Absolutism in Europe

1. 
   Define absolute monarch-
   
2. 
   Define divine right –
   
3. 
   What was the goal of absolute monarchs?
   
4. 
   To whom did absolute monarchs have to answer?
   
5. 
   Why did the middle class support monarchs?
   
6. 
   How did monarchs pay for their ambitions and goals?
   
7. 
   What broke down during the Reformation that opened the way for monarchs to assume greater control?
   

8. 
   Before the Protestant Reformation, who was the most powerful person in all of Europe – even more powerful than kings?
   

1. 
   Countries: England, France, Spain, Prussia and Russia
   
2. 
   Cities: London, Paris, Madrid, and Moscow
   

• 
  War fought between _________________________________________________influenced by John Calvin called Huguenots that lasted from 1562 to 1598
  
  • 
    Only 7% of the French population were Huguenots, but this included 50% of the nobility who threatened the French monarchy
    
  • 
    The house of Valois, the current family ruling France, was strongly Catholic – one king, one law, one religion
    
• 
  _________Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
  
  • 
    The French Queen Catherine de Medici convinces her son to order the killing of _____________ who are in Paris for the royal wedding of Catherine’s daughter to Henry of Navarre
    
    • 
      Henry is part of the Bourbon family and a leading Protestant who is in line for the throne if the king dies without an heir
      
  • 
    3,000 die in Paris and up to 10,000 – 70,000 total
    
    • 
      Catherine spares her new son-in-law
      
• 
  The last Valois king dies and Henry of Navarre is made king
  
  • 
    He converts to Catholicism to gain acceptance
    
    • 
      “Paris is worth a mass”
      
• 
  1598 Henry ends the war by issuing the ___________________________
  

• 
  Henry of Navarre is now __________________________
  
  • 
    He _________________________________________________ and even built up a surplus
    
  • 
    In 1610 Henry was stabbed to death by a fanatic Catholic and the throne passed to his young son Louis
    

• 
  Since Louis was a _____________________, his mother served as regent for several years
  
• 
  Once he was old enough to rule, __________________________________became his chief minister and advisor
  
• 
  Richelieu was determined to strengthen the French monarchy - _______________________________________________
  
  • 
    Wanted to _________________________________________________________________
    
    • 
      Took away some of the privileges granted to them in the Edict of Nantes
      
  • 
    Saw __________________________________________, so Richelieu started to suppress them and used spies to uncover plots and revolts
    

• 
  Richelieu was also in charge of foreign policy
  
  • 
    Main enemy of France was the Hapsburg family and he __________________________________ against the Hapsburgs in the Thirty Years’ War
    

• 
  Cardinal Richelieu dies in 1642 and Louis is assassinated the next year, leaving as the new king the five year old Louis XIV
  

• 
  Becomes the ____________________________________, led France during a time of great power, glory, and prosperity
  
• 
  As a young boy, Louis had to flee Paris due to noble rebellions called the Fronde
  
  • 
    Louis never again trusted the nobility
    
• 
  At age 18 Louis declared he would run the gov’t himself
  
  • 
    “L’etat, c’est moi” = ________________________________________
    
  • 
    Chose ___________________________ as his symbol, implying that ______________________________________________ and he was known as _____________________________
    
• 
  Louis made all the military, political, and economic decisions
  
• 
  Louis built the enormous _____________________________ twelve miles outside of Paris and moved the gov’t there
  
  • 
    Required his nobles to either ____________________________________________
    
  • 
    Nobles became more concerned with _________________________________ rather than _______________________ ___________________
    
  • 
    Life at Versailles was expensive, ____________________________________________________________________________
    
• 
  Louis ________________________________________ the Edict of Nante and outlawed ____________________________________
  
• 
  Idea of a _______________________________ – Louis wanted to expand French territory and control western Europe
  
  • 
    Modernized and enlarged the army – had the largest in Europe
    

• 
  First to claim the title ______________________________ and got rid of _______________________
  
• 
  Reforms during the “good period”:
  
  • 
    Created a general council and a new legal code
    
  • 
    Promoted military officers based on merit and reduced the power of the boyars (Russian nobles)
    
• 
  Then his wife Anastasia died and Ivan becomes unstable and violent
  
  • 
    Sends away his closest advisors, takes away land from 1200 boyars, and destroys whole towns because he thought they were plotting against him
    
• 
  First to claim the title czar (caesar) and got rid of foreign rule
  
• 
  Reforms during the “good period”:
  
  • 
    Created a general council and a new legal code
    
  • 
    Promoted military officers based on merit and reduced the power of the boyars (Russian nobles)
    
• 
  Then his wife Anastasia died and Ivan becomes unstable and violent
  
  • 
    Sends away his closest advisors, takes away land from 1200 boyars, and destroys whole towns because he thought they were plotting against him
    

• 
  Main goal was to _______________________________________________________________________
  
  • 
    Wanted to make Russia more like Western Europe
    
  • 
    Process of _________________________________
    
• 
  Reforms
  
  • 
    Built Russia’s ________________________ and modernized the army
    
  • 
    Brought the ______________________________________ and started the first Russian newspaper
    
• 
  Built ___________________________________ as his new capital, was modeled after western cities
  

• 
  Prussia was one of ________________________________________, but it was fragmented
  
• 
  Frederick the Great built a strong army for protection and made Prussia one of the most powerful German states, with Berlin as its capital
  

• 
  Began as a _________________________________ since the Peace of Augsburg did not recognize _____________________
  
  • 
    Also, since the 1450s all of the Holy Roman Emperors came from the Hapsburg family and the newly crowned Ferdinand decided to exert his authority
    
  • 
    Would be both a religious conflict and a conflict between emperor and his nobles
    
  • 
    Lasted from ____________________________________
    
• 
  Starts when -
  
  • 
    In response they throw his two Catholic advisors out a window
    

• 
  They survive because they land in a dung/garbage heap – known as the Defenstration of Prague
  

• 
  The two sides
  
  • 
    Catholic =
    
  • 
    Protestant =
    

• 
  Who doesn’t enter the war?
  
• 
  The _____________________________ ended the war in _______, with ________________ emerging as the dominant nation in Europe
  
  • 
    Reinstated the Peace of Augsburg, now includes Calvinism
    
  • 
    The German princes become sovereign and independent – _______________________________ lost its power
    
• 
  The Thirty Years’ War was the most destructive war yet due to the musket and increased use of guns
  
  • 
    The battles took place on German soil, causing much destruction
    
    • 
      Millions of Germans died, either in battle or starved to death
      

• 
  Became King Charles I of Spain as a teenager
  
  • 
    Territory included ______________, the Low Countries (________________________________________), along with ______________________________________
    
• 
  Three years later he ____________________________________________________ as the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
  
  • 
    Borrowed the money from a __________________________________________________
    
  • 
    He now controlled parts of _________________________________________________________
    
• 
  He supported many Spanish explorers, along with Cortez, and brought much wealth to Spain
  
• 
  He fought against the _________________________________________ and rebellious _________________________________, along with dealing with ___________________________________
  
  • 
    Decided to give up his throne and retire to a monastery
    
    • 
      Gave his brother the ___________________________________________________________
      
    • 
      Gave his son Philip, _______________________________________________________________
      

• 
  Became king of Spain after his father abdicated and Spain ________________________________________________________ during his reign
  
• 
  Philip was a devout____________________ and his goal was to make _________________________________________ Catholic
  
  • 
    He saw Spain as __________________________________to save Catholic Christianity from Protestant heretics
    
  • 
    He fought many battles and wars for this goal
    
    • 
      His greatest naval victory was when he defeated the Muslim Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571
      

• 
  Dutch Revolt
  
  • 
    Starts in the ____________, the Dutch want __________________ to practice ________________and they are tired of paying __________________
    
  • 
    Dutch Calvinists begin to destroy churches and refuse to declare allegiance to Philip
    
  • 
    Philip sends an army to the Netherlands to put down the revolt and set up a court to _________________ the leaders
    
    • 
      The court was known as the _____________________________ that tortured and executed thousands
      
  • 
    Resistance gathered in the north around a Dutch prince and the revolt went on for years until a ____________________________________________________
    
    • 
      the seven northern provinces formed the independent state of the Netherlands while the southern provinces remained with Spain and Catholic
      
• 
  Philip had many problems with ___________________, especially with its queen, ____________________
  
  • 
    He viewed her as a _____________________________ since she was a ______________________,
    
  • 
    she refused to marry him after her sister died, she had aided the Dutch rebels, and she was allowing English ship captains to raid Spanish ships
    
  • 
    These English “sea dogs” took much wealth away from Spain
    
  • 
    Philip decided to _____________________________ and return the country to __________________________
    
• 
  In 1588 the Spanish Armada sailed towards England
  
  • 
    It totaled 130 ships and 20,000 soldiers and also carried the Inquisition
    
  • 
    Elizabeth rallied her troops to fight the Spanish
    
  • 
    Due to English using fire ships and a storm that sank many ships, the Spanish Armada was destroyed and Philip failed in his goal to invade England
    
• 
  Philip spent a lot of money on warfare that ___________________________________________________________________
  

• 
  Elizabeth, the daughter of ________________________________________________, became Queen of England in 1558
  
  • 
    During her reign, England became the leader of ______________________________________ and she laid the foundations for a world empire
    
• 
  Elizabeth worked to resolve religious conflicts
  
• 
  In foreign affairs, Elizabeth played a balancing act with ______________________________, supporting one and then the other to make sure neither _________________________________
  
  • 
    She used her marriageable status as a way to make alliances, although Elizabeth never married – she refused to share or limit her power
    

• 
  Since she never married, her heir was her cousin, ________________________________________________________________
  
  • 
    Mary had fled Scotland and had been living as a sort of prisoner in England for years
    
  • 
    Unfortunately, it was discovered that Mary was plotting with _________________________________________ and she was beheaded for treason
    
• 
  When Elizabeth died in ____________, Mary’s son________________ became the new king of England
  

• 
  Mary’s son, James was now _____________________ and also ___________________________________
  
  • 
    Believed greatly in the divine right of kings, didn’t get along with__________________________________
    
  • 
    Had problems with ________________________________________________________, who demanded that the Church of England be reformed
    
    • 
      They felt it was still _____________________________ with elaborate ceremonies and the hierarchy
      
    • 
      James refused most of the reforms, but he did agree to the publication of an English version of the Bible, called the _____________________________________________
      
• 
  Charles I became king on the death of his father James I
  
  • 
    He too believed in ___________________________________ and had problems with ________________________
    
  • 
    Many people felt that Charles was trying to ___________________________ (he married a Catholic princess)
    
    • 
      _________________________________ went to ____________ rather than live under his religious policies
      
  • 
    Charles called Parliament to request money, but Parliament refused unless the king signed a petition that would place limits on his power
    
  • 
    Charles __________________ Parliament and decides _________________________________and ____________________ and force bankers to give him loans – _____________________________________
    
  • 
    Long Parliament – Charles is forced to recall Parliament years later when he is badly in debt
    

• 
  Conflict between Parliament and the king to determine the power of each in governing England
  
• 
  Some members of Parliament rise up against Charles and disobey his wishes and rights
  
  • 
    Charles then calls for troops to fight for him
    
• 
  Civil War breaks out in 1642 between supporters of the king (called ________________________) and supporters of Parliament (called ______________________)
  
  • 
    ____________________ wins, mainly due to the New Model Army and its leader, ____________________________
    
  • 
    His army was made up of _____________________________ who believed they were doing battle for_______
    

• 
  In 1646 the king surrenders and Cromwell purges Parliament of everyone who had not supported him and what is left is known as the Rump Parliament
  

• 
  Cromwell then puts the Charles on trial for treason and in 1649 Charles I is publicly beheaded
  
  • 
    This horrified much of Europe.
    
  • 
    Why?
    

• 
  Cromwell soon dismisses Parliament and sets up a ______________________________, ruling ruthlessly until his death in 1658
  

• 
  Many people were unhappy under Cromwell’s rule and after his death, Parliament voted to restore the monarchy in 1660
  
  • 
    They invited ______________________, son of the slain monarch (CharlesI), to take the throne
    

• 
  Parliament got keep much of the power it had gained
  
• 
  The ______________________________________ is restored as the state religion
  
• 
  The _______________________________________ of 1679 = guaranteed that someone accused of a crime had the _____________________________________________
  

• 
  __________________, brother of Charles II, is next to sit on the throne in 1685
  
  • 
    Problem arises in that James has become a _________________________ who names many Catholics to ________________________________
    
  • 
    People aren’t too worried because James has two adult daughters who are Protestant who are next in line for the throne
    
  • 
    Then James marries a Catholic princess who gives birth to a son – prospect of a Catholic dynasty
    
• 
  A group of nobles invites James’ daughter Mary and her husband, the Dutch leader William of Orange, to invade England in 1689
  
• 
  It is a “__________________________________________”, with _____________________________ and James II flees to ___________
  
  • 
    Both William and Mary accept the throne, along with a _____________________, which gave Parliament the right to ___________________________
    
    • 
      The Bill of Rights was central to England’s growth as a _____________________________
      
  • 
    __________________________ of 1689 gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship, although few people are persecuted for religion
    
  • 
    ____________________________ – only Protestants could be monarchs and disinherited the Catholic branch of the Stuart line
    

Complete the following using your book chapter 22:

1. 
   Before 1500, how did scholars decide what was true or false?
   

2. 
   Describe the Medieval view of the earth and the planets. What is this theory called?
   

3. 
   What did Christianity teach about the placement of the earth?
   

4. 
   What was the Scientific Revolution?
   

5. 
   On what was the Scientific Revolution based?
   

p.629

Philospohes -

List and explain the five core beliefs of Enlightenment thinkers

1. 
   Reason –
   

2. 
   Nature –
   

3. 
   Happiness –
   

4. 
   Progress –
   

5. 
   Liberty -
   

Complete the following:

1. 
   Define revolution-
   

List the three causes of revolutions and describe each in your own words!!! (p.708)

Complete the following chart:

Great Britain (England) had gone through a civil war and then the Glorious Revolution during the 1600s, and as a result, citizens got used to having a say in government. The people that lived in the British colonies in the New World (like Virginia) were British citizens as well.

Each numbered section above is an example of one of these causes of revolutions. Write the number from above in the blank next to the appropriate cause of revolutions.

_____ Social Injustice _____ Unpopular Method of Rule _____ Nationalism

_____ Enlightenment Ideas _____ Religious Intolerance _____ Economic Distress

Complete the following:

1. The French were divided into three classes or estates, known as the Estates General. Who belonged to the following estates?

a) First Estate: ______________________________ b) Second Estate: _______________________________

c) Only about ______% of the people belonged to these two estates, yet they owned ______% of the land.

2. Everyone else belonged to the Third Estate, which made up more than 80% of the French people. This huge group included these three types of people:

a) __________________- Who were the well-off merchants and skilled workers who lacked the status of nobles.

b) __________________- Were cooks, servants, and others who were poorly paid and often out of work.

c) __________________- Were the farm workers.

3. What were the three factors that led to the French Revolution?

a) ___________________________________________________

b) ___________________________________________________

c) ___________________________________________________

4. Who was the king of France when the French Revolution began in 1789? _________________________

What was the name of his wife, or the queen of France? ____________________________

5. What was the name of the assembly of representatives from all three estates? ___________________________

6. What was the name of the French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate? _________________________

7. What was the name of the promise made by Third Estate representatives to draw up a new constitution called? _____________________________

8. On July 14, an angry crowd captured the _______________, a Paris prison.

9. What was the name given to the wave of violence that swept across France when peasants broke into and burned the houses of nobles called? _____________________________
Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

1. In August 1789, the National Assembly made a revolutionary statement that guaranteed rights such as liberty and property called the ____________________________

2. In the fall of 1791, the _____________________ replaced the National Assembly and decided to take away most of the king’s powers. This new assembly soon divided into two groups:

a) ____________________- Those favoring established or traditional ways of governing.

b) ____________________- Revolutionaries, or those people with extreme political views who wanted change.

3. Nobles and others who left France during the peasant uprisings and who hoped to come back to restore the old system were called _____________.

4. What was the name of the radical group of wage-earners and small shopkeepers that wanted a greater voice in the French government? ____________________

5. Why were kings from other countries concerned about the French Revolution?____________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. In 1792, the National Convention was formed. What was the name of the radical members of this political club called? ____________________

7. What happened to Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette in 1793? ________________________________________

8. What was the name of the device used to behead people during the French Revolution? ____________________

9. What was the name of the committee set up by the revolutionaries that tried “enemies of the Revolution,” and had them executed? _____________________ Who was the leader of this committee? _____________________

10. What was the name of the time period between 1793-1794 when thousands of people were beheaded? __________________________
Napoleon Forges an Empire

1. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in the year ________ on the Mediterranean island of ________________

2. In what year did Napoleon seize power in France? ___________ What is the term used that describes the sudden seizure of power, usually by military means called? _________________________

3. In 1800, a ________________, or vote of the people was held to approve a new constitution. The people voted for it overwhelmingly, and Napoleon took power as first ___________.

4. Napoleon made several changes that were meant to build on the Revolution’s good ideas:

a) He made ____________________ more fair and orderly.

b) He removed dishonest _________________ workers.

c) He started new public schools for ordinary citizens called ____________________

d) He gave the Church back some of its power by signing an agreement with the pope called a ______________, which gave him the support of the organized church.

e) He wrote a new set of laws called the ___________________, which gave all French citizens the same rights.

5. In 1803, Napoleon sold the largest part of France’s North American land called the _______________________ to the United States.

6. What was the name of the naval battle in which the British defeated the French navy, thus preventing Napoleon from invading England? ____________________________

2. What was the name of Napoleon’s policy of preventing trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations called? ______________________________

3. Who did Napoleon make as king of Spain in 1808? ____________________. This led to a war between France and Spain called the ______________________. Spanish peasant warriors who fought against French troops in Spain were called __________________. How many troops did Napoleon lose during this war? __________

4. In 1812, Napoleon invaded _______________. How many troops did Napoleon have during this invasion? ___________________.

5. What is the name of the strategy or policy of burning fields and slaughtering livestock so that enemy troops would find nothing to eat called? ______________

6. By the time Napoleon’s army left Russian territory, only ____________ of his soldiers were able to fight.

7. What five countries declared war on France after Napoleon’s disaster in Russia? ____________, ____________, ______________, ________________, and _______________. What was the name of the battle in which Napoleon was defeated in Germany in 1813? ___________

8. In what year did Napoleon give up his throne? __________ On what island was he exiled to? ______________

9. Who took the throne of France after Napoleon? ___________________

10. In what month and year did Napoleon escape from exile and boldly return to France where he took power and raised another army? ________/________

11. What was the name of the famous battle fought in Belgium where Napoleon was finally defeated for good? ________________. What was the name of the British general who defeated Napoleon? ______________

12. What was the name given to Napoleon’s last attempt to regain power? _________________________

13. What far-off island was Napoleon sent to after he was defeated in 1815? _____________. In what year did Napoleon die? ___________
Congress of Vienna

1. In 1814, leaders of many nations met to draw up a peace plan for Europe. This series of meetings was called the __________________________. Who was the key leader of these meetings? _______________________

2. What were the three goals that these meeting attempted to establish?

a) To make sure that the ______________ would not attack another country again.

b) To establish a condition called, ____________________, in which no one country became a threat to another.

c) To establish ____________________, or the restoring of monarchs to the thrones they had before Napoleon’s conquests.

3. What three countries formed the Holy Alliance in 1815? _____________, ____________, and ______________

4. What were the long-term effects of the Congress of Vienna?

a) They diminished the size and power of _________________ but increased the power of ___________ and ____________.

b) Nationalism spread to ___________, ____________ and ___________.

c) Nationalistic feelings would ________ and lead to other ____________

d) Spanish colonies would declare their _____________ from Spain

e) People began to see ______________ as the best way to ensure equality and justice.

Unit 6 Chapters 21-24

Name __________________

Complete the following:

Color and label the following: