Advanced Music Theory Name: ________________________
Montville Township High School Date: _____________
Mrs. Markowski Period: ___________
Final Study Guide
2016-2017
Below are topics and musical ideas to study for your midterm.
Key Signatures and Major/Minor Scales
Major/Minor scales
Major Scales Formula = WWhWWWh
Natural Minor Scales Formula = WhWWhWW
Harmonic Minor Scales Formula = WhWWh(+3)h
Melodic Minor Scales Formula = WhWWWWh
Raise the 6th and 7th scale degree when ascending, lower when descending
Relative Major/minor Scales
You have the major and need to find the minor = count down 3 half steps
You have the minor and need to find the major = count up 3 half steps
Identifying Key Signatures
Order of Sharps: F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#, B#
Order of Flats: Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb, Fb
To name a key signature that uses sharps, go up 1 half step from the last sharp
To name a key signature that uses flats, flat before last and name it
Circle of 5ths (see diagram below) – Major on the outside, minor on the inside
Meter (time signatures)
Top number = # of beats per measure
Bottom number = what type of note gets the beat
Interval Classification (numeric value and quality)
Major (M), minor (m), Perfect (P), diminished (o), augmented (+)
Triads and 7th Chords
Triads
Major Triad = M3 + m3
Minor Triad = m3 + M3
Diminished Triad = m3 + m3
Augmented Triad = M3 + M3
7th Chords
MajorMajor 7th Chord = M3 + m3 + M3
Majorminor 7th Chord = M3 + m3 + m3
minorMajor 7th Chord = m3 + M3 + M3
minorminor 7th Chord = m3 + M3 + m3
Half Diminished 7th Chord = m3 + m3 + M3
Fully Diminished 7th Chord = m3 + m3 + m3
Diatonic Chords in Major/minor keys
Major Keys: I ii iii IV V vi viio I
Minor Keys: i iio III iv V VI viio i
V is always major unless otherwise stated (raise the 3rd of the triad/chord)
vii is always diminished unless otherwise stated (build the chord on the raise 7th scale degree for minor keys)
Be able to analyze and construct chords in their harmonic progressions – SATB form
Soprano – top voice in the treble clef
Alto – bottom voice in the treble clef
Tenor – top voice in the bass clef
Bass – bottom voice in the bass clef
Harmonic Progressions and Voice Leading
If roots are… (applies to chords in root position only)
4th or 5th apart
Option 1: One common tone, 2 voices by step
Option 2: All voices by either a 2nd or 3rd
Option 3: One common tone, 1 voice by step, 1 by 4th
3rd or 6th apart
2 common tones, one voice moves by step
2nd or 7th apart
All voice parts move to the closest chord tone, in opposition to the bass. If the bass descends by step, all other voices ascend. If the bass part ascends by step, all other voices descend.
Cadences
Authentic Cadence V – I
Perfect Authentic Cadence V – I (both chords in root position and 1 is in the soprano)
Imperfect Authentic Cadence V-I (one, or both chords not in root position, 1 not in the soprano, V is replaced with vii)
Plagal Cadence IV – I
Deceptive Cadence V – vi
Half Cadence - ends on V
Phrygian Half Cadence – ends on V (in a minor key)
Non-Chord Tones
A Non-Chord tone (NCT) is a tone, either diatonic or chromatic, that is not a member of the chord.
Passing Tone (P) – approached by step, left by step in the same direction
Neighboring Tone (N) – approached by step, left by step in the opposite direction
Suspension (S) – approached by same tone, left by a step down
Retardation (R) – approached by same tone, left by a step up
Appoggiatura (App) – approached by leap, left by step
Escape Tone (E) – approached by step, left by leap in opposite direction
Neighbor Group (n.gr) – involves a combination of two NCTs (escape tone first, then appoggiatura)
Anticipation (ant) – approached by step or leap, left by same tone (or leap)
Pedal Point (ped) – begins as chord tone, then becomes NCT as the harmonies around it change, then becomes chord tone again.
V7 Chords – in root position
Dominant 7th Chord – almost always Majorminor 7th Chords (M3 + m3 + m3)
The 7th of the chord must resolve down.
The 7th scale degree (of the key), must resolve up.
The approach to the 7th. If the chord preceding the 7th is…
the same pitch class as the 7th, we use the term suspension figure
a step above the 7th, we use the term passing tone figure
a step below the 7th, we use the term neighbor tone figure
none of the above, we use the term appoggiatura – least common approach to the 7th
The II7 and VII7 Chords
Rules:
The 7th of the chord almost always resolves down by step.
The 7th of the chord may be approached in various ways – especially common is the suspension figure, although the passing tone figure also works well. Neighbor and appoggiatura figures are less common.
Incomplete chords must contain at least the root and the 7th.
Doubled tones should not be the chord 7th or the leading tone.
II7
ii7 – I6/4 – V
ii6/5 – V
ii7 – vii6
ii6/5 – V4/2
ii4/3 – V7
ii4/2 – V6/5
VII7 in Major
vii7 – I
vii7 – V6/5 – I
vii6/5 – I6
vii4/3 – I6
VII7 in minor
vii6/5 – i6
vii4/3 – i6
vii4/3 – i
vii4/2 – V7
vii4/2 – i6/4 – V7
Other Diatonic Seventh Chords (work in both major and minor keys)
IV7
ii, V, I6/4
VI7
ii7, IV, ii, V
I7
IV7, ii4/2, IV, ii4/3, vi
III7
Used in sequence: V i iv7 VII7 III7 VI7 iio7 V7 i
Secondary Dominant Chords
Three steps involved in spelling a secondary dominant
Find the root of the chord that is to be tonicized
Go up a P5
Using that note as the root, spell a major triad (for V of ?) or a major-minor seventh chord (for V7 of ?)
Recognizing Secondary Dominants – if you encounter an altered chord in a passage, there is a good chance that it will be a secondary dominant. These steps will work in most cases:
Is the altered chord a major triad or major-minor seventh chord? If not, it is not a secondary dominant.
Find the note a P5 below the root of the altered chord.
Would a major or minor triad built on that note be a diatonic triad in this key? If so, the altered chord is a secondary dominant.
The Secondary Dominant Chord will usually resolve to the key it is tonicizing. Ex. V7/V resolves to V etc.
Secondary Leading Tone Chords
Three steps involved in spelling a secondary leading tone chord:
Find the root of the chord that is to be tonicized.
Go down a m2
Using that note as the root, spell a diminished triad (for viio of), a diminished seventh chord (for vii o7 of), or a half diminished seventh chord (for viio7 of).
Recognizing Secondary Leading-Tone Chords – if you find an altered chord in a passage and it is not a V/, there is a good chance it will be a secondary leading tone chord. These steps will work in most cases:
Is the chord a diminished triad, a diminished seventh, or a half-diminished seventh chord? If not, it is not a secondary leading-tone chord.
Find the note a m2 above the root of the altered chord.
Would a major or minor triad built on that note be a diatonic triad in this key? If so, the altered chord is probably a secondary leading-tone chord.
The Secondary Leading-Tone Chord will usually resolve to the key it is tonicizing. Ex. vii7/V resolves to V etc.
Modulations Using Diatonic Common Chords
Key relationships
Enharmonically Equivalent = C# = Db, same note – different name
Parallel Keys = C Major and c minor (same starting note/tonic)
Relative Keys = C Major and a minor (same key signature)
Closely Related Keys = No more than one sharp or flat difference in their key signature
Foreign Keys = no relation whatsoever!
Common Chord Modulation
The common chord (common in both keys) serves as the hinge/or pivot linking the two tonalities.
Analyzing Common Chord Modulations
Listen to the passage carefully.
Find the point of modulation, that is the first chord that seems to be functioning more naturally in the second key than in the first one.
Back up one chord from the one you identified in step 2. If there is a diatonic common chord, it should be in this position.
Larger Forms
Binary Forms
A (a, a’) B (b, b’)
Ternary Forms
A B A or A’
Rounded Binary Forms
A (a, a’) B (b) 1/2A(a’)
Sonata Form
Exposition – Primary Theme, Transition, Secondary Theme, Closing Section
Development
Recapitulation – Primary Theme, Transition, Secondary Theme, Closing Section
Mode Mixture and the Neapolitan
Borrowed chords in minor
Picardy third – minor piece ends on Major I.
Borrowed chords in major
The use of flat scale degree 6.
Neapolitan Chord
bII – eventually moving to V
How to build! Lower the 2nd scale degree and build a major chord from there.
Augmented Sixth Chords
Characteristic Elements:
Chord being approached is the V chord
The minor-mode 6 (chromatically lowered if in a major key) appears in the bass.
The #4 is in an upper part.
Italian Augmented Sixth Chord (It+6)
Flat scale degree 6
Augmented 6th above that
M3 from the bass note
How to build: Flat scale degree six + M3 + aug4
French Augmented Sixth Chord (Fr+6)
Flat scale degree 6
Augmented 6th above that
M3 from the bass note
M2 from that note
How to build: Flat scale degree six + M3 + M2 + M3
German Augmented Sixth Chord (Ger+6)
Flat scale degree 6
Augmented 6th above that
M3 from the bass note
m3 from that note
How to build: Flat scale degree six + M3 + m3 + aug2
FOR YOUR FINAL:
You may have your piano and 2 (4x6) index cards full of information, front and back – you’re welcome! The information you put on them is your choice. Take the material on this paper to use as information for your index cards. I will check cards on Friday, 6/9 for completeness and information. If you do not turn in cards this day, you will not be permitted to use any materials the day of the exam.
You have completed all material in chapters 1-22 in the textbook. Although there is a brief over view here – make sure that you double the textbook and workbook for specific examples.
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