Intellectual property: law & the information society cases & Materials Second Edition, 2015 James Boyle

William Neal Reynolds Professor of Law

Duke Law School

Jennifer Jenkins

Director, Center for the Study of the Public Domain

& Senior Lecturing Fellow

Duke Law School

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ix

Chart: Comparison of the Three Main Forms of Federal Intellectual Property x

Basic Themes: Three Public Goods, Six Perspectives xi

An Open Course Book? xi

Structure and Organization xiv

Chapter One

The Theories Behind Intellectual Property 1

Problem 1-1: Framing 3

James Boyle, The Apple of Forbidden Knowledge 4

Thomas Hazlett, Code Breakers 6

Problem 1-2: Justifying and Limiting 7

John Locke, Of Property, from Two Treatises on Government 8

James Boyle, “Why Intellectual Property,” from The Public Domain 11

John Perry Barlow, Selling Wine Without Bottles: The Economy of Mind on

James Boyle, “Thomas Jefferson Writes a Letter,” from The Public Domain 37

U.S. Constitution, Art. I, § 8, cl. 8 39

Introduction 39

Problem 2-1: Constitutional Interpretation 40

1.) Limitations on Congressional Power: Originality 40

The Trade-Mark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 40

Feist v. Rural Telephone Service, 499 U.S. 340 (1991) 44

     (The full version of the case is on page 301)

2.) Limitations on Congressional Power: Purpose and Novelty/Non-Obviousness 45

Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1 (1966) 45

     (The full version of the case is on page 748)

3.) Limitations on Congressional Power: Fixation & the Interaction between Clauses 45

Problem 2-2: Constitutional Interpretation 45

4.) Limitations on Congressional Power: Limited Times, Term Extension and

Problem 2-3: Term Limits 84

H.R. 2723: A Copyright in the Flag of the United States 97

Problem 3-1: Intellectual Property and the First Amendment 99

Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders v. Pussycat Cinema, 604 F.2d 200 (2d Cir. 1979) 99

L.L. Bean, Inc. v. Drake Publishers, Inc., 811 F.2d 26 (1st Cir. 1987) 102

Problem 3-2: Constitutional Interpretation: Review 105

Felix Cohen, Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach, excerpt 107

Trademark Basics 111

What are the sources of trademark law? 112

Registered Marks 113

Notes: Use-based and Intent-To-Use Applications 115

Notes: International Trademark Protection 116

Problem 4-1 117

1.) Use as a Mark in Commerce 119

Use in Commerce 119

Use in Commerce: Free and Open Source Software 120

2.) Use as a Mark: Source Identification Function 123

a.) Actions of the Source 123

MicroStrategy, Inc. v. Motorola, Inc., 345 F.3d 335 (4th Cir. 2001) 123

b.) Nature of the Mark: Distinctiveness and Functionality 127

Jessica Litman, “The Exclusive Right to Read,” 13 Cardozo Arts &

Notes on Distinctiveness & Functionality 151

Problems 5-1–5-4 152

Chapter Six

Grounds for Refusing Registration 153

1.) 1052(a) 153

i.) Disparaging marks 153

Pro-Football, Inc. v. Suzan Shown Harjo, 284 F.Supp.2d 96 (D.D.C. 2003) 154

Amanda Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc., 111 U.S.P.Q.2d 1080 (T.T.A.B. 2014) 160

In re Tam, 2015 WL 1768940 163

Problem 6-1 165

ii.) Marks that falsely suggest a connection to persons 166

iii.) Immoral or scandalous marks 167

Problem 6-2 168

iv.) Deceptive marks 169

2.) 1052(b) 169

3.) 1052(c) 170

4.) 1052(d) 170

5.) 1052(e) 171

i.) § 1052(e) “desceptively misdescriptive” v. § 1052(a) “deceptive” 171

ii.) Primarily geographically descriptive, or geographically
deceptively misdescriptive 171

iii.) Primarily merely a surname 173

6.) 1052(f) 173

Problem 6-3 174

1.) Use in Commerce 177

2.) Likelihood of Confusion 187

3.) Contributory Infringement 195

Problem 7-1 208

Notes: Background on Search Technology 228

1.) False Advertising: False or Misleading Statements of Fact 231

2.) Dilution 240

a.) The Requirement that the Mark be Famous 241

Coach Services, Inc. v. Triumph Learning LLC, 668 F.3d 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2012) 241

b.) The Requirement of “Commercial Speech”; Dilution by Tarnishment 245

c.) Dilution by Blurring 252

Problem 9-1: Dilution of (by) Alcohol 255

3.)  “Cybersquatting” and “Cyberpiracy” 256

Problem 9-2 260

Problem 9-3 269

Copyright and the Invention of Authorship 271

James Boyle, Shamans, Software and Spleens: Law and the Construction of
the Information Society (Harvard Univ. Press 1997), excerpt 271

Three Views of Copyright (and the droits d’auteur) 276

Thomas Babington Macaulay, First Speech to the House of Commons on Copyright 276

Victor Hugo, Speech to the Congress of Literary, Industrial and Artistic Property 282

Samuel Clemens [Mark Twain], Statement before the Committee of Patents of the
Senate and House to discuss amending the Copyright Act 284

Jennifer Jenkins, In Ambiguous Battle: The Promise (and Pathos) of Public

Copyright’s History 291

The 1976 Copyright Act 292

Copyright Expansions and Policy 294

Copyright Office 295

Chapter Eleven

Copyrightable Subject Matter 297

What does copyright cover? 297

Copyrightable Subject Matter 300

1.) Originality: Independent Creation and a Modicum of Creativity 301

James Boyle, A Natural Experiment 314

Problem 11-1 318

2.) The Idea-Expression Distinction 319

3.) Merger of Idea and Expression 322

Problem 11-2 336

4.) Useful Articles 337

Brandir Intern’l, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co., 834 F.2d 1142 (2d Cir. 1987) 337

5.) Methods of Operation: Introduction to Computer Software 343

Problem 11-3 363

6.) Fixation (Copyright Meets Software, continued) 363

MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993) 363

Religious Technology Center v. Netcom, 907 F.Supp. 1361 (N.D. Cal. 1995) 369

James Boyle, “The Internet Threat,” from The Public Domain 377

Introduction 381

Problem 12-1 381

Exclusive Rights 383

a.) The Idea/Expression Distinction in Infringement Analysis 384

Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. et al., 45 F.2d 119 (2d Cir. 1930) 384

b.) Copyright Meets Computer Software: The Infringement Edition 389

James Boyle, “A Machine that Contains All Other Machines,” from
The Public Domain 389

Computer Associates v. Altai, Inc., 923 F.2d 693 (2d Cir. 1992) 390

c.) Copyright in Characters 407

d.) A Two-Part Test for Copyright Infringement 411

e.) “De minimis” Copying 417

Problem 13-1 424

1.) Fair Use, Technology and Contributory Infringement 425

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984) 425

James Boyle, The Public Domain (excerpt) 439

2.) Unpublished works, “Scoops” and Political Speech 440

Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) 440

3.) Transformative Use, Parody, Commentary and Burdens of Proof Revisited 448

Problem 13-2 464

4.) Fair Use Meets Technology 465

Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1992) 465

Problem 13-3 474

Note on Transformative Use 485

5.) A Fair Use Case-Study: Multiple Copies for Classroom Use 486

Princeton Univ. Press v. Mich. Document Serv., Inc., 74 F.3d 1512 (6th Cir. 1996) 486

Princeton Univ. Press v. Mich. Document Serv., Inc., 99 F.3d 1381
(6th Cir. 1996 en banc) 495

Problem 13-4 512

Conclusion 513

Chapter Fourteen

SECONDARY LIABILITY FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT &
SAFE HARBORS IN THE DIGITAL AGE 515

Introduction 515

     (The full version of the case is on page 425)

Problem 14-1: The Napster Case 515

1.) The Stakes of Contributory Infringement 517

2.) Contributory and Vicarious Infringement 519

A & M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001) 519

3.) Inducement Liability 525

Problem 14-2 539

4.) Safe Harbors: Section 512, Direct Infringement and Secondary Liability 540

U.S. Copyright Office Summary of Title II: Online Copyright Infringement

Problem 14-3 545

Introduction 558

James Boyle, The Public Domain (excerpt) 560

1.) Anti-Circumvention, Fair Use, and the First Amendment 561

2.) Anti-Circumvention, Competition, and Consumer Choice 576

Problem 15-1 582

3.) The Interaction between Copyright, Contracts, and the DMCA 583

MDY Industries, LLC v. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., 629 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2010) 583

Problem 15-2 600

U.S. Constitution, Article 6, Clause 2 603

Introduction 603

Problem 16-1: Framing and Preemption 606

     (The full version of the case is on page 25)

1.) Subject Matter and General Scope: Extra Elements 608

National Basketball Assoc. v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F.3d 841 (2d Cir. 1997) 608

2.) Preemption, Misappropriation & the Fact/Expression Dichotomy 617

1.) Hopes and Fears 631

2.) History 637

3.) Patent Basics 639

a.) The America Invents Act 640

b.) The PTO Application Process 641

c.) Reading a Sample Patent 641

d.) International Patent Law 648

e.) Design Patents and Infringement 649

Chapter Eighteen

PATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER 651

1.) Laws of Nature and Natural Phenomena 651

James Boyle, Endowed by Their Creator?: The Future of Constitutional

2.) Abstract Ideas, Business Methods and Computer Programs 670

Problem 18-1 688

Problem 18-2 695

1.) ‘Research Intermediaries’ and Hunting Licenses 699

2.) Genetic Engineering & the Utility Guidelines 705

3.) Utility in the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 711

Problem 19-1 718

Introduction 722

1.) Novelty: Basics 723

Gayler v. Wilder, 51 U.S. 477 (1850) 723

2.) Novelty: Novel to whom? 726

3.) Novelty: Anticipation of Every Element 727

Coffin v. Ogden, 85 U.S. 120 (1873) 727

Verdegaal Brothers, Inc. v. Union Oil Co. of Calif., 814 F.2d 628 (Fed. Cir. 1987) 729

4.) Novelty: Inherency 732

5.) Statutory Bar: Public Use 737

6.) Statutory Bar: The Experimental Use Exception 741

Problem 20-1 745

Introduction 747

1.) A Four Step Test for Obviousness 754

2.) The Scope of Prior Art 763

3.) Burden of Proof and “Obvious to Try” 766

4.) ‘These Are Not the PHOSITA’s you’ve been looking for. . . .’ 769

Dan L. Burk and Mark A. Lemley, Is Patent Law Technology-Specific?

Problem 21-1 772

Introduction 775

The Restatement and the Uniform Trade Secrets Act 775

Restatement (First) of Torts, Section 757 (1939) 776

Uniform Trade Secrets Act (with 1985 Amendments) 777

Preemption 778

Improper Means 786

Reasonable Efforts to Preserve Secrecy 789

“Are Trade Secrets ‘Property’?” Why Do You Ask, Pray Tell? 793

Problem 22-1: Trade Secrets, Misappropriation & Preemption 797