near pines at edge of marsh on Mezick Pond at beginning of interpretive trail on south side of Sandy Point State Park opposite gate".
1302. Helianthus annuus L. 1753. B&B.1000
(Common Sunflower)
Tall (3-7 ft.) erect annual herb. Native to western states; escape from cultivation locally.
Habitat: "Often cultivated for its seed...a weed in fields, roadsides, and waste land" (Jaques 1959). "Fields, bottomlands and rich soil" (Stieber 1971).
Records: Near St. James Church in a grassy field 9/16/1966, Stieber 494 (LCU) (Stieber 1967).
Herbaria: LCU (Stieber 1971).
1303. Helianthus mollis Lam. 1789. Shr.495, B&B.1001
(Hairy Sunflower) Tall perennial herb.
Habitat: "Dry soils; fields or open woods" (Brown & Brown 1984).
County Occurrence: Noted from A. A. County (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Rare" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: One A. A. Co. station (1942) (Broome et al Dec. 1979).
1304. Helianthus tuberosus L. B&B.1004
(Jerusalem Artichoke)
Native perennial herb. Stem branching, 5-10 feet. Ray-flowers 12-20, bright yellow.
Habitat: "A weed...cultivated for the tubers, escaping to damp waste land" (Jaques 1959). "Rich soils" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Often established near gardens after escaping from cultivation" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Solitary large clump on Md. Rt. 253 at culvert of Glebe Creek (South River watershed), Higman 1408 (CBC) (Higman 1977).
Herbaria: CBC.
1305. Hieracium gronovii L. B&B.1065
(Hairy Hawkweed) Perennial herb.
Habitat: "Open woodlands, weedy pastures, meadows, and edges of salt marshes" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Common in the Coastal Zone; frequent in the Midland Zone" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
1306. Hieracium pratense Tausch 1828 B&B.1065
(Field Hawkweed, Yellow Hawkweed, Yellow Paintbrush, King Devil)
Long-hairy perennial European herb. 12-18" scape above basal rosette. Flowers bright yellow.
Habitat: "A weed...meadows, lawns, and pastures" (Jaques 1959).
Frequency: "Becoming frequent". (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Beachwood Park, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1991).
Herbaria: CBC (CBC 1993).
1307. Hieracium scabrum Michx. 1803. B&B.1065
(Rough Hawkweed) Native perennial herb.
Habitat: "Dry woodlands and pastures, often on sandy soils (Brown & Brown 1984). Fields and clearings.
Frequency: "Throughout the state; frequent" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Java Farm, infrequent at old entrance gate in mixed Hardwood forest, and in old orchard above Phalaris meadow, Higman 191, 353 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Beachwood Park, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1991).
Herbaria: CBC. US (Stieber 1971).
1308. Hieracium venosum L. 1753. B&B.1065
(Rattlesnake Weed, Veined Hawkweed)
Native perennial herb.
Habitat: Dry open woods, clearings, and dry terraces along estuaries.
Frequency: "Throughout the state; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Java Farm & Ivy Neck, infrequent along estuary shores in chestnut oak community, Higman 655, 842 (CBC) (Higman 1977). College Creek Woods (Williams 1986a).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1309. Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby 1887. B&B.940
(Inula subaxillaris Lam. 1799)
(Camphorweed) Annual or biennial herb.
Habitat: "Dry, sandy fields or roadsides" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Eastern Shore, where it is a common weed" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991).
1310. Hypochaeris radicata L. 1753. B&B.1051
(Long-rooted Cat's-ear, False Dandelion).
European perennial herb. 1-2 ft. stems smooth, often branching. Leaves all basal. Flowers yellow.
Habitat: "A [lawn] weed...prefers light sandy or gravelly situations" (Fogg 1956). "A weed...in meadows, lawns, and waste places" (Jaques 1959). "Fields, lawns and waste places" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Infrequent; mostly on the Coastal Plain" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Jacobsville Park, Quiet Waters Park, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1991).
1311. Iva frutescens L. 1753 Shr.489, B&B.318
(Iva oraria Bartlett 1906)
Iva frutescens L. var. oraria (Bartlett) Fernald & Grisc.
Md. plants are the above variety. In Va. this passes into the more southern var. frutescens
(See Gleason & Cronquist 1963).
(Low-tide Bush, Marsh Elder) Large native shrub. Lower leaves opposite.
Habitat: "Along the margins of salt and brackish marshes, and along the banks of estuaries" (Shreve et al 1910). Prefers wetter sites than does Baccharis halimifolia - "A definite wetland species under natural conditions" (Sipple 1978).
Frequency: "Coastal Zone; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: No locale 10/25/1879, J. D. Smith (US) (Stieber 1967). Herald Harbor, sandy beach 8/21/1927, E. C. & G. M. Leonard (US) (Stieber1967). NE of Annapolis, E. bank of the Severn, wet beach10/9/1938, F. J. Hermann (US) (Stieber 1967). Churchton, Cape Anne, ina saltmarsh 9/26/1948, L. B. Smith (US) (Stieber 1967). Manresa, alongthe sandy beach 8/8 & 9/9/1966, Stieber 506 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Muddy Creek 8/13/1971 (Sipple 1993). Java Farm & Ivy Neck, abundant to moderately abundant in salt marshes, especially along tidal channels bordering on estuaries; infrequent in drier or Fresher parts of salt marshes, Higman 53, 114 (CBC) (Higman 1977). 25 County brackish-marsh stations mapped (As var. oraria) by Sipple 1978. Back Creek watershed (Williams 1989).
Sightings: Sullivan Cove marsh. Cove of Cork sandbar. Sackett property at Rock Cove. Shore at Meadow Point 7/29/1991, codominant w/Baccharis. Mill Creek, mouth Blackhole Creek, Cattail Creek, Ross Cove (all Magothy River; Longbottom pc 1991). Tar Cove of Rock Creek (Longbottom 9/28/1991, pc).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1312. Krigia dandelion (L.) Nutt. 1818. B&B.1049
[Cynthia dandelion (L.) DC 1838]
(Tragopogon dandelion L. 1763)
[Adopogon dandelion (L.) Kuntze 1891] Shr.487
(Potato Dandelion)
Perennial herb. Scape leafless.
Habitat: "In moist forests" (Shreve et al 1910). "Fields and edge of wooded areas" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: Range Md. to Fla., etc. "Midland and Mountain Zones; infrequent" (Shreve et al 1910).
Heritage Rating: 1988: B3 (State rare). 1991: Endangered.
County Occurrence: Listed for Anne Arundel County by Matthews 1987.
1313. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. 1804 B&B.1049
(Hyoseris virginica L. 1753)
(Dwarf Dandelion)
Native annual or winter annual herb.
Habitat: "In dry, poor soils; often in fields cultivated the preceding summer" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Common, especially on coastal sands" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Stevens Farm, infrequent to moderately abundant in old fields, Higman 1387 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary 6/1/1988 (Sipple 1993). Back Creek watershed (Williams 1989). Jacobsville Park, Jacobsville Park, Poplar Ridge Park (Longbottom 1991). Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991). BG&E transmission line r/w off Marley Station Boulevard by Sipple 6/3/2000 (see The Maryland Naturalist, Summer 2001.
Sightings: Power line r/w near Round Bay Bog (Longbottom pc).
Herbaria: CBC.
1314. Krigia occidentalis Nutt. 1834. B&B: unlisted.
[Cynthia occidentalis (Nutt.) Standley 1911]
(Western Dwarf Dandelion)
Perennial herb.
Frequency: Native to praries of Missouri, Kansas & Texas (Britton & Brown 1913).
Habitat: "Open fields, sandy soil" (Stieber 1971).
Records: Patuxent Community Pond, moist sandy soil 6/14/1966, Stieber 585 (LCU) (Stieber 1967)
Herbaria: CBC (CBC 1993). LCU (Stieber 1971).
1315. Lactuca canadensis L. 1753. Shr.488, B&B.1058
(Wild Lettuce, Wild Tall Lettuce, Horseweed)
Coarse, tall (to 8 feet) native annual or biennial herb. Leaves smooth, without spines. Flowers 12-22 per head, yellow.
Habitat: Moist soil. "In forests and open situations" (Shreve et al 1910).
"A weed...old fields and roadsides" (Fogg 1956). "Thickets, borders of woods, and clearings" (Stieber 1971).
Frequency: "Throughout the state; common" (Shreve et al 1910).
Records: Patuxent R. at Rt. 50, tall growth near the riverbank 7/21/1966, Stieber 581 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Java Farm, solitary in old fields, Higman 331 (CBC) (Higman 1977). Back Creek watershed (Williams 1989).
Herbaria: CBC. US & LCU (Stieber 1971).
1316. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. Shr.488, B&B.1060
(Florida Blue Lettuce)
Biennial herb to 6 feet. Flowers blue.
Habitat: "Rich, moist soils, mostly in partial shade." (Brown & Brown 1984).
Frequency: "Infrequent; Cecil & Baltimore Counties, also Delaware & W-B area." (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary (Mason et al 1991).
Sightings: Vicinity of Round bay Bog (Longbottom pc 1991).
1317. Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn. var. villosa (Jacq.) Cronq. B&B.1060
(Wild Lettuce)
Soft-hairy tall native biennial herb.
Habitat: Rich moist soils.
Records: Java Farm, infrequent along old entrance road through mixed hardwood forest, Higman 30 (CBC) (Higman 1977). "Along a road at Java Farm" (Stieber 1971).
Herbaria: CBC. US (Stieber 1971).
1318. Lactuca scariola L. 1756. Shr.488, B&B.1058
(Prickly Lettuce)
Tall (2-7 ft.) annual, winter annual, or biennial herb naturalized from Europe. Leaves with prickly margins. Flowers yellow, 8-12 per head.
Habitat: "In waste situations" (Shreve et al 1910). "A weed...in gardens, fields, and waste land" (Jaques 1959).
Frequency: "Throughout the state; locally common" (Shreve et al 1910).
"Occasional on Coastal Plain; locally common throughout western part of state" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Entrance to Balt-Wash. Pkwy. N. of Ft. Meade 8/6/1966, Stieber 582 (LCU) (Stieber 1967). Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
Herbaria: LCU (Stieber 1971).
1319. Leontodon hispidis L. 1753. B&B.1051
(Leontodon hastile L. 1763)
[Aspargia hispida (L.) Willd. 1804]
(Rough Dandelion) European perennial herb.
Habitat: "Fields and waste grounds" (Britton & Brown 1913).
Frequency: "Infrequent" (Brown & Brown 1984).
Records: Hancock's Resolution (Envirens 1991).
1320. Liatris graminifolia (Walt.) Willd. 1804. B&B.937
[Lacinaria graminifolia (Walt.) Kuntze 1891]
(Anonymos graminifolius Walt. 1788)
(Grass-leaved Blazing Star, Grass-leaved Lettuce, Loose-flowered Button-snakeroot)
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