Interpretation: The plan action must be mandated by the resolution and no more – can only include development of ocean resources, space, and energy

The solution to overfishing can’t be biological- must be economic and solve fishery subsidies

(Ekaterina, Lecturer in the law of the sea, I. Kant State University of Russia and Ph.D candidate, Hamburg University, Germany; "Rescuing the Inexhaustible... (The Issue of Fisheries Subsidies in the International Trade Policy)" Journal of International Commercial Law and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 3; 2008; Access: 6/29/14; heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jcolate3&div=18&id=&page=)//ck

The international community has started to combat over fishing by different means and techniques: fishing of some species is totally prohibited, while for other species seasonal quotas, protection during the spawning season and minimum mesh sizes have been established (Tomasevich, 1971 p. 46). Biological solutions like these have not worked out, however. This is not surprising, since the main causes of over fishing are not biological or environmental, but rather economic exploitation of the ocean’s fishing resources. Since the problem is an economic one, the appropriate response to it also has to be an economic one. Proper fisheries management and restrictions on fleets’ capacity (including the issue of fishery subsidies) also would be very effective.

Only the WTO can solve global fishery subsidies

(Ussif Rashid, Professor and Director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at UBC Fisheries Centre and he specializes in bioeconomics, marine ecosystem valuation and the analysis of global issues such as fisheries subsidies, IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing and the economics of high and deep seas fisheries; “The World Trade Organization and global fisheries sustainability” ScienceDirect; Aug. 31, 2007; Access: 6/29/14

http://www.incofish.org/results/pdf%20files/Sumaila%20et%20al.%20Fisheries%20Research%202007%20subsidies.pdf)//ck

If fisheries globally are to attain sustainability, the elimination of overfishing subsidies is necessary and overdue (Pauly et al., 2002). There is, however, a catch: unilateral action by individual countries is not attractive because fisheries in such countries will suffer trade disadvantages. Further, unilateral action is not likely to work because some important fish species (e.g., tuna) do not respect national Exclusive Economic Zones, and fish- ing fleets are mobile and can operate worldwide. This implies that the only effective approach to the problem of overfishing subsidies is through multilateral action, with all fishing nations ending or reducing these subsidies under similar rules. The WTO is the only global multilateral organization that can enforce its agreements. Furthermore, the WTO’s main mandate is to level the trade ‘playing field’ for all countries of the world. These two aspects of the WTO make it the ideal institution to tackle the global problem of overfishing subsidies.

Subsidies Bad

Subsidies have negative impacts

Munro and Sumaila ‘01

(Gordon R. and Ussif Rashid; Associated Emeritus Faculty- Professor Emeritus of Economics in Fisheries Economics Research Unit (FERU); Professor and Director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at UBC Fisheries Centre and he specializes in bioeconomics, marine ecosystem valuation and the analysis of global issues such as fisheries subsidies, IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing and the economics of high and deep seas fisheries; “Subsidies and Their Potential Impact on The Management of the Ecosystems of the North Atlantic” from “Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Evaluationsand Policy Exploration” Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2001 Vol. 9 No. 5; 2001; Access: 6/28/14;

http://data.fisheries.ubc.ca/report/impactpolicy/9-5.pdf#page=13)//ck

This paper provides both an estimate and assessment of subsidies in fisheries in the North Atlantic. The sub- sidies are estimated, on the basis of data taken from an OECD study and the Sea Around Us Project database, to be in the order of U.S.$ 2.0 to 2.5 billion per year. The assessment of the impact of the subsidies upon re- source management and sustainability requires an ex- amination of the underlying economics of subsidies in fisheries. There is general agreement, to which we sub- scribe, that fisheries subsidies do great harm by exacerbating the problems arising from the ‘common pool’ aspects of capture fisheries. Many economists, how- ever, believe it that, if the “common pool” aspects of a fishery could be removed by, for example, establishing a fully-fledged property rights system, the negative im- pact of fisheries subsidies would prove to be trivial. This paper demonstrates that the aforementioned com- fortable belief is unfounded. Fisheries subsidies can be seriously damaging, even if the ‘common pool’ aspects of the fishery are removed. There is also a widely held belief, among economists and government officials, that subsidies used for vessel decommissioning schemes, far from being harmful, actually have a beneficial impact upon resource management and sustain- ability. About twenty percent of the fisheries subsidies in the North Atlantic are directed towards these pur- poses. In this paper, we argue that these seemingly beneficial subsides can, in fact, be highly negative in their impact.

Subsidies cause overfishing and exploitation which leads to the collapse of species

WWF ‘14

“Our oceans are being plundered” from “Unsustainable fishing” WWF; 2014; Access: 6/28/14

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/)//ck

Massive overfishing

The global fishing fleet is 2-3 times larger than what the oceans can sustainably support.

In other words, people are taking far more fish out of the ocean than can be replaced by those remaining. As a result: 53% of the world’s fisheries are fully exploited, and 32% are overexploited, depleted, or recovering from depletion. Most of the top ten marine fisheries, accounting for about 30% of all capture fisheries production, are fully exploited or overexploited1 Several important commercial fish populations have declined to the point where their survival is threatened

Unless the current situation improves, stocks of all species currently fished for food are predicted to collapse by 20482 Needless slaughter It's not just the fish we eat that are affected. Each year, billions of unwanted fish and other animals - like dolphins, marine turtles, seabirds, sharks, and corals - die due to inefficient, illegal, and destructive fishing practices. Why is this happening? Overfishing is largely due to: Poor fisheries management

Pirate fishers that don’t respect fishing laws or agreements

Massive bycatch of juvenile fish and other marine species

Subsidies that keep too many boats on the water

Unfair Fisheries Partnership Agreements that allow foreign fleets to overfish in the waters of developing countries

Destructive fishing practices

Exploitation leads to collapse of species and ecosystems and loss of jobs

WWF ‘14

“Our oceans are being plundered” from “Unsustainable fishing” WWF; 2014; Access: 6/28/14

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/blue_planet/problems/problems_fishing/)//ck

FROM THE COAST TO THE DEEP SEA As coastal and pelagic (open ocean) fisheries around the world have collapsed, fishing effort has shifted to the deep sea and previously unexploited fish species. Here, overfishing can quickly deplete local fish populations - even within a single season. Some newly fished populations, such as monkfish, Patagonian toothfish, blue ling, and orange roughy, have already collapsed in some areas. There is insufficient data on other populations to determine what level of fishing is sustainable. At present most deep-water species are likely to be over-exploited - and as many as 40% of the world’s fishing grounds are now in waters deeper than 200m. PAINFUL IMPACTS The impacts of declining fish catches are being painfully felt by many coastal fishing communities around the world. Newfoundland in Canada is an early example. For centuries the cod stocks of the Grand Banks seemed inexhaustible. But in 1992 the cod fishery collapsed - and some 40,000 people lost their jobs overnight, including 10,000 fishermen. Nearly 20 years later, the cod have still not recovered. Science also indicates that the ecosystem has substantially changed, meaning that the cod may never make a comeback.

Solvency

Removal of subsides necessary to reverse impacts

Munro and Sumaila ‘01

(Gordon R. and Ussif Rashid; Associated Emeritus Faculty- Professor Emeritus of Economics in Fisheries Economics Research Unit (FERU); Professor and Director of the Fisheries Economics Research Unit at UBC Fisheries Centre and he specializes in bioeconomics, marine ecosystem valuation and the analysis of global issues such as fisheries subsidies, IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing and the economics of high and deep seas fisheries; “Subsidies and Their Potential Impact on The Management of the Ecosystems of the North Atlantic” from “Fisheries Impacts on North Atlantic Ecosystems: Evaluationsand Policy Exploration” Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2001 Vol. 9 No. 5; 2001; Access: 6/28/14;

http://data.fisheries.ubc.ca/report/impactpolicy/9-5.pdf#page=13)//ck

The impact of subsidies upon the management of fishery resources, and the surrounding aquatic ecosystem, has been a source of rapidly increasing concern over the past decade. The Food and Agri- cultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), early in the decade, maintained that a critical first step towards reversing the severe overexploitation of capture fishery resources is the removal of harmful subsidies in fisheries (FAO, 1992). The FAO continued examining the subsidy issue through the 1990’s into the new millennium (see for instance, Steenblik and Munro, 1999). Along with the FAO, there has been a steadily increasing stream of studies on the impact of subsides on fisheries, that have been undertaken by national governments, e.g. the U.S.A (Congressional Research Services,¶ 1995), by NGOs, such as the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (1997) and by other international or- ganizations other than the FAO. Prominent stud- ies have been undertaken for the World Bank (see Milazzo, 1998) and the Organisation for Eco- nomic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The OECD study (OECD, 2000), will be drawn upon heavily in this paper.

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