Creation of the Mexican Astronaut Corps

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MEXICAN

ASTRONAUT CORPS

Jesús Raygoza B.

Creation of the Mexican Astronaut Corps

The Mexican Space Society (SEM) would recommend the creation and development of a Mexican Astronaut Corps (MAC), which should be well aligned with the recommendations of the reports by the Society itself and the Mexican Space Agency (AEXA). Its initiation could the latest now begin in 2010 as part of a New Mexican Space Initiative as expressed in "Rationale for a Mexican Space Development Program"¹.

Mexican Astronaut Corps (MAC) Development

We would propose an approach to developing a Mexican Astronaut Corps aligned with the new commercial space industry in a way utilizes a blend of both government and commercial financial support.

A. Astronaut Selection

First a Mexican Astronaut Corps should draw on both men and women which represent cross sections of Mexican society as a whole. While astronauts will come from traditional sources such as Mexican Air Force (FAM) pilots, potential recruitment should also be expanded to include Mexican Airlines personnel, and representatives from education, commercial media, medicine, and those concerned with space sciences.

B. Astronaut Sponsorship

As symbols of significance for both commercial and public interest the financial support of Mexican Astronaut positions should be supported by specific sponsors, which reflect the diverse interests and talents of the Astronaut Corps. The role of astronaut should reflect the roles and interest of their sponsoring agencies so they maintain the focus on their sponsor’s mission in space and as a spokesperson for their sponsor’s activities on Earth.
We propose the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) should support at least two such positions, Commercial Media two such positions, Commercial Airlines, two such positions, and science related astronauts should simultaneously be supported by departments such as the Secretariat of National Defense (SEDENA), the Secretariat of Energy (SENER), Secretariat of Agriculture, Ranching, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food Supplies (SAGARPA), Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT), and as their science and research needs dictate. The Mexican University community would be closely involved in both science and engineering missions and as a source of identifying astronaut candidates with advanced science credentials.
The greatest significance of the Mexican Astronaut Corps (MAC) will be their impact on Mexican Society. They will train and fly in space for a variety of purposes but they also must particularly be chosen for their ability to connect with people and to communicate the purposes and importance of their diverse missions to both the Mexican and international publics. These Astronauts will also be Mexican ambassadors to other nations working with government agencies in other nations in scientific and technology initiatives and with commercial partners as well.
It is expected that many people may question whether a Mexican Astronaut Corps is realistic or even feasible. Malaysia can provide an example for Mexico. Malaysia, a much smaller in population, territory, and its economy than Mexico, (a country with no rockets, launch facilities, or space station) recently announced its intentions to send a Malaysian to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2007². It announced a competition for an astronaut position and has signed an agreement with Russian for the training of its astronaut. This has generated great excitement and attention of Malaysian students and drawn attention to Malaysia’s ambitions in space and to be an international competitor in space exploration, science and technology. Indeed Malaysia has announced its ambition to go to the Moon³. We admire both the creativity and ambition of the Malaysian government and naturally expect the Mexican government to respond to this competition for a very near future to come.

Astronaut Training: Development of Training

Resources and Programs and Mission Proposals

Aspects of astronaut training might be conducted via contract with the Mexican Air Force, with commercial airline programs, and with providers of both government and commercial space transportation services in foreign countries such as the U.S. or Russia. The Office of Astronaut Services will need some time to develop both physical and contracted support of a Mexican Astronaut Corps. It will need to define selection criteria and organize a process for consideration of astronaut candidates from agencies and commercial organizations sponsoring astronaut positions. This process should be completed by the end of 2000.
Astronaut Missions: Announcements Specific Missions Proposals

Specific mission proposals for the Mexican Astronaut Corps will have been developed in the second report of the Mexican Space Society. Departmental and Congressional review and budget approvals for such missions will further define the training requirements, contracts, timetable and financial requirement of the sponsoring government departments and commercial sponsors. The definitions of these missions will create a more forward looking timetable, administrative, legislative and financial plan for the incipient Mexican Space Agency (AEXA) and closely coordinated through the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP), Secretariat of Economy (SE) and Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL). Many specific ideas and proposals can be expected in the earliest considerations of a Mexican Space Council but they must be refined through the normal legislative and federal administrative departments so mature judgments can be made about priorities, resources, and timetables, and partnerships. All of these considerations will influence the selection of Mexican Astronaut Candidates and of an announcement of Mexican Astronaut Missions. The announcement of Mexican Astronaut Missions would logically coincide with the announcement of the selection of Mexican Astronauts.

Concurrent in announcement of astronaut selection, and scheduled missions, would be a schedule of educational, public, and scientific support events and a process of activities and international partnerships designed to inform the Mexican people about the progress and impact of this program consistent with the Reports #3 #5 of the Mexican Space Society as expressed in "Rationale for a Mexican Space Development Program" (pp. 7-8):

Report # 3 Report on the Missions of a Mexican Astronaut Corps

Report # 5 Develop a Plan for further Development of Space Related Projects
The Astronaut Corps should be directed and assisted by aerospace medical doctors from the Aviation Medicine and the Mexican Air Force (FAM), likewise advised by medical doctors from the Iberoamerican Association of Aerospace Medicine. Aviation Medicine, under very specialized training to maintain astronauts able to reach the outer space, it will not only got to be very qualified to this respect, but it does already have an Altitude or Hipobaric Chamber to be used for checking health of astronauts. Our nation already got experts on aerospace medicine, such as the case of the Air Force with Major General (MD) Víctor Manuel Rico Jaime (gralvictorrico@gmail.com).
Mexico is also prepared for save and rescue of astronauts that could be accidented on national ground and/or national sea waters. The organization Search And Rescue (SAR) MEXICO directed by David Villaseñor Millán (MD) is well capable for realizing that kind of operations. Likewise, SAR Mexico is required, as a linked organization to the Astronaut Corps, to reach and to train maneuvers for the own Mexican astronaut’s rescue (or assisted by SAR Mexico itself) when needed (bys_sar_mexico@prodigy.net.mx).
We will have theoretical training for astronauts given by the AQS Centro de Entrenamiento Aeronáutico, S. C. in Toluca, State of Mexico, which will closely be collaborating with the Mexican Space Society and the National Aerospace Training and Research (NASTAR) center.
The role of the Mexican Space Agency will be critical because the lead time for international cooperation in space missions can be considerable. The intergovernmental aspects of such cooperation will need to occur early in the efforts of the Mexican Space Society (SEM) and in close coordination with the planning activities of a newly operational Mexican Space Agency (AEXA), including Airports and Auxiliary Services (ASA), as they consider specific missions purposes and requirements for international partners.
Astronaut training would be conducted in 2010 with suborbital flights beginning in the later part of that year. A more extensive timetable of specific missions will flow from the administrative work and report of SEM and AEXA. This timetable will instruct the training schedule, contracts, and project flight schedule.
Resulting the case, Mexico owns both scientific and technological potential capacities for maintaining astronauts working jointly with the astronauts of others nation in the International Space Station (ISS). In most of the important Mexican universities and technological institutes, as well in private enterprises, does exist the possibility to propose research and development of scientific projects that finalize successfully in the space station. And, consequently, if these Mexican astronautic activities are begun now, it will be acquired much more experience to maintain national astronauts in a future Moon base^4,5.
Beginning with the accomplishment of suborbital flights in 2012 the Mexican Astronaut Corps will be ready to initiate missions into Low Earth Orbit as those opportunities are developed through agreements concerning the operations of the International Space Station (ISS), commercial Space Tourism orbital facilities, and/or the development of a Chinese manned lab/space station in 2015.

New Commercial Space Initiatives

Several commercial space transportation companies are attempting to provide sub-orbital and orbital transportation services since Burt Rutan won the Ansari X Prize competition with his SpaceShipOne. These include Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic Company which is working closely with Burt Rutan’s Scaled Composites which built and flew SpaceShipOne. This sub-orbital service should be in operation by 2008. The company’s now has thousands of ticket purchasers who are willing to pay $200,000 for a suborbital ride into space in a vehicle carrying 8 persons. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)⁶ has recently published draft regulations for passenger operations.

This initiative will operate from a new spaceport developed near White Sands New Mexico⁷ approximately 150 miles north of the Ciudad Juarez/El Paso metropolitan area. Scaled Composites is also working to develop a vehicle, which could provide access to Low Earth Orbit. While they have not publicly committed to a timetable to achieve this goal those close to the company expect them to develop a prototype vehicle by 2010. If they are successful this will also open a low cost door to Low Earth Orbit.
Similar efforts to provide suborbital access to space are being made by the Blue Origins Company funded by Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com which is developing its own launch facilities in West Texas approximately 100 miles east of Ciudad Juarez/El Paso metro area⁸. Rocketplane/Kistler which recently won a $207.000,000 contract from NASA (COTS) is also working to develop both suborbital and orbital access to the International Space Station by 2008/2009^9,10.
Space X Corporation, started by Internet pioneer Elon Musk, has also won a NASA (COTS) contract of $278,000,000 to develop a launch system to the ISS within the same 2009 timeframe.
Bigelow¹¹ is also developing an inflatable habitation module for low earth orbit with technology initially developed by NASA. A ¼ scale model of this module is currently in orbit having been launched by a Russian rocket. They are working to develop a ½ scale module within another two years and look to have a full scale manned facility developed by 2012.
This facility is designed to be a destination for space tourism. Such facilities would provide a relatively low cost access to low earth orbit for large numbers of tourists on a regular basis¹². These facilities could also greatly reduce the cost of routine government sponsored space operations. By providing a cost competitive option to expand the International Space Station its human capacity also might be affordably expanded.
The Chinese have announced their intention to create a manned facility in orbit about 2015. They are also engaging in a wide ranging set of cooperative efforts in space with other countries¹³. They have a similar potential opportunity to expand their planned presence in space through cost effective commercial partnerships.

Significance of Commercial Space Activities to Mexico

Some of these new initiatives are located right on Mexico’s door step. These commercial initiatives do not require Mexico to duplicate investments and research in order to place Mexicans in space for a very modest cost.

By creating a Mexican Astronaut Corps the country can signal its intent to be part of this new wave of technology. A Mexican Astronaut Corps can provide a means to reach out to potential international and commercial partners in space exploration, space tourism, scientific, and educational initiatives.
The establishment of an Astronaut Corps in Mexico can become a reality through a moral political will from the Government and a good disposition from the Private Sector for sponsoring it. Its existence can be totally feasible—as a matter of fact, it can be perfectly understood by children studying in elementary schools.
Although Mexico does not have any indigenous capacity to launch rockets or any indigenous facility in space the Mexican Space Society (SEM) believes there is a justification for the creation of a Mexican Astronaut Corps (MAC) and many other useful space related projects with the advent of new commercial space transportation initiatives.
Perhaps the greatest significance of a Mexican Astronaut Corps is its impact within the country on the nation’s education system and in providing a focus for public attention on how space technology can be used to benefit the nation’s economy, protect the nation’s natural resources, and shape the nations technology.
Also, we are to seriously consider that children like Space, which is real for them, so real that they dream of traveling in space, to watch Earth from out there, to go to the Moon, or including to Mars. If the Mexican children find a real, definitive purpose for their education, they will get motivated to learn science, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and etc.
A Mexican Astronaut Corps can be a symbol of the government’s determination to develop new opportunities for its citizens.

Aerospace Planes and Private Companies for giving us Access to Space

Although Burt Rutan’s rivals admired his design, many argued it did not make sense. They said that Rutan’s "rocket" rides piggyback on an airplane. They also said it was too small to launch cargo (or tourists) into space and so will never be commercially viable¹⁴. It was not so clearly understood why Rutan’s design was not considered possible. It is the Ansari X-Prize winner SpaceShipOne (SS1)¹⁵.

No despising rocket efforts, they are also very valuable, under a well competent understanding in aeronautics, Rutan’s design was actually possible. After 1933, when supersonic aeronautics pioneer Professor Adolf Busemann published in Germany a scientific essay titled "Profile Characteristics at Supersonic Speed". And when Busemann himself presented his historic 1935 paper "Aerodynamic Lift at Supersonic Speed", where he predicted that his "arrow wing" would have less drag than straight wings exposed to the shock waves. It was then space flight pioneer Professor Eugen Saenger realized the potential of swept wing aircraft and studied Busemann's papers and he tied this research with his own rocket writing, a 1939 paper titled "Rocket Aircraft in Active Air Defense"¹⁶. This is the paper in which Saenger and Irene Brendt refined rocket designs and proposed advanced winged suborbital bomber.
The SpaceShipOne was thus even made in low-cost access to space!¹⁷ (It is not a, so to speak, "cost effective" approach in the sense of risking human lives).
If built, the ExoClipper (XC)¹⁸ aerospace plane will be capable of delivering packages and passengers to a distance about 21,000 km (13,000 miles), reaching any point on Earth in two hours or less, which performance may still be optimized¹⁹. To reach Low Earth Orbit (LEO) much more safety than today commonly is, we are to seriously develop proposals for carrying out Eugene Saenger’s design planned to be a piggy-back rocketplane. A vehicle upon the back of an approximately B-747-sized aircraft, which is powered by a scramjet flying between Mach 6 and Mach 8. And, since scramjets engines would utilize the heavier portion of its fuel (oxygen) from the air through which it traveled, the ratio of fuel consumption compared to its net payload of both scramjets and rocketplanes could be on the order of 10 times as efficient as rocket ascent alone. This Saenger-system, as likely represented by the SpaceShipOne and the ExoClipper, is more secure and cheaper than launching payloads and passengers into LEO in rockets. It is well known that none technical system ever made in human history is 100% secure, yet this system has proven to be safe by its own. Future SpaceShipTwo and SpaceShipThree aerospace planes will be built safer than the already existing one (John Kross, "X-Prize Ends in Desert Drama", Ad Astra, p. 17).
The U.S. Space Shuttle system was originally designed to be a piggyback system, a Saenger-type system. Cuts to NASA budget, a little lesser than $12 billion, needed to build the entire fleet of 6 shuttles, forced NASA & the U.S. Air Force’s engineers to change into a wrong methodology, and to design the model we know, and to keep only a fleet of 4 shuttles too. Up to this point, the reader must take into account that the commonly used term "public expenditure", in practice, is not precisely an "expenditure", so to speak, that is investing. Today, it seems like the U.S. military will use a future aerospace plane to launch troops into suborbital space from a carrier craft—all SpaceShipOne-fashion²⁰. As a matter of fact, the U. S. Air Force (USAF) would even reach the Moon (no military operations) before NASA does, USAF itself owns a bigger budget than NASA.
As for civilians to reach access to space, far more than accurately, Rick Tumlinson, during his presidency of the Space Frontier Foundation (SFF), has stated that: "If the federal governments of the Earth can recognize the potential of space tourism and private space travel, if they can build that recognition into their existing space programs, if they can create a partnership between the public and private humans-in-space sectors, and if they can avoid over-regulating this incipient field before it has a change to grow, within a few years, humanity will have established its first permanent foothold beyond the Earth."²¹
Private effort has been marvelous performed by the SpaceShipOne (SS1) flight. On June 21, 2004, test pilot Mike Melvill became the first civilian to fly a privately owned and operational vehicle into space. SS1 designer Burt Rutan said: "Today’s flight a critical turning point in the history of aerospace. We have redefined space travel as we know it… Our success proves without question that manned space flight does not require mammoth government expenditures" (John Kross, "X-Prize Ends in Desert Drama", Ad Astra, pp.14-17).
Our Mexican Astronaut Corps would logically be using SpaceShipTwo & SpaceShipThree aerospace planes²², which as SpaceShipOne, they would be taking off and landing on regular runways in any existent airport on Mexican soil. So, Rocketplane/Kistler team’s XP vehicle & K-1²³ to gain access to space, through the services of Virgin Galactic²⁴, Blue Origin Company²⁵ and the National Aerospace Center (NASTAR)²⁶ and others²⁷. Space X is also developing an orbital rocket with a manned capsule they are calling the Dragon and this is within a 5 year window of accomplishment and perhaps sooner. The Mexican Astronaut Corps training could be done, for instance, at the world’s first private astronaut training center: Canadian Arrow²⁸, as well as at Black Sky Training²⁹, and NASTARCenter.

Our Next Step
Thanks to the grandiose initiative of Dr. Vladimir V. Alexandrov (vladimiralexandrov366@hotmail.com) from the Moscow State University and a researcher to the Brock Autonomous University of Puebla (BUAP), for two Mexican citizens to be trained in The Yuri Gagarin Russian State Science Research Cosmonauts Training Centre³⁰, in the Star City, the sister city of Nassau Bay, Texas. In this way, born with excellent the Mexican Astronaut Corps (MAC) could be started. Conclusively, our astronauts could have access to outer space in the current Soyuz space capsule, or perhaps in the futuristic vehicle Kliper ("clipper ship").
That is the next phase of activity in outer space. Much like computer technology, we can predict that the construction of habitats on the Moon, Mars, and in orbits will undoubtedly generate an entire new industry. It might occur soon and Mexico should be prepared for this.
Companies such as NASTAR (NastarCenter) are already currently doing business with regard to astronaut training. Recently, the voters in New Mexico approved the creation of the Spaceport there north of Las Cruces. Blue Origins is also moving forward with their launch program just north of Van Horn, Texas, which is about 100 miles east of the El Paso-Ciudad Juarez metro area.
For anyone requesting for information about NASTAR Center, Mr. Glenn B. King³¹ would be an excellent person to interview, to contact and he could provide anyone with such information about the training and services that can be provided. His contact information follows:
a. GKgloc@aol.com

b. www.NASTARCenter.com

c. ph: 215 355-9100, x 1287

d. cell: 215 439-6797

e. fax: 215 357-4000

f. snail mail: National Aerospace Training and Research (NASTAR) center

125 James Way

Southampton, PA 18966

U.S.A.
Yet, Mexico, for a little more distant future, might prepare its scientist-astronauts to realize experiments in diverse branches of science, such as life sciences, physics, chemistry, and so on. Not only Mexican universities could be partaking, but commercial laboratories as well. If Mexico cannot build its own space station by its own, it may not be necessarily done so in this nation. An already existing inflatable space habitat may be bought from Bigelow Aerospace company. Its first achievement is Genesis I, the first privately financed space station³². Bigelow is also committed to flying a private space station of hosting 3 persons within few years³³, and then a commercial space station by 2015³⁴. The industry Astrium³⁵ has recently given to publicly known its space vehicle, a business jet sized vehicle designed to carry 4 persons, 100 km up into space giving more than 3 minutes of "Zero G" or weightlessness.
Moreover, perhaps for owning such a little space station, Mexico would form a consortium with other nations like Brazil, Argentina, and etc., for sharing and working in space.
One thing is for sure, in a more active way sooner as possible, Mexico must get integrated into the community of spacefare nations, and becoming part of the nations receiving benefit from space exploration. The recent document "The Global Exploration Strategy: The Frame Work for coordination" precisely expresses that "The Global Exploration Strategy will bring significant, social, intellectual, and economic benefits to people on Earth"³⁶.

Tentative Current Timeline for the Mexican Astronaut Corps’

Creation, Development and Activities

2011

Creation

The Mexican Space Society would recommend the creation and development of a Mexican Astronaut Corps, which should be well aligned with the recommendations of the reports by the Council itself and its initiation could begin in 2010 as part of a New Mexican Space Initiative.
Specific mission proposals for the Mexican Astronaut Corps should be under development as the Third Recommendation of the Mexican Space Society (Jesus Raygoza B., "Rationale for a Mexican Space Development Program", p. 13), which is planning for the next generation of Geosynchronous Platforms for growth in the telecommunications and data exchange needs of both North and South America with advanced geosynchronous platforms.
Departmental and Congressional budget approvals for such missions will further define the training requirements, contracts, timetable and financial requirement of the sponsoring government departments and commercial sponsors. The definitions of these missions will create a more forward looking timetable, administrative, legislative and financial plan closely coordinated through the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (SHCP), the Secretariat of Economy (SE), and Secretariat of Social Development (SEDESOL). Many specific ideas and proposals can be expected in the earliest considerations of a Mexican Space Society but they must be refined through the normal legislative and federal administrative departments so mature judgments can be made about priorities, resources, and timetables, and partnerships.
AEXA would be in its very beginning of activities. This should coincide with the beginning of commercial suborbital services. The announcement of both government department and commercial sponsors of Mexican astronaut positions would begin the astronaut recruitment process by an Office of Astronaut Services specifically charged with developing this program.
Development of Training, Resources, Programs, and Mission Proposals

Aspects of astronaut training might be conducted via contract with the Mexican Air Force (FAM), with commercial airline programs, and with providers of space transportation services in foreign countries such as the U.S. or Russia. The Office of Astronaut Services will need some time to develop both physical and contracted support of a Mexican Astronaut Corps. It will need to define selection criteria and organize a process for consideration of astronaut candidates. This process should be completed by the end of 2011.

2011

Astronaut Selection and Mission Announcement

The process of screening and selecting Mexican Astronauts should be completed within 2009 with their public announcement as an event of national significance no later than the end of 2009. A list of beginning missions should also be identified so that the announcement of astronauts and their missions will demonstrate a broad connection to the future interests of the country.

2011

Activities

Astronaut training would be conducted in 2010 with suborbital flights beginning in the later part of that year. A more extensive timetable of specific missions will flow from the administrative work and report of the Mexican Space Council and AEXA This timetable will instruct the training schedule, contracts, and project flight schedule.
Beginning with the accomplishment of suborbital flights in 2012 the Mexican Astronaut Corps will be ready to initiate missions into Low Earth Orbit by 2013 as those opportunities are developed through agreements concerning the operations of the International Space Station (ISS), commercial Space Tourism orbital facilities, and/or the development of a Chinese manned lab/space station in 2015.
2011-2012

Successful Existence

By the end of the President Felipe Calderon H. Administration in 2012 the Mexican government should have created a vigorous national space agency (AEXA) with an active Mexican Corps of Astronauts and a program of space missions and activities that embrace the full spectrum of the Mexican government departments and the private commercial sector.

Conclusion

To give training and flight experience to a group of Mexican astronauts at relatively low expense is a near term opportunity for the Mexican government. Such as NASTAR, Space X, or Bigelow, which is developing orbital modules that are scheduled to be ready for orbit by 2012. It is therefore realistic to conclude that within the administration of President Calderon this such project as explained here at this paper, can become established, developed, and being operational.

Part of the future group of the Mexican Astronaut Corps (CAM) will be able to train in the facilities of the Simulator (Lunar Analogue Habitat) MLH in the State of Jalisco based on the specifications of the international space experts, as some are briefly described briefly here³⁷. The fundamental training activities will be delineated more specially the same way as we are going to work the plan for the CAM. We will have a center of theoretical instruction for astronauts in Mexico, in the AQS Centro de Entrenamiento Aeronáutico, S. C.³⁸ in Toluca, State of Mexico, which is had planned to be collaborating very closely with the Mexican Space Society (SEM), as well as with the National AeroSpace Training and Research (NASTAR)³⁹ center, with the Yuri A. Gagarin Russian State Science Research Cosmonaut Training Centre⁴⁰, and others.
The Astronaut Corps will have to be conducted and assisted by aerospace medical doctors from the Center for Aviation Medicine⁴¹ and the Mexican Air Force (FAM)⁴², as well as advised by aerospace medical doctors from the Ibero-American Association of Aerospace Medicine (AIMA)⁴³. The Center for Aviation Medicine, under more specializing training to keep astronauts in form to go to the outer space, not only will have one of the highest qualifications in the world for this regard, but it already possesses a Chamber of Altitude or Hipobaric Chamber that it is possible to use for medical checking of the astronauts. Our nation already account with experts in aerospace medicine in FAM.
One of the Mexican Astronauts's major functions will be take a positions as ambassadors of science and technology for the Secretariat that sponsors them, and it will be of explaining and presenting the missions and its intentions and the educational technology to the public in general. There will be an important way to create conscience of these Nation's progressive initiatives and on how these investments faced towards the future, they will bring benefits to the people and their economic progress. Perhaps the biggest meaning of a Mexican Astronaut Corps is the impact inside the country itself on the system of national education and in giving an attention approach for the public attention in on as the space technology can be used for benefit of the national economy, to protect the natural resources of the nation, and to give form to the technology of the nations.
If a Mexican Astronaut Corps is approved by President Felipe Calderon H., the Mexican Representatives and the Senate, and the President, this fall the government could follow the recommendations in the report "Rationale for a Mexican Space Development Program" and at reasonable cost have a Mexican Astronaut Corps doing sub-orbital flights by 2011 or at the latest 2012. It not might be feasible through commercial means to get to LEO within the term of Calderon if orbital providers are delayed in getting to market by 2013. But if not clearly the President following President Calderon would see the Mexican Astronaut Corps in orbit.

References___________________________________________________________________
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Presidential Administration of President Felipe Calderon H. and the Mexican

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¹⁰ Rocketplane/Kistler, www.rocketplanekistler.com/

¹¹ Bigelow, www.bigelowaerospace.com

¹² www.ameinfo.com/78230.html

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www.msnbc.com/id/12422669/

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³⁰ The Yuri Gagarin Russian State Science Research Cosmonauts Training Centre

www.gctc.ru/eng/index.html

³¹ Glenn B. King, NASTARCenter, www.nastar.center.com

³² Bigelow Aerospace, www.bigelowaerospace.com/

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³⁸ AQS Centro de Entrenamiento en Aeronáutica, S. C., www.e-aqs.com

³⁹ NASTAR, www.nastar.center.com

⁴⁰ The Yuri Gagarin Russian State Science Research Cosmonauts Training Centre,

www.gctc.ru/eng/index.html

⁴¹ Centro Nacional de Medicina de Aviación, www.dgpmpt.sct.gob.mx/index.php?id=448

⁴² Fuerza Aérea Mexicana (FAM), www.es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_Aérea_Mexicana

⁴³ Asociación Iberoamericana de Medicina Aeroespacial (AIMA),

www.ites.google.com/site/aima1976org/home/

August 20, 2010. Updated Version.

Jesus Raygoza B., is a technologist, particularly involved in electromagnetics and related sciences. He holds an Associate Degree in Physics. In January 1968 (at age 17), he outlined a theory for tentatively diminishing the "sonic boom", heating transfer, drag, and other problems associated with supersonic and hypersonic flight. In December 1973, by the first time, he submitted this concept to the U.S. Air Force. He was an active private pilot during the period 1975-1977. In 1983, his "Cone Surfer" concept, a derivation from his 1968 theory, was a device to be adapted to a hypersonic aircraft for diminishing the sonic boom, reducing drag and heat transfer. In July 20, 1990 he was the Founder of the Mexican Space Society (SEM). He was also engaged in pursuing for a permanent establishment of a, today already existent, national space agency in Mexico. Currently promoting for the establishment of two Mexico space launch ranges (in the States of Jalisco and Quintana Roo). Vice-President, United Societies in Space, Inc. (USIS) and a Regent; Board of Directors, Lunar Economic Development Authority, Inc. (LEDA); member, National Space Society (NSS), and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He is the creator and the general international director of The Lunar Mexico Habitat Analogue Project (a simulation habitat), and The Mex-LunarHab Project (a real habitat). Member, Search And Rescue (SAR) MEXICO. He is also an amateur archaeologist, having grown up with history on worldwide ancient science and technology since the 1970s.

Directory: sem
sem -> Alternatives to Revolution and Insurrection
sem -> Semester practice test Multiple Choice
sem -> Quaternary sea-level, climate changes, Holocene barrier island and Mississippi Delta development, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain. Tectonics-related contrasts with western Gulf Coast? –An expanded abstract
sem -> By Hank Perritt Time and place
sem -> International Summer Program The 21 st
sem -> University of Mumbai Class: S. E. Branch: Computer Engineering Semester: IV subject: Computer Graphics (Abbreviated as cg) Periods per Week
sem -> Semester IV (Applicable to the students admitted from the Academic year 2008–2009 onwards) Code No. Course Titleltp c theory
sem -> Gladimirv. G. Baranoski

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