Google “Life Expectancy Calculator” and open one of the sites. Answer the questions provided for yourself and then your parents

Revised 6/26/06

The undersigned acknowledge(s) that during the activity he/she has requested to participate in, that certain risks and dangers may occur. These include, but are not limited to the hazards of depending on other people and being at various heights (ground to 40’) and the forces of nature. The undersigned further recognizes that these risks may also include loss or damage to personal property, physical or psychological damage and / or injury not excluding fatality due to accidents which may occur, including accidents resulting from this challenge course experience or other type of outdoor activities.

I certify that I am completely healthy (both physically and emotionally) and capable of participating in this activity. However, I understand that it is solely my responsibility to determine whether there is any medical reason that I should not participate in this activity. I also state that I am not under, and will not be under the influence of any chemical substance including alcohol. I fully understand that my physical activity involves risk of injury. I also understand that my participation in this Challenge Course is entirely VOLUNTARY. I enter into this activity and take full responsibility for my decision to participate or not to participate and agree to follow all safety instructions.

The undersigned releases, indemnifies and saves harmless Camp Victory Ministries and its agents or employees from all suits, actions or claims of any character, type or description brought or made for or on account of any injuries or damages received or sustained by any person or persons or property, arising out of or participating in the Challenge Course (ropes course) activity. If the undersigned is a minor, the parent or guardian of such minor hereby joins in this agreement of indemnification.

_____________________________________________________ ________________

NAME OF PARTICIPANT (PLEASE PRINT) DATE
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SIGNATURE OF PARTICIPANT (IF 18 YEARS OR OLDER) DATE

SIGNATURE OF PARENT/GUARDIAN (IF PARTICIPANT IS UNDER 18) DATE

1. 
   What was the purpose of Earth Day in the US on April 22, 1970? Do you think it had a positive effect?
   
2. 
   Reserve Mining
   
   1. 
      What body of water is Reserve Mining located on?
      
   2. 
      What harmful material did Reserve discharge into the lake?
      
   3. 
      Who was the Judge that wrote the order to stop Reserve Mining? What date were they to stop?
      
3. 
   Has the incidence of Dutch Elm disease increased or decreased? What is the current tree that is being infested in the state?
   
4. 
   How have logging methods improved through the years to protect the environment?
   
5. 
   What is the BWCAW and when was it established? When was the BWCAW Act passed and signed into law?
   
6. 
   What was banned by the BWCA becoming a wilderness area?
   
7. 
   What is the major controversy in with this area becoming a wilderness?
   
8. 
   What use are untouched wetlands?
   
9. 
   What is the biggest problem with cattle and hog feed lots?
   
10. 
    Where in Minnesota were the copper nickel mines proposed to be developed?
    
11. 
    If a river becomes part of the Wild and Scenic program who controls the river? How does the Wild and Scenic designation protect the river? What rivers in this area do you think should be designated as Wild and Scenic?
    
12. 
    Should protecting endangered species be criteria for stopping major construction projects? Support your answer.
    
13. 
    What is the Power Plant Sighting Act of 1973? How did farmers in Sherburne county react?
    
14. 
    Where does NSP store its nuclear wastes?
    
15. 
    How are open spaces involved in urban planning? Are there any open spaces in your neighborhood?
    
16. 
    What happens to the experimental city plans?
    
17. 
    How has the Army Corps of Engineers used environmental impact studies in the past?
    
18. 
    In your opinion what do you consider to be the major environmental problem in Minnesota today and why?
    

Use the Powerpoint on my web page or do a web search to answer the following questions.

1. 
   What are the five branches of Philosophy and what does each branch study?
   

2. 
   How do we as humans develop our ethics?
   

3. 
   What impresses people of other countries when they visit the USA?
   

4. 
   What are the two land use ethics and how do they differ from each other?
   

5. 
   What are some ways that you can tell if people have been in an area?
   

6. 
   Why is it important to preserve wilderness areas?
   

7. 
   How can you help preserve the wilderness?
   

8. 
   Where can you find wilderness in our area?
   

9. 
   How many acres are within and where can you find the BWCAW?
   
10. 
    Why do we as humans abuse the environment?
    

11. 
    Why is it important to maintain biodiversity?
    

12. 
    Write a brief description of how each person effected our Land Use Ethic.
    
    1. 
       John Muir
       
    2. 
       Sigurd Olsen
       
    3. 
       Henry David Thoreau
       
    4. 
       Edward Wilson
       
    5. 
       Edward Backus
       
    6. 
       Rachel Carson
       
    7. 
       Theodore Roosevelt
       
    8. 
       Gifford Pinchot
       
    9. 
       Aldo Leopold
       
    10. 
        Bob Marshall
        

1. 
   According to Robin Williams, who has made the world a great place?
   

2. 
   What was the planet before man came along according to Robin?
   

3. 
   Whose fault is it that Mother Earth is sick?
   

4. 
   What was the beginning of the end of Mother Earth?
   

5. 
   How many people in the US are living in areas with unhealthy air?
   

6. 
   How much municipal waste does the US produce in one year?
   

7. 
   What is the Greenhouse Effect?
   

8. 
   How and with what is the Ozone Layer of the atmosphere being destroyed?
   

9. 
   How much industrial waste is produce in the US each year?
   

10. 
    What can polystyrene foam be remade into?
    

EA #8.0 Leave No Trace

2. How many entry point are there?

3. Why is it better sometimes to go through the outfitter?

4. Who manages the BWCAW?

5. Where can you camp in the BWCAW?

6. Where can you build fires in the BWCAW?

7. What glass containers can you bring into the BWCAW?

8. What should you do with your dish water?

9. What do you do with fish remains?

10. What should you do with your food pack?

11. What should you do when a bear comes in your camp?

1. 
   What are the costs of a set aside area of Wilderness like the BWCAW?
   
2. 
   What are the costs of not having an area like the BWCAW?
   
3. 
   Who should be opposed to an area like the BWCAW?
   
4. 
   Who should be supporting an area like the BWCAW?
   

Now that you have finished discussing the previous questions, log on to your computers and go to the following website for the National Park Service and the page for The Wilderness Act and answer these questions.

5. 
   What year was the Wilderness Act passed into Law?
   
6. 
   Read the first two paragraphs under Sec. 2a and Sec. 2b, what is the purpose of the Act?
   

7. 
   What is a Wilderness Area?
   

8. 
   Can you do the following in a Wilderness Area?
   
   1. 
      Camp
      
   2. 
      Hike
      
   3. 
      Horseback ride
      
   4. 
      ATV
      
   5. 
      Snowmobile
      
   6. 
      Fish
      
   7. 
      Hunt
      
   8. 
      Build a resort
      
   9. 
      Have a outfitting service on the edge of the Area
      
   10. 
       Fly with airplanes to fish
       
   11. 
       Ride hot air balloons over the Area
       
   12. 
       Grandfather in your mining operation, if you were doing it before 1964 can you still do it?
       
   13. 
       The President of the US permit dams, roads, powerlines etc.
       
9. 
   This is a National Act (Law), why is the BWCAW specifically named?
   

10. 
    Do you have to move if you own or lease land in the BWCAW?
    
11. 
    Upon signing the Act into Law President Johnson stated the following:
    

Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?

1. 
   How much rain forest was cut down in the time it took to say the introduction?
   
2. 
   Why does Dr. Campbell require the research assistant to have a physical before taking a bath?
   

3. 
   Why was the medicine man of the tribe angered by Dr. Campbell?
   

4. 
   What has Dr. Campbell found the cure to?
   

5. 
   How many Indians were killed by the plagues brought by the Europeans?
   
6. 
   What is the problem that requires that they keep looking for a cure even though Dr. Campbell has already found it?
   

7. 
   Why won’t the medicine man talk to Dr. Campbell?
   

8. 
   Why won’t the Dr. talk to the medicine man?
   

9. 
   Why won’t they give the dying boy the serum that carries the cure?
   

10. 
    What is the key to making the serum?
    

11. 
    In the end what destroys the cure?
    

12. 
    What is valuable about the rain forest?
    

13. 
    What was the main point of the movie
    

1. 
   In the video what do the fairies represent?
   

2. 
   What is it that Hexxus represents in the video?
   

3. 
   What is the first song in the movie referring to?
   

4. 
   Madge talks about worlds-within-worlds, that all things are connected by strands in what?
   

5. 
   Where is it that Madge says that we can call upon the Magic of Creation?
   

6. 
   During his rap, Batty the bat, explains what his life has been like. What does he represent in the video?
   

7. 
   How are the operators of the logging machine portrayed?
   

8. 
   Why are the loggers portrayed in this manner?
   

9. 
   During his song of Toxic Love, Hexxus, sees humans as his soul mates. Why do you think this is so?
   

10. 
    Why can’t Christa understand how humans could live in a city?
    

11. 
    When Zak meets the big fairy group, what does Batty warn the fairies of?
    

12. 
    Why does Zak need to go back?
    

In the data table below indicate the habitat that you investigated and the organisms that you observed in your study.

1. 
   Outline the formation of a snow crystal.
   
2. 
   In general, what effect do each of these conditions have on snow density?
   
   1. 
      Warm temperature
      
   2. 
      High winds
      
   3. 
      Moderate cold
      
   4. 
      Extreme cold
      
3. 
   Briefly outline the metamorphism from new snow to old snow (include terms such as temperature, pressure, etc.).
   
4. 
   What conditions are necessary for the formation of sugar snow?
   
5. 
   What are the following thermal properties of water and how many calories per gram are required for the change of state?
   
   1. 
      Ice water
      
   2. 
      Waterwater vapor
      
   3. 
      Ice water vapor
      
6. 
   Which has more effect on snow melt, rainfall or wind? Discuss your answer.
   
7. 
   Describe the conditions necessary for the formation of hoarfrost.
   
8. 
   Define the following terms.
   
   1. 
      Rime
      
   2. 
      Graupel
      
   3. 
      Corn snow
      
   4. 
      New snow
      
   5. 
      Old snow
      
   6. 
      Rotten snow
      
   7. 
      Powder snow
      
   8. 
      Destructive metamorphism
      
   9. 
      Age-hardening
      
   10. 
       Cornice
       
9. 
   What are the six conditions which produce unstable snow cover and may lead to an avalanche?
   
10. 
    Looking at figure 123 and figure 124 what do they represent?
    

The insulating importance of snow to living things in Minnesota should be obvious to everyone. However, many people think of snow as just a big nuisance. Without snow cover the ground would freeze to depths that would cause problems with our water pipes and building foundations in the ground, snow stores water that will be released to the ground, rivers and lakes in the spring. Snow provides refuge from the bitter cold for many wild life species such as pheasants and grouse. And in the spring temperatures are moderated by the heat stored and required to melt the snow pack.

In this activity we will determine the effect that snow has on the environmental temperature and secondly the amount of water contained in different types of snow.

Materials

Thermometer Six plastic storage bags

1. 
   Choose three areas to study on the school grounds. One area of study should be in an open area, one in a wooded area and the final should be near water (a pond, stream, etc.).
   
2. 
   At each of the three locations take a temperature reading at each of the following levels.
   
   1. 
      Six feet above the ground.
      
   2. 
      At the top of the snow.
      
   3. 
      In the middle of the snow pack.
      
   4. 
      At the bottom of the snow pack next to the ground.
      
3. 
   At each of the locations take a plastic bag full of snow at the surface of the snow pack and a bag full at ground level. Do not pack the snow in the bag try to keep it the same density as it is in the snow pack. Mark the bags with the location of the sample.
   
4. 
   Back in the lab melt the snow in your bags, this can be done running warm water on the bag. Then measure the number of milliliters of water obtained from the melted snow.
   
5. 
   Fill one of the bags with water and measure the volume of the snow that filled the bag. Calculate the percent volume of water in the snow packs at each location.
   
6. 
   Make a chart that will contain all the information from above.
   

1. 
   How does the air temperature at 6ft compare with the temperature at the level of the surface of the snow pack?
   
2. 
   How does the temperature at the surface of the snow pack compare with the temperature in the middle of the snow pack?
   
3. 
   How does the temperature at the surface compare to the temperature on the bottom of the snow pack on the frozen ground?
   
4. 
   What effect does the depth of the snow have on the difference between the temperatures 6 ft in the air to the surface of the frozen ground beneath the snow pack?
   
5. 
   Which location/layer of snow had the highest percent of water?
   

1. 
   Describe what hypothermia is.
   

2. 
   At what temperature range does hypothermia occur? Why at these temperatures?
   

3. 
   What conditions contribute to hypothermia besides low temperatures? How will these conditions lower body temperature?
   

4. 
   What is normal body temperature?
   
5. 
   What are the physiological effects of lowering the body’s temperature? At what temperatures of the body do you observe these effects?
   

6. 
   List the five ways which the body will lose heat and explain each one.
   

7. 
   What are the first signs of hypothermia that you will be able to observe in a person?
   

8. 
   Will drinking an alcoholic beverage warm your body?
   
9. 
   What effect does alcohol have on your blood vessels?
   

10. 
    What is hyperthermia and where would it occur?
    
11. 
    What is the wind chill temperature?
    
12. 
    What is the best natural material to make clothing out of for cold weather and why?
    

1. 
   What is hypothermia?
   

2. 
   What is the result of hypothermia?
   

3. 
   What three conditions are perfect for hypothermia?
   

4. 
   What is the body’s first line of defense against the rapid loss of heat?
   

5. 
   What three parts of the body make up the core?
   

6. 
   What autonomic responses does the body have to combat the cooling of its core?
   

7. 
   What is the result of the autonomic response?
   

8. 
   What is the first thing to do in this kind of emergency?
   

9. 
   What areas of your body need to be warmed first and why must you warm these areas first?
   

10. 
    Why should you not warm your hands and feet first?
    

11. 
    What are two of the hypothermia signs to look for in elderly people?
    

12. 
    Why was Denis in the most danger?
    

13. 
    What are a few of the emergency winter travel items they should have had?
    

14. 
    What should you do to prepare for winter travel?
    

15. 
    What two mistakes did the two students make?
    

16. 
    What three things did the students do right?
    

17. 
    How could they have kept the CO, carbon monoxide, out of the car?
    

4 plastic buckets

Thermometer

Ice or snow

1. 
   Pour 1000 ml of water in to each of the four buckets. This water needs to be lowered to a temperature of 5⁰ C by the addition of snow or ice. When the water has reached the 5⁰ C temperature remove the unmelted ice or snow from the water.
   
2. 
   Immerse one of your hands in the water and use a pencil or pen to stir the water, do not move the hand that is immersed in the water. Have a lab partner hold a thermometer in the bucket and record the temperature of the water every 30 seconds for a total of 2 minutes.
   
3. 
   Remove your hand from the first bucket and at the end of the 5 minutes and immediately put it in to the second bucket. Be sure that the water has maintained the 5⁰ C temperature. Again do not move your hand that is in the water, stir the water and take readings of the temperature every 30 seconds for a total to 2 minutes.
   
4. 
   Now put your other hand in the 3^rd bucket that is at 5⁰ C. This time flex you fist the entire time your hand is in the water and again take readings every 30 seconds for a total of 2 minutes.
   
5. 
   In the 4^th bucket just put a thermometer into the 5⁰ C water and take readings every 30 seconds for a total of 2 minutes.
   
6. 
   Make a line graph of the temperature readings for each trial. You will have 4 lines on the one graph. Put time on the x axis and temperature on the y axis.
   

1. 
   Calculate the number of Calories lost by your hand in the 2 minutes while it was in buckets #1 and #3. One Calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1000 ml of water 1⁰ C.
   

2. 
   Why would #3 release more Calories to the water than #1?
   
3. 
   Will you release more heat to water at 5⁰ C or to air at the same temperature? Support your answer.
   
4. 
   Why was there a difference in the rate of heat loss between bucket #1 and #2?
   
5. 
   What was the purpose of the 4^th bucket and what did it tell you?
   
6. 
   Assume your hand is 1/80^th of your total body surface area. How many Calories would your entire body lose in 2 minutes in the 5⁰ C water?
   

7. 
   How is the activity related to hypothermia?
   

1. 
   You, your sister and brother capsize a canoe. You are the only one wearing a life jacket, both of your siblings are not wearing life jackets and the water temperature is 48⁰F. The distance to the shore is 30 yards. Describe what you would do.
   
2. 
   You are in your fishing boat and you come upon two fishermen whose boat has sunk in water that is very cold. You are 1.5 miles from shore and they have life jackets on. They are awake but do not understand you when you ask them questions and they answer in English that makes no sense to you. What would you do in this situation?
   
3. 
   While cross country skiing you come upon a person sitting against a tree shivering and having trouble standing up. It is windy and the temperature in about 28⁰. How would you assist the person?
   
4. 
   While rock climbing your partner keeps dropping equipment. You talk to him and notice he is stuttering and shivering. It is very windy that day and 42⁰. Describe how you would help him.
   
5. 
   How would you prevent yourself from being effected by hypothermia?
   

1. 
   Why does frostbite appear more frequently now than it did 20 years ago?
   
2. 
   What factors at high altitude often contribute to greater incidences of frostbite?
   
3. 
   What parts of the body are most likely to be affected by frostbite?
   
4. 
   How is frostbite actually a survival mechanism of the human body?
   
5. 
   What are the capillary shunts?
   
6. 
   What are the two types of frostbite?
   
7. 
   What is the immediate color of frostbitten skin?
   
8. 
   What are the visible stages during the recovery from superficial frostbite?
   
9. 
   How should surgery be performed on frostbite in the field?
   
10. 
    What condition that accompanies frostbite should be treated before trying to rewarm a frostbitten piece of anatomy?
    
11. 
    How should actual frostbite be treated on the trail?
    
12. 
    If your hands or feet feel cold and tingly are they frostbitten?
    
13. 
    How can you identify if you have a case of frostnip?
    
14. 
    How can you make sure that frostnip does not progress to frostbite?
    
15. 
    What temperature should water be at to rewarm a frostbitten hand?
    
16. 
    Is rubbing of a frostbitten area a good way to bring back circulation?
    

Seal yourselves into the quinzee by blocking the door way with a snow chunk; however make sure that you have a vent hole that will allow oxygen in and carbon dioxide out. The only heat you are allowed to have in the quinzee is the candle provided by your instructor. You must spend the entire two hours in the shelter and as a group collect the required data and answer the conclusion questions.

Plastic bag containing:

Candle

Matches

Meter stick

Clipboard

Pencil

1. 
   Measure the air temperature at the entrance, floor and ceiling before everyone enters and you seal the opening.
   
2. 
   Seal the opening after everyone has entered the quinzee and determine the volume of the interior of your quizee using the following equation.
   

3. 
   Light the candle and make sure to keep it away from all flammable materials. If the candle does not continue to burn well or will not stay lit you may have low oxygen in your shelter, so watch the flame.
   
4. 
   Record the temperatures every 10 minutes use one outside air temperature collected either before or after you stay in the quinzee.
   
5. 
   Graph the temperatures collected on one graph. There will be five lines; one for outside, one for the entrance, one for the floor, one for the ceiling and one for mid-shelter.
   

Time (min)	Temp Outside	Temp Entrance	Temp Floor	Temp Ceiling	Temp Mid-shelter	Comfort level (1 to5)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

1. 
   When was the shelter coldest and warmest at mid-shelter.
   
2. 
   What was the maximum and minimum temperature for each level?
   
3. 
   Which level stayed the warmest and coolest?
   
4. 
   How much room did you have in the quizee? Hint (total volume/ #People)
   
5. 
   Why did I have you build a sleeping platform in your quinzee?
   
6. 
   Why was it important to have either a blanket or a piece of cardboard separate you from the snow?
   
7. 
   How can you explain the variation of temperature observed in your graph?
   
8. 
   Why did your ceiling drip and from what parts of the ceiling did it drip?
   
9. 
   Did the candle provide heat? Why didn’t I give you a bigger heat source?
   
10. 
    Did you notice any change in your air quality?
    
11. 
    What was your general comfort level and how did it change over time?
    
12. 
    If you were to build a quinzee to live in for a couple of days in a survival situation what would you do differently in designing and constructing your quinzee?
    

1. 
   In what area of the world were cross-country skis invented? About how many years ago were they invented?
   
2. 
   Why are cross-country skis stronger today?
   
3. 
   List at least three reasons that cross-country skiing is popular today.
   
4. 
   What is the curve of the ski called?
   
5. 
   Name the synthetic material that skis are made of today?
   
6. 
   Name and describe the three types of bindings?
   
7. 
   What are the different types of materials poles can be made from?
   
8. 
   What are the different types of skis that can be used for cross-country?
   
9. 
   What are the different types of boots that are used for cross-country skiing?
   
10. 
    How can you prevent breakage of your skis?
    
11. 
    How do you determine the length of the ski you should use?
    
12. 
    What material holds wax the best?
    
13. 
    What type of skis need no wax?
    
14. 
    What name is given to the beech wood edging on skis?
    
15. 
    How should skis be stored?
    
16. 
    What type of clothing should you wear when skiing?
    
17. 
    Do you actually ski on snow?
    
18. 
    How do you determine if you are using the correct wax?
    
19. 
    What are the three most common types of snow?
    
20. 
    What order should you apply wax to your skis?
    
21. 
    What is Blue Wax and when is it used? Red Wax? Klister?
    

1. 
   Why are they spending time in the video showing you an Olympic Cross-Country Ski race?
   
2. 
   Describe the normal walking stride.
   

3. 
   How does the skiing stride differ from the walking stride?
   
4. 
   What does leaning forward and articulating (bending) the knees do for skiing?
   
5. 
   What part of the skiing stride provides the most power?
   
6. 
   What are the three most common faults of beginning skiers?
   

7. 
   What is the relationship between poling and gliding?
   
8. 
   Why should you have relaxed hands when poling?
   
9. 
   What type of ski is faster on the track and easier to use, wax or non-wax skis?
   
10. 
    When should you use double poling?
    
11. 
    How should you adjust your stride when you are on a hill?
    
12. 
    What skiing technique should you use on very steep hills?
    
13. 
    Where should you place the pole tips when you are using the Herringbone Technique?
    
14. 
    What is the skiing technique that you should use when making a fast turn?
    

15. 
    Where can you Cross-Country ski?
    

Native Americans used this concept, of reducing the pressure of their feet on the snow, to design snow shoes. Snow shoes come in three basic styles: the Alaskan, the Michigan, and the Bearpaw. Each style will be called by other names depending on the area of country you are from.

The Michigan, also know as the Maine or the Algonquin snowshoe, has a tail but tends to be wider and much shorter than the Alaskan. The tail helps it to track straight but is much easier to turn because of it’s shorter length. The front curl is less than the Alaskan, usually two inches or less, so that it does not get caught on brush. The tail, short length, low toe curl and wide beam make the Michigan the best all around snowshoe for trail and forest use.

The Bearpaw has no tail at all and is oval in shape, the modern metal snow shoes are Bearpaws. The front of the shoe is wider than the rear, and has little or no upward curl at the toe. This syle of shoe is designed for hilly, brushy terrain were abrupt turns are commonplace.

In this activity we will determine the surface area of three snowshoes, an Alaskan, a Michigan and a Bearpaw and infer their ability to support you in snow based on a calculation of your pressure on the snow will wearing each snowshoe.

1. 
   Divide the shoe into approximate geometric shapes.
   

2. 
   Determine the surface area of each shape using the equations below.
   

3. 
   Total the areas of the three shapes to get the area of the snowshoe.
   
4. 
   After totaling up the areas of the three shapes of the snowshoe calculate the pressure you will be applying to the snow with each shoe by dividing your weight by the area of the snow shoe.
   

1. 
   Assuming all your weight is on one foot while you are walking, which style of shoe would you apply the lowest pressure on the snow?
   
2. 
   Does this calculation agree with the rest of the people in your lab group?
   
3. 
   Which shoes do you think would be the easiest to walk in on trails? Make it easiest to walk through deep snow?
   

1. Record the animal’s name.

2. Record the animal’s average weight.

3. Divide the animal’s weight by its number of paws.

4. Place the grid over the tracing of the animals paw print. Count the squares within the paw print tracing and record.

5. Divide the # of squares from 4 by 16. This will convert to square inches (in²).

6. Divide the result found in Step #3 (lbs.) by the result for step 5 (in²).

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. 
   How might an animal’s foot force change when an animal is moving?
   

2. 
   List the animal with the lowest foot force.
   

3. 
   List the animal with the highest foot force.
   

4. 
   Why would it be advantageous for the animal with the lowest foot force to adapt this characteristic?
   

5. 
   Answer the same question for the animal with the highest foot force.
   

6. 
   How do you compare with these animals while you are wearing snow shoes? To you not wearing snowshoes?
   

7. 
   What principle of physics is used in the design of snowshoes?
   

1. 
   ______ Trace the route you intend to use while snowshoeing on your map of Quarry Hill.
   
2. 
   ______ Mark the location of each objective on the map.
   
3. 
   ______ Look for animal tracks and burrows in the bank of the pond, what type of animal made the tracks or burrow?
   
4. 
   ______ What is the degree of the slope of the hill to the Quarry?
   
5. 
   ______ What is the approximate height of the hill?
   
6. 
   ______ Look at the tree tops, what are the wind conditions at the Quarry (Speed and direction)?
   
7. 
   ______ What are the wind conditions on the trail to the Quarry?
   
8. 
   ______ What are the snow conditions (depth and type) inside of the Quarry, on the bare slopes outside of the Quarry, in trees on the slopes outside the Quarry and on trails outside the Quarry?
   
9. 
   ______ Walk to the north end of the Quarry is any water flowing from the rock or is ice building up on the Quarry wall, what type of rock is it flowing from, how has the quarry changed since it was abandoned?
   
10. 
    ______ Walk to the Picnic Pavilion. What types of trees are growing near there?
    
11. 
    ______ How many vertical boards are supporting the hand rail on the bridge at the west side of the Quarry?
    
12. 
    ______ What is the oldest tombstone that you can find in the cemetery?
    
13. 
    ______ Is the water open at Silver Creek?
    

1. 
   What is the number one mistake most people make when they dress for cold weather?
   
2. 
   What is the best way to research what to wear when you arrive in a vacation area like a resort or the BWCAW?
   
3. 
   What is the first layer of clothing that you should wear? Why is important to layer your clothing?
   
4. 
   What should your second layer of clothing be made of?
   
5. 
   What are the important characteristics you should look for in your outer garments?
   
6. 
   Is it really important to buy a heavy coat if you plan to do activities out doors?
   
7. 
   What is the best insulator if it gets wet? What is the lightest insulator?
   
8. 
   Why are baffled seams important?
   
9. 
   List some characteristics of a good hat.
   
10. 
    What length should your gloves be?
    
11. 
    What design boot is most popular? How should you choose your boots?
    
12. 
    Watch the video clip on how to dress in layers.
    

Access 3M.com website, Select United States, open the Products and Services tab, and then in Safety and Security find Insulation for Apparel (Thinsulate). Look through this site to answer the following questions or google for your own site.

1. 
   How much heat does the human body produce at rest?
   
2. 
   Does your teacher produce more calories at rest than you?
   
3. 
   What information would you need to determine the answer for question 2?
   
4. 
   List the five factors that affect heat loss.
   
5. 
   What is your Clo value as you take a shower? When you sit here at school in normal dress clothes?
   
6. 
   List the 3 things that must be balanced to achieve optimal thermal comfort.
   
7. 
   What is Thinsulate’s Secrete in keeping you warm?
   
8. 
   When clothing is designed what 3 things must be taken into consideration to insulate your body properly?
   
9. 
   What 6 easy tips does Will Steger give you to stay warm?
   
10. 
    What are 6 ways to keep your feet warm?
    
11. 
    What year was Thinsulate launched?
    
12. 
    How many gram Thinsulate hats, gloves and boots do you need for moderate activity outside?
    
13. 
    What does the number of grams mean?
    

Now, access the guycottenusa.com website and answer the following questions.

1. 
   What exactly is a T.P.S. suit?
   
2. 
   How long can you survive in 33 degree water with one of these suits?
   
3. 
   What is the Clo value of this suit?
   
4. 
   What were the names of the two people saved by this suit in 1997?
   

The purpose of this activity is to examine different types of cloth and determine which clothing material has the most beneficial characteristics.

1. 
   Locate one of each sample of cloth from the front of the room.
   
2. 
   Create a chart on the page below, divide it into 3 columns (one for each sample) and into 6 rows one for the headings of the unknown sample #’s 1, 2 and 3 and the remaining rows to record observations for steps 3 through 7.
   
3. 
   With the low power of the microscopes in the back of the room sketch each sample of material in your journal.
   
4. 
   Describe each fiber based upon the feel next to your skin and its sponginess between your fingers.
   
5. 
   Burn a small sample of each sample of cloth and describe its burning rate and smell (Cotton smells like paper and burns quickly to an ash, Polyesters melt and smell like plastic burning, and wool smells like hair or feathers burning).
   
6. 
   Describe how your previous observations would make the cloth desirable or undesirable as a clothing material.
   

In this activity each lab group will test a type of fabric which will be assigned by the instructor. The lab groups will be testing the insulating ability of the fabric both wet and dry.

2 flasks

2 pieces of same type of fabric

2 rubber bands

Procedure:

1. 
   Each flask will be filled with hot water from the tap.
   
2. 
   The flasks will be stoppered to eliminate heat loss from the mouth of the flask.
   
3. 
   Place a thermometer in the hole found in the top of the stopper.
   
4. 
   Wrap the flasks with the fabric that was assigned to your group and fasten it to the flask with the rubber bands. Wet one of the flasks with water from the sink.
   
5. 
   Place the flasks outdoors and take your time zero temperature right away.
   
6. 
   Flask #1 will be the wet fabric flask and flask #2 will be a dry fabric flask.
   
7. 
   Every 60 seconds (one minute) check the temperature of each flask and record in a data table for a total of 15 minutes.
   
8. 
   Plot your data on a graph with time on the x-axis and temperature on the y-axis.
   
9. 
   Finally calculate the number of calories lost by each flask over the 15 minutes.
   

1. 
   Which flask lost the most calories over the 15 minutes, show your calculations?
   
2. 
   Look at your graph, which flask had a steeper graph, the wet flask or the dry?
   
3. 
   What does the steepness or more accurately the slopes of the graph tell you about the flasks and their cooling?
   
4. 
   Which of the 5 heat loss methods were responsible for the loss of heat by the two flasks? It may be more than one!!!
   
5. 
   Check the findings of other tables, which fabric was the best insulator wet? Which was the best dry?
   

Clothing that will retain moisture will cause the body to lose heat more rapidly than dry clothing, as was observed in activity #26. If the clothing is able to wick water to the surface of the clothing for evaporation, and can do this without having the water adhere to the fabric heat loss by conduction will be reduced.

Small beaker 4 Strips of different types of fabric Ruler

1. 
   Place the ruler in 1” of water.
   
2. 
   Beside the ruler place a strip of the cloth.
   
3. 
   Every 5 seconds record the height the water raises.
   
4. 
   Continue recording until the water stops wicking up the fabric.
   
5. 
   Repeat the procedure with the other 3 types of fabric.
   
6. 
   Graph the data with time on the x-axis and the height the water wicked on the y-axis.
   

1. 
   If you were going to hike in a hot climate, what material would you want your socks to be made from?
   
2. 
   What kind of socks would you wear if you were hiking at 15,000 ft?
   
3. 
   What kind of fabric would you wear during the day if it is 83⁰ and you are working hard?
   
4. 
   What kind of fabric would you wear in the wet tundra?
   

2” x 2” pieces of 4 fabrics

1. 
   Wrap the end of your thermometer with a wet piece of the fabric and fasten it with a rubber band.
   
2. 
   Record the temperature, of each fabric in a data table, at the end of two minutes of fanning or waving the thermometer.
   

1. 
   To which fabric does water adhere the best? Is it the fabric with the highest or lowest temperature?
   
2. 
   Which fabric would you want closest to your skin?
   
3. 
   Which fabric would you want as an insulating layer?
   

1. 
   The most important item to carry well supplied on winter trips in your automobile?
   
   1. 
      Extra clothing b. Gasoline c. Survival kit d. First aid kit
      
2. 
   The first symptom of frostbite is what colored skin spots?
   
   1. 
      Blue b. Yellow c. Red d. White
      
3. 
   The most important time to deal with an emergency is when?
   
   1. 
      Start b. Finish c. Before it starts d. After first fatality
      
4. 
   The first obvious symptom of hypothermia?
   
   1. 
      Stumbling b. Shivering c. Stuttering d. Shaking
      
5. 
   Toenail trimming prevents holes in socks, but also prevents what?
   
   1. 
      Heat loss b. Tree Climbing c. Hypothermia d. Sore Feet
      
6. 
   Rubbing frostbitten areas causes, “tissue death” due to?
   
   1. 
      Bruises b. Plaque c. Blister d. Ice Crystals
      
7. 
   Warmth in clothing is directly correlated with the what of the material?
   
   1. 
      Thickness b. Style c. Weight d. Manufacturer
      
8. 
   When feet get cold what is best to put on?
   
   1. 
      Gloves b. Hat c. Ear Muffs d. Goggles
      
9. 
   At what skin temperature does all sense of touch and pain cease?
   
   1. 
      90 b. 80 c. 70 d. 50
      
10. 
    Besides cold wind, the other major factor in hypothermia deaths is what?
    
    1. 
       Alcohol b. Exhaustion c. Wetness d. Baldness
       
11. 
    To avoid disorientation in a blizzard condition keep_________ attached to you.
    
    1. 
       Rope b. Windbreak c. Compass d. A Friend
       
12. 
    Hypothermia is probably most common in ___________
    
    1. 
       Mountaineering b. Spelunking c. Snowmobiling d. Swimming
       
13. 
    It is always wise to tell others of your ETA (Eastern Time of Arrival) and your what?
    
    1. 
       Companions b. Supplies c. Route d. Condition
       
14. 
    Hypothermia can be a problem at any temperature below what?
    
    1. 
       +90 b. +50 c. +20 d. -10
       
15. 
    
    
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