Computer Fundamentals & Programming. (Course No: cse 311) Contents

(Course No: CSE 311)

1. 
   Background
   
2. 
   Introduction to Computer
   
3. 
   Memory Units
   
4. 
   Auxiliary Storage device
   
5. 
   Input device
   
6. 
   Output device
   
7. 
   Computer Software
   
8. 
   Operating System (OS)
   
9. 
   Programming Languages
   
10. 
    General Software Features & Trends
    
11. 
    Data processing
    
12. 
    Database Management System
    
13. 
    Introduction to Telecommunication
    
14. 
    Computer Networks
    
15. 
    Communication System
    
16. 
    Internet and World Wide Web (www)
    
17. 
    Electronic Mails
    
18. 
    Intranets
    
19. 
    Multimedia
    
20. 
    Computer Securities
    
21. 
    IT Policies and Cyber Laws
    
22. 
    History of Computer
    
23. 
    Impact of Computer in the society
    
24. 
    e-Technologies
    
25. 
    Number System & their Conversions
    

1. 
   Introduction to computer system
   

1.1 Introduction

A computer is a programmable electronic calculating machine. Taking input it can process to produce output as our requirement with in a second. The word computer is developed from the Latin word coputare which means “To Calculate or To Compute “. Therefore the machine which calculates is called a computer. At present computer technology have almost changed the world in short times. It becomes very essential tool in every walk of human life. Within a minute human can communicate through telephone, telex, tax e-mail etc from one place to other place worldwide. The primary purpose of using a computer is to make life easier. People are using it in schools office, airlines, business houses, banks etc.
Computer has following basic system and components devices to process data and gets the output. It has optional components too.

1. 
   System device
   

1. 
   Input device - keyboard, mouse
   
2. 
   Processing device – Central Processing Unit (CPU)
   
3. 
   Output device – Monitor and Printer,
   

CPU – Consists motherboard, hard disk, floppy disk drive, sound card, power supply, modem, etc.

2. 
   Basic and optional component device
   

1.1.2 Definition of Computer

A computer is an electronic machine that is used for data processing to produce information.

OR

A computer is an electronic machine that can accept data; process it according to a set commands and then gives results.

1. 
   Electronic calculating machine
   
2. 
   Programmable machine
   
3. 
   Data processing device
   
4. 
   Networking device
   
5. 
   Automatic system
   

1.2 Features of Computer

1. 
   High processing speed
   
2. 
   Accuracy (100%)
   
3. 
   Huge storing device
   
4. 
   Diligence (Stay constant)
   
5. 
   Versatility (Simple to complicated jobs)
   
6. 
   Automation (Automatic System)
   
7. 
   World Wide Networking
   

1.2.1 Processing speed -

i) 1 Milli second = 10^-3 second

ii) 1 Micro second = 10^-6 second

iii) 1 Nano second = 10^-9 second

iv) 1 pico second = 10^-12 second

v) 1 Fento second = 10^-15 second
1.2.2 Huge Storing Capacity

i) 1 Kilo byte = 1024 characters = 10³ bytes

ii) 1 Mega byte = 1024x1024 ” = 10⁶ bytes

iii) 1 Giga byte = 1024x1024x1024 ” = 10⁹ bytes

iv) 1 Tera byte = 1024x1024x1024x1024 ” = 10¹² bytes
NOTE: (8 bits = 1 byte)

(1 byte = 1 character/1 Number/1 symbol)

1.3 Types of computer

1. 
   Volume wise - Mainframe, Mini, Micro computer, Laptop, Palmtop
   
2. 
   Job wise - Digital, Analog, Hydride
   
3. 
   Brand wise - IBM, Apple, Others
   
4. 
   Assemble wise - Branded and Assembled
   

1.4 Generations of Computer

1.5 Computer architecture(Anatomy of computer), CPU, ALU, memory

1. 
   Receive Input
   
2. 
   Performs processing
   
   
3. 
   Produce output
   
4. 
   Store Information
   

1. 
   Computer System Unit contains – CPU, memory, ports, circuit boards, etc
   
2. 
   Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains – ALU registers, address and CU in a micro processor.
   
3. 
   Control Unit (CU) controls-whole system sending signals of data, program and tells to process data and to store in the right place.
   
4. 
   ALU- Arithmetical & logical calculations.
   
5. 
   Memory- holds input data, programs and output data in the processing time.
   

- Cheap - Depending

- Reliable - No Security

- Accurate - No control

- Quick response - Creates jobless

- Capable - Creates lazyness

- Useful for routine jobs - Creates accidents

- Variety of tasks

1.6. Working speed units of the computer.

Memory Unit means internal storage area (chips) of the CPU. Main memory is like an array of empty boxes. (e.g. 1 MB capacity). They are registers of CPU.

1. 
   RAM- Random Access Memory/ Read & write memory)
   

(Computer writes on COMPASS offer reading ROM)

2. 
   ROM - Read only memory, holds small amount data and displays it during to start computer.
   
3. 
   PROM - A program strong empty memory chip. Once stored a program, it is permanent. Therefore PROM is non-volatile memory.
   
4. 
   EPROM (Erasable PROM)- A chip, where the program can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
   
5. 
   EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) - Other type of EPROM, where the program can be erased by exposing electrical charge.
   

1. 
   Dynamic RAM- Very commonly used RAM. They are refreshed thousand times per sec. They are used everywhere like in printer.
   
2. 
   Static RAM- Special RAM. They are less often refreshed. They are costly than dynamic RAM.
   

It is a special type of EEPROM, which can be re-programmed in block in stead of one byte at a time. Many modern PC’s have their BIOS (Basic IO System) stored on a flash memory chip so that it can easily be up date if necessary. They are used in modem too.

1. 
   Sequential Access (Tape)
   
2. 
   Random Access (Floppy, HD, CD, Pen drive etc.)
   

1. 
   Types of Storage capacity :-
   

4. 
   INPUT DEVICE:-
   

i) Keyboard - 101 keys, Alphanumeric key, Punctuation keys, Special keys, Arrow keys, etc.

ii) Mouse - Curser or Pointer controller, developed in 1963 USA.

iii) Track Ball - Pointer mover by your palm, or thumb press.

iv) Joystick - Pointer mover leaver with two buttons (Triggers).

v) Digitizing tablet - It is an electronic tablet. A stylus pen is used here to draw pictures and to operate computer. They are called touch tablet

vi) Scanner - It can read text and pictures to convert it into digitals form and store to print them. It can print 600 dots per inch quality text or Images. There is single color or multiple colored scanners.

There are page or full page scanner.

vii) Digital camera - It can manipulate, save, delete, and rotate the images. It sends as digitals input files to the computer.
viii) Magnetic ink character Reader (MICR):- MICR is direct entry method used in the banks. It is a special type of input device used in ATM.

8. 
   Optical character Reader (OCR):- It reads the page of text and converts images into ASC II codes to store into the computer. In the future it can print ditto for the user. All OCR system includes an optical scanner. It enables to take a book and save into a computer file.
   

9. 
   Optical Mark Reader (OMR):- OMR is also called mark sensing, which is a technology. It can sense the presence or absence of the pencil mark. OMR is used in the aptitude texts.
   

10. 
    Bar code Reader:- Bar code reader is a photoelectric scanner that reads the bar code (Vertical Zebra Striped marks,) printed on the product. In the supermarket, you can find bar codes in ever items.
    

11. 
    Touch Screen:- It is a type of display screen that has the touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. As a mouse pointer, you can use your finger on screen.
    
12. 
    Touch Pad:- On a portable PC you can find a small touch pad where you can use your finger along the pad.
    

13. 
    Light Pen:- It is special pen, which uses light sensitive defector too select object on the screen display. This pen is also similar to mouse.
    

Today, there are many processor manufacturers AMD, Motorola and Intel. Final decision to buy a processor depends upon users need for example a home basic or basic user can by Intel Celeron or AMD processor.

4. 
   OUTPUT DEVICE:-
   

1. 
   Size = 14", 15", 17", 24"
   
2. 
   Resolution= how densely pixels are packed?
   

1. 
   Ink jet printer- Ionized ink spray, qualify print, diff. fonts.
   
2. 
   Laser printer - Utilizes a leaser beam to produce image on the drum. 1200-2400 dpi quality.
   
3. 
   LCD& Led printer - Uses liquid crystal to produce image. - Uses light emitting diods produce image.
   
4. 
   Line printers - It is a high speed printer 3000 lines/min. It can print only font. No pictures.
   
5. 
   Thermal printer - Produces images by trashing electrically heated pins against special paper.
   
6. 
   Plotters - It draws only pictures using pen with continuous lines. Multi colour plotters use different coloured pens. They are used in the engineering applications.
   
7. 
   Sound cards & speakers - Sound card is compulsory in the modem computers where speakers are used. Sound card enables the computer to output sound, to record input from a microphone connected to the computer and manipulate sound stored on a disk. Sound card translate digital data into analog sounds.
   

Computer software means instructions or data, which are electronically stored on the storage device.