Interpretation: The plan action must be mandated by the resolution and no more – can only include development of ocean resources, space, and energy
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- 1NC Antibiotic Resistance
- Post-antibiotic era on the brink—billions die
1NC Dead zonesAquaculture waste create dead zonesSmith 12 Turner, Law clerk Massachusetts Supreme, Judicial Court, J.D. Harvard Law School. “Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement,” April 19, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11938741 Although aquaculture became popular as a means of providing an alternative to environmentally harmful fishing practices, modern aquaculture practice itself causes substantial environmental problems, contributing to tragedies of both pollution and exploitation. This Section focuses primarily on the environmental degradation caused by modern aquaculture, though it is important to note that these environmental issues have significant effects on public health and economic welfare nationwide. As noted by the World Bank, “[t]he challenge of sustainable aquaculture is to contribute to national objectives for economic, development and food security while simultaneously addressing poverty reduction and environmental protection.”231 This Section demonstrates that effluent discharges from marine aquaculture facilities contribute to many environmental harms,232 including “[i]mpacts on water quality, the benthic layer, the native gene pool, other fisheries, and the ecosystem as a whole, as well as¶ impacts from non-native species, disease, and chemicals.” 233 Moreover, paradoxically, aquaculture operations contribute to the tragedy of the commons by exploitation of wild fish stocks.¶ First, aquaculture can, and should, be conceptualized as a cause of a tragedy of the commons by pollution. 234 The most salient environmental harm caused by aquaculture in open aquatic and marine environments is impaired water quality in areas surrounding aquaculture facilities. Impairment results from effluent of nutrients from aquaculture facilities, which causes sediment organic enrichment and algae blooms, which in turn result in dissolved oxygen depletion, called eutrophication or “dead zones.”235 This waste can accumulate quickly and cause hazardous conditions, “contaminating surrounding areas and preventing sustainable life.”236
Antibiotic release cause antibiotic resistanceSmith 12 Turner, Law clerk Massachusetts Supreme, Judicial Court, J.D. Harvard Law School. “Greening the Blue Revolution: How History Can Inform a Sustainable Aquaculture Movement,” April 19, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11938741 Moreover, aquaculture facilities discharge many potentially harmful hazardous and nonhazardous chemicals into the ocean, including pesticides, hormones, antibiotics, parasiticides, pigments, vitamins, minerals and anesthetics.237 The release of antibiotics into aquatic and marine environments is particularly worrisome. Antibiotics are used by aquaculture facilities to suppress disease and encourage rapid product growth.238 In the United States the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) has approved five drugs for treating, but not preventing, fish diseases.239 The main risks of use of antibiotics in open aquaculture facilities is “related to their release in the environment,” which “could induce the contamination of aquatic organisms” and, most notably, contribute to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance.240 The chemical additives often used in fish farms to increase farm output and to keep cages clean, including chlorine, sodium hydroxide, iodophors, and calcium oxide, may also be disruptive to marine ecosystems.241 Of course, the severity of these effects depends on complex factors such as “the technique applied, site location, size of the production, capacity of the receiving body of water, and type of species raised,” but the impacts have been felt throughout U.S. coastal areas. 24
Sophie, Doling out too many antibiotics 'will make even scratches deadly': WHO warns that crisis could be worse than Aids, April 30, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2616794/Antibiotic-resistance-needs-taken-seriously-AIDS-Implications-bacteria-evading-drugs-devastating-says-landmark-report.html#ixzz36idH7VEP Deaths from cuts and grazes, diarrhoea and flu will soon be common as antibiotics lose their power to fight minor infections, experts have warned.¶ The World Health Organisation says the problem has been caused by antibiotics being so widely prescribed that bacteria have begun to evolve and develop resistance.¶ It claims the crisis is worse than the Aids epidemic – which has caused 25million deaths worldwide – and threatens to turn the clock back on modern medicine.¶ The WHO warns that the public should ‘anticipate many more deaths’ as it may become routine for children to develop lethal infections from minor grazes, while hospital operations become deadly as patients are at risk of developing infections that were previously treatable.¶ Doctors are increasingly finding that antibiotics no longer work against urinary and skin infections, tuberculosis and gonorrhoea.¶ The WHO is urging the public to take simple precautions, such as washing hands to prevent bacteria from spreading in the first place.¶ Doctors are also being told to prescribe antibiotics sparingly and ensure patients finish the full course, as if they stop mid-way the bacteria may become resistant. In England last year some 41.7million prescriptions were written out, up from 37.2million in 2006.¶ Dr Keiji Fukuda, the WHO’s assistant director for health security, said: ‘Without urgent, co-ordinated action, the world is headed for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries which have been treatable for decades can once again kill.¶ ‘Effective antibiotics have been one of the pillars allowing us to live longer, live healthier, and benefit from modern medicine.¶ ‘Unless we take significant actions to improve efforts to prevent infections, and also change how we produce, prescribe and use antibiotics, the world will lose more and more of these global public health goods and the implications will be devastating.¶ ‘We should anticipate to see many more deaths.¶ ‘We are going to see people who have untreatable infections.’¶ Only last month, Britain’s chief medical officer Dame Sally Davies criticised GPs for needlessly ‘dishing out’ antibiotics to patients.¶ In the largest study of its kind, the WHO looked at data from 114 countries on seven major types of bacteria. Experts are particularly concerned about bacteria responsible for pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections, diarrhoea and gonorrhoea.¶ They are also worried that antiviral medicines are becoming increasingly less effective against flu.¶ Dr Danilo Lo Fo Wong, a senior adviser at the WHO, said: ‘A child falling off their bike and developing a fatal infection would be a freak occurrence in the UK, but that is where we are heading.’¶ British experts likened the problem to the Aids epidemic of the 1980s. Professor Laura Piddock, who specialises in microbiology at the University of Birmingham, said: ‘The world needs to respond as it did to the Aids crisis.¶ ‘We still need a better understanding of all aspects of resistance as well as new discovery, research and development of new antibiotics.’¶ The first antibiotic, penicillin, was developed by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1929. But their use has soared since the 1960s, and in 1998 the Government issued guidelines to doctors urging them to curb prescriptions. Nonetheless, surveys suggest they are still prescribed for 80 per cent of coughs, colds and sore throats.¶ Jennifer Cohn of the international medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières agreed with the WHO's assessment and confirmed the problem had spread to many corners of the world.¶ 'We see horrendous rates of antibiotic resistance wherever we look in our field operations, including children admitted to nutritional centres in Niger, and people in our surgical and trauma units in Syria,' she said.¶ Earlier this month, Government body NICE said that one in 16 patients are developing infections on NHS wards because of poor hygiene among staff.¶ NICE said 800 patients a day, the equivalent of 300,000 a year, are infected by a member of staff or by dirty equipment. It is estimated the infections cause 5,000 deaths annually and contribute to another 15,000. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 226.09 Kb. Share with your friends:
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