It’s a good Topic

^{IoT is the OBJECTS that are connected to the Internet}

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between these objects and other Internet-enabled devices and systems.

IoT moves beyond computers and phones to everyday objects

Webopedia, no date, IoT – Internet of Things, http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/internet_of_things.html DOA: 9-25-16

The Internet of Things extends internet connectivity beyond traditional devices like desktop and laptop computers, smartphonesand tablets to a diverse range of devices and everyday things that utilize embedded technology to communicate and interact with the external environment, all via the Internet.

IoT is any device connected to the Internet

Broadband Internet is become more widely available, the cost of connecting is decreasing, more devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them, technology costs are going down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing.  All of these things are creating a “perfect storm” for the IoT.

Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other). This includes everything from cellphones, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else you can think of.  This also applies to components of machines, for example a jet engine of an airplane or the drill of an oil rig. As I mentioned, if it has an on and off switch then chances are it can be a part of the IoT.  The analyst firm Gartnersays that by 2020 there will be over 26 billion connected devices… That’s a lot of connections (some even estimate this number to be much higher, over 100 billion).  The IoT is a giant network of connected “things” (which also includes people).  The relationship will be between people-people, people-things, and things-things.

Citywide Deployment

There are several planned or ongoing large-scale deployments of the IoT, to enable better management of cities and systems. For example, Songdo, South Korea, the first of its kind fully equipped and wired smart city, is near completion. Nearly everything in this city is planned to be wired, connected and turned into a constant stream of data that would be monitored and analyzed by an array of computers with little, or no human intervention.^{[citation needed]}

Another application is a currently undergoing project in Santander, Spain. For this deployment, two approaches have been adopted. This city of 180,000 inhabitants, has already seen 18,000 city application downloads for their smartphones. This application is connected to 10,000 sensors that enable services like parking search, environmental monitoring, digital city agenda among others. City context information is used in this deployment so as to benefit merchants through a spark deals mechanism based on city behavior that aims at maximizing the impact of each notification.^[95]

Other examples of large-scale deployments underway include the Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City;^[96] work on improving air and water quality, reducing noise pollution, and increasing transportation efficiency in San Jose, California;^[97] and smart traffic management in western Singapore.^[98] French company, Sigfox, commenced building an ultra-narrowbandwireless data network in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014, the first business to achieve such a deployment in the U.S.^[99][100] It subsequently announced it would set up a total of 4000base stations to cover a total of 30 cities in the U.S. by the end of the 2016, making it the largest IoT network coverage provider in the country thus far.^[101][102]

Another example of a large deployment is the one completed by New York Waterways in New York City to connect all their vessels and being able to monitor them live 24/7. The network was designed and engineered by Fluidmesh Networks, a Chicago-based company developing wireless networks for critical applications. The NYWW network is currently providing coverage on the Hudson River, East River, and Upper New York Bay. With the wireless network in place, NY Waterway is able to take control of its fleet and passengers in a way that was not previously possible. New applications can include security, energy and fleet management, digital signage, public Wi-Fi, paperless ticketing and others.^[103]

“Internet of Things” also known as ubiquitous computing

A decade after his death, it’s the “ubiquitous” portion of Weiser’s ubiquitous computing vision that’s becoming reality for most of us. The total number of devices connected to the Internet first exceeded the size of the global human population in 2008 or so, according to Cisco, and is growing far faster. Cisco forecasts that there will be 50 billion machine-to-machine devices in existence by 2020, up from 13 billion in 2013. Today, we call ubiquitous computing by another name: the Internet of Things. Tucker, Patrick. The Naked Future: What Happens in a World That Anticipates Your Every Move? (p. 6). Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

Broader explanation of the concept

Perera, et al, 2014, Privacy of Big Data in the Internet of Things Era, Charith Perera (Australian National University), Rajiv Ranjan (CSIRO Digital Productivity Flagship), Lizhe Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Samee U. Khan (North Dakota State University), and Albert Y. Zomaya (University of Sydney)

The Internet of Things (IoT) [1] is a network of networks, in which, typically, a massive number of objects/things/sensors/devices are connected through the information and communications infrastructure to provide value-added services. The IoT allows people and things to be connected Anytime, Anyplace, with Anything and Anyone, ideally using Any path/network and Any service [2]. Additional definitions on IoT are also listed in [2]. It is predicted that, by 2020, there will be 50 to 100 billion devices connected to the Internet [2]. These devices will generate Big Data [3] that needs to be analysed for knowledge extraction. Even though data collected by individual devices may not provide sufficient information, aggregated data from number of physical devices and virtual sensors (e.g. social media such as Facebook, Twitter) [2] can provide a wealth of knowledge for important application areas including disaster management, customer sentiment analysis, smart cities, and biosurveillance.

What IoT is NOT

The IOT is not the regular Internet – it is not the interconnectivity of machines, it goes beyond that

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications.^[14] The interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a smart grid,^[15] and expanding to the areas such as smart cities

IoT is not the data alone but is the inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data, and services

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters,^[18] automobiles with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring^[19] or field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations.^[20] Legal scholars suggest to look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".^[21] These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices.^[22] Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

The “Things” are not mobile phones or computers, but every day objects

Adrian McWewen & Hakim Casimally, 2014, Designing the Internet of Things, http://madsg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Designing_the_Internet_of_Things.pdf Adrian McEwen is a creative technologist and entrepreneur based in Liverpool. He has been connecting devices to the Internet since 1995—first cash registers, then mobile phones, and now bubble machines and lamps. He founded MCQN Ltd., an Internet of Things product agency and (along with Hakim and others) is co-founder of DoES Liverpool, a hybrid co-working/ makerspace that incubates Internet of Things startups in NW England. He is also CTO of Good Night Lamp, a family of Internet-connected lamps. He was one of the first employees at STNC Ltd, which built the first web browser for mobile phones and was acquired by Microsoft in 1999. Adrian concentrates on how the Internet of Things intersects with people’s lives and how heterogeneous networks of devices should work together, and lectures and speaks on these issues internationally. Despite an education in Italian and English literature, once Hakim Cassimally discovered software development, he hasn’t looked back. He is a staunch proponent of Perl and was one of the organisers of YAPC::EU 2010 in Pisa. These days, however, he is likely to be writing Python for 3D printers or for civic hacking projects with mySociety.org. He co-founded (with Adrian and others) DoES Liverpool

We’ve looked at a number of examples of the Internet of Things, so what is the common thread that binds them together? And why the name? All the cases we saw used the Internet to send, receive, or communicate information. And in each case, the gadget that was connected to the Internet wasn’t a computer, tablet, or mobile phone but an object, a Thing. These Things are designed for a purpose: the umbrella has a retractable canopy and a handle to hold it. A bus display has to be readable to public transport users, including the elderly and partially sighted and be able to survive poor weather conditions and the risk of vandalism. The sports bracelet is easy to wear while running, has a display that is large enough and bright enough to read even when you are moving, and will survive heat, cold, sweat, and rain.

Cool Description/What it Becomes

Janna Anderson and Lee Raine, 2014, The Internet of Things Will Thrive by 2025, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/05/14/internet-of-things/ Pew Research Center DOA: 9-28-16
JP Rangaswami, chief scientist for Salesforce.com, was particularly pointed in describing the benefits that will emerge in this new environment: “The proliferation of sensors and actuators will continue. ‘Everything’ will become nodes on a network. The quality of real-time information that becomes available will take the guesswork out of much of capacity planning and decision-making. We will really understand what it means to move from ‘stocks’ to ‘flows,’ as in the Hagel-Seely Brown-Davison model. 1 The net effect will be to reduce waste everywhere: in physical flows and logistics, in the movement of people and goods; in logical flows and logistics, in the movement of ideas and information; decisions will be made faster and better, based on more accurate information; prior errors in assumption and planning will be winkled out more effectively. ‘Inventory’ will be reduced, as will the waste associated with the decay that is an intrinsic part of inventory. This will affect the food you buy and cook and eat; the fuel you use to power yourself, your devices, and your vehicles; the time you take to do things; and, as you learn to live longer, the burden of care will reduce as a result of far better monitoring of, and response to, your physical and emotional state, in terms of healthcare. Our notions of privacy and sharing will continue to evolve as a result, with new tradeoffs needing to be understood and dealt with. People will engage with information using all of their senses: touch and feel, sight, sound, smell, and taste—using them in combination, more often than not. Wearable, connected devices will become embedded more and more in our bodies, more like implants, as in the [Google] Glass becoming more like contact lenses. As that happens, our ability to use nerve impulses to engage with information will expand dramatically. We will see today’s connected devices become smaller and smaller and slowly merge into the part of the body from where the particular sense related to that device operates.”

CONTINUES (with more detail as to how it violates privacy)

Many expect that a major driver of the Internet of Things will be incentives to try to get people to change their behavior—maybe to purchase a good, maybe to act in a more healthy or safe manner, maybe work differently, maybe to use public goods and services in more efficient ways. Laurel Papworth, social media educator, explained, “Every part of our life will be quantifiable, and eternal, and we will answer to the community for our decisions. For example, skipping the gym will have your gym shoes auto tweet (equivalent) to the peer-to-peer health insurance network that will decide to degrade your premiums. There is already a machine that can read brain activity, including desire, in front of advertising by near/proximity. I have no doubt that will be placed into the Big Data databases when evaluating hand gestures, body language, and pace for presenting social objects for discussion/purchase/voting.”

Internet of Things turns work into a prison

Janna Anderson and Lee Raine, 2014, The Internet of Things Will Thrive by 2025, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/05/14/internet-of-things/ Pew Research Center DOA: 9-28-16

Frank Pasquale, a law professor at a large U.S. university, responded, “As Rivera’s filmSleep Dealer shows, the workplace plugged into the Internet of Things will be more productive and more prison-like (or, to be more accurate, more like an ‘ankle monitor’ of the mind that upgrades scanning not merely to location, but also to observable ‘outputs’ like typing and eye movements). Jonathan Crary’s 24/7 is also an essential guide to this future. It sets the stage for extraordinarily targeted monitoring and manipulation of these individuals. There will be a small class of ‘watchers’ and a much larger class of the experimented upon, the watched. Rules that govern institutional research boards should be applied here, too.”

Some analysts warn that the perpetual feedback and stimulation loop accompanying always-available computing can lead to other social ills.

Magnitude

20.8 billion devices will be connected by 2020

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research and advisory corporation), there will be nearly 20.8 billin devices on the internet of things by 2020.^[44] ABI Research estimates that more than 30 billion devices will be wirelessly connected to the internet of things by 2020.^[45] As per a recent survey and study done by Pew Research Internet Project, a large majority of the technology experts and engaged Internet users who responded—83 percent—agreed with the notion that the Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding dynamic systems^[46]) will have widespread and beneficial effects by 2025.^[47] As such, it is clear that the IoT will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the Internet

A2: IoT Doesn’t Exist

3.8 billion connected devices in 2013

The Globe and Mail, August 2013, 8 ways the Internet will change the way we live and work, http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/the-future-is-smart/article24586994/, DOA: 9-25-16

The international research firm Gartner estimates that by the end of last year, there were 3.8 billion connected things out there—smart cars, smoke detectors, door locks, industrial robots, streetlights, heart monitors, trains, wind turbines, even tennis racquets and toasters. By 2020, Gartner estimates there will be 25 billion of these smart devices, transmitting tiny amounts of data to us, to the cloud and to each other. Cisco’s outgoing CEO, John Chambers, has boldly proclaimed that there will be 50 billion devices online within five years, with a total market worth $19 trillion (all currency in U.S. dollars). Another leader in this sphere, Siemens, has said these smart things are starting to power a fourth Industrial Revolution (after steam, electricity and wired computers).

It has existed since 1990

6 billion connected now

Gartner, November 10, 2015, http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3165317

Analysts to Explore the Value and Impact of IoT on Business at Gartner Symposium/ITxpo 2015, November 8-12 in Barcelona, Spain

Gartner, Inc. forecasts that 6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, up 30 percent from 2015, and will reach 20.8 billion by 2020. In 2016, 5.5 million new things will get connected every day.

1^st Thing connected in 1990

Tech Target, no date, Internet of Things, http://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT DOA: 9-25-16

Although the concept wasn't named until 1999, the Internet of Things has been in development for decades. The first internet appliance, for example, was a Coke machine at Carnegie Melon University in the early 1980s. The programmers could connect to the machine over the internet, check the status of the machine and determine whether or not there would be a cold drink awaiting them, should they decide to make the trip down to the machine.

2 billion Internet objects in 2006

Intel, no date, A Guide to the Internet of Things, http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/internet-of-things/infographics/guide-to-iot.html

The “Internet of Things” is exploding. It is made up of billions of “smart” devices—from miniscule chips to mammoth machines—that use wireless technology to talk to each other (and to us). Our IoT world is growing at a breathtaking pace, from 2 billion objects in 2006 to a projected 200 billion by 2020.¹ That will be around 26 smart objects for every human being on Earth!

10 billion devices in 2015

John Greenough, July 18, 2016, Business Insider, How the “Internet of Things” will impact consumers, governments, and businesses in 2016 and beyond, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-internet-of-things-market-will-grow-2014-10

• 
  In total, we forecast there will be 34 billion devices connected to the internet by 2020, up from 10 billion in 2015. IoT devices will account for 24 billion, while traditional computing devices (e.g. smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, etc.) will comprise 10 billion.
  

Trillions in IoT spending now

John Greenough, July 18, 2016, Business Insider, How the “Internet of Things” will impact consumers, governments, and businesses in 2016 and beyond, http://www.businessinsider.com/how-the-internet-of-things-market-will-grow-2014-10

• 
  Nearly $6 trillion will be spent on IoT solutions over the next five years.
  

All new consumer electronic boast some type of wireless hook up

THE FIRST STAGE of this transformation—the simple act of putting objects on the network—is well under way, spurred by a few different economic forces. For makers of consumer devices, one way to escape the trap of commodification is to put a device (alarm clock! refrigerator! fitness tracker!) on the network and call it “smart.” No doubt that’s a big reason why more than half of the gadgets displayed at this year’s International Consumer Electronics Show boasted some sort of wireless hookup. But an even bigger reason is that the rise of the smartphone has supplied us with a natural way to communicate with those smart objects. Nearly 700 million new smartphones shipped last year, most of which can communicate with nearby sensors via multiple wireless languages. At the same time, the staggering scale of the smartphone market has spurred sensor manufacturers to miniaturize and innovate, driving the cost of all the wireless chipsets (both sensors and receivers) down to a pittance. This has created a built-in market for these first-stage products—formerly unnetworked items that now deliver simple information to your phone, and from there to the cloud—at a relatively minimal manufacturing cost.

^{IOT is here now}

Government Technology, August 10, 2016, What is the Internet of Things? http://www.govtech.com/fs/What-is-the-Internet-of-Things.html

Though many people frame discussion of the Internet of Things as a future hypothetical, it’s technically already existed for quite some time. Cellphones are sensor-laden, connected, ubiquitous devices. Cars are becoming increasingly connected. Air quality districts already take frequent measurements of the atmosphere.

1.4 billion connections now

Government Technology, August 10, 2016, What is the Internet of Things? http://www.govtech.com/fs/What-is-the-Internet-of-Things.html

Nonetheless, the IoT is certainly expanding. An industry report — which reached conclusions similar to other industry reports — estimated that the number of connections will more than quadruple from 1.2 billion in 2014 to 5.4 billion in 2020

Areas

Environmental sensing, urban planning

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field.^[56] Such systems could be in charge of collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories,^[55] thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.^[57]

Environmental monitoring, protection

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in environmental protection^[69] by monitoring air or water quality,^[18] atmospheric or soil conditions,^[70] and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats.^[71] Development of resource constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic area and can also be mobile

Infrastructure management

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a key application of the IoT.^[73] The IoT infrastructure can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be used for scheduling repair and maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service providers and users of these facilities.^[55] IoT devices can also be used to control critical infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all infrastructure related areas.^[74] Even areas such as waste management can benefit from automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.^[75]

Manufacturing

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm on industrial applications and smart manufacturing as well.^[76] The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking machinery, sensors and control systems together.^[55]

Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT.^[73] But it also extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and measurements to maximize reliability.^[77] Smart industrial management systems can also be integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization. Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.^[55]

National Science Foundation established an Industry/University Cooperative Research Center on intelligent maintenance systems (IMS) in 2001 with a research focus to use IoT-basedpredictive analytics technologies to monitor connected machines and to predict machine degradation, and further to prevent potential failures.^[78] The vision to achieve near-zero breakdown using IoT-based predictive analytics led the future development of e-manufacturing and e-maintenance activities.^[79]

The term IIOT (industrial internet of things) is often encountered in the manufacturing industries, referring to the industrial subset of the IoT. IIoT in manufacturing would probably generate so much business value that it will eventually lead to the fourth industrial revolution, so the so-called Industry 4.0. It is estimated that in the future, successful companies will be able to increase their revenue through internet of things by creating new business models and improve productivity, exploit analytics for innovation, and transform workforce.^[80] The potential of growth by implementing IIoT will generate $12 trillion of global GDP by 2030.^[81]

Energy management

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize energy consumption as a whole.^[55] It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all forms of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be able to communicate with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power generationand energy usage.^[87] Such devices would also offer the opportunity for users to remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, and enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.).^[55] In fact, a few systems that allow remote control of electric outlets are already available in the market, e.g., Belkin's WeMo,^[88] Ambery Remote Power Switch,^[89] Budderfly,^[90] Telkonet's EcoGuard,^[91] WhizNets Inc.,^[92] etc.

Besides home based energy management, the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid since it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an automated fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity.^[87] Using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation devices like transformers and reclosers.^[55]

Medical and health care

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as pacemakers, Fitbit electronic wristbands or advanced hearing aids.^[55] Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via therapy as well.^[93] Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT.^[94] More and more end-to-end health monitoring IoT platforms are coming up for antenatal and chronic patients, helping one manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements.^{[citation needed]}

Smart transportation

Wikipedia, no date Internet of Things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things DOA: 9-25-16

The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information processing across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of transportation systems (i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user). Dynamic interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems, logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance.^[55]

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