John Marshall High School Rochester, mn

4. The North Pole that your compass needle points toward

8. Angular difference between geographic and magnetic north

10. A bearing of 225 degrees

12. Where the red end of the needles is in

13. Lines on a map that run north and south, one hour separate them

15. There are 360 of these on a compass or circle

Down
1. Arrow that points in the direction of your destination

3. Sport of competitive navigating

5. A bearing of due north

6. Distance between contour lines

7. Map that has contour lines and can be used to plan outdoor adventures

9. Line on a map that runs east to west

11. Magnet in a compass that orientates itself towards north magnetic pole

12. Symbol for a house on a Topographic map

1. 
   If you are planning getting out of bed for your wilderness back packing vacation at 9:00 AM and you went to bed at 8:00 at night, how many hours of sleep would you get if you are using an old fashioned dial clock?
   
2. 
   Do they have a 4^th of July in Canada?
   
3. 
   If a plane with 163 people on board crashes on the border of Canada and the US and all but 17 people die, where would they burry the survivors?
   
4. 
   How many birthdays would the average Minnesotans have?
   
5. 
   If you had only one match and you entered a wilderness cabin on a -20⁰ F day and in the cabin you saw a kerosene lamp, and a wood burning stove, which would you light first?
   
6. 
   About 1/2 of the months have 30 days and about ½ have 31 days, how many months have 28 days?
   
7. 
   If you had three pills that you needed to take to cure you from a snake bit, and the directions on the bottle told you to take one pill every half hour, how long would it be until you took your last pill?
   
8. 
   An explorer built a rectangular shelter with 4 walls; each wall has a southern exposure. A large bear walks by, what color is the bear?
   
9. 
   If you are running into the wilderness, how far can you run into this wilderness?
   
10. 
    What is the minimum number of active baseball players in any part of an inning?
    
11. 
    How many outs are there in an inning?
    
12. 
    A man rides into a town on Friday, stays for three days and leaves again on Friday. How is this possible?
    
13. 
    If I had in my hand two coins which total 30 cents and one is not a nickel, what are the values of the two coins?
    
14. 
    You have 17 deer in the herd in your woods and all of them died over the winter but 9, how many deer survived?
    
15. 
    Divide the number 30 by one-half, now add 10 to the answer. What number do you get?
    
16. 
    Two campers are in a tent on Sawbill Lake in the BWCAW, to pass time they are playing checkers. They play five games, each one wins the same number of games with no ties. How is this possible?
    
17. 
    In a survival situation your group leader takes two apples from three people, how many apples does the leader have now?
    
18. 
    While hiking through the mountains of Italy, your grandfather tells of finding a Roman coin dated 46 B.C. Do you believe his story?
    
19. 
    At the Sawbill landing you observe a woman giving someone 50 cents to make a phone call at the pay phone. The woman is the person’s sister, but the person is not the woman’s brother. How can this be?
    
20. 
    How many animals of each species did Moses take aboard the Ark?
    
21. 
    Is it legal in Canada for a man to marry his widow’s sister?
    
22. 
    Two boxers start a boxing match. One of the boxers is knocked out in the first round without a punch being thrown by a man. How could this be possible?
    
23. 
    What word is misspelled in this test?
    

1. 
   List the four threes of survival and what they refer to.
   
2. 
   List and describe the six common body needs.
   
3. 
   What does CPR refer to?
   
4. 
   How long do most emergency situations last?
   
5. 
   What two factors will reduce PMA?
   
6. 
   List some common fears.
   
7. 
   What is the first signal that you should look for to get out of the weather?
   
8. 
   How should you treat a hypothermia victim?
   
9. 
   How can you tell if your fingers are frost bitten?
   

1. 
   What three things do you need to prepare?
   
2. 
   What things do you need to survive?
   
3. 
   What five items of equipment would you want to have with you?
   
4. 
   What are the three things you have to do to survive?
   
5. 
   What is the first thing that you should do if you get lost?
   
6. 
   In how many days is the average person found?
   
7. 
   How can you get along without a compass?
   
8. 
   What are the fair weather conditions?
   
9. 
   How can you predict poor weather?
   
10. 
    If your lost and will spend the night in the woods what must you accomplish and in what order?
    
11. 
    What are the signaling techniques?
    
12. 
    How many pints of water do you need in a day?
    
13. 
    Why is melting ice better than melting snow?
    
14. 
    What are good materials for starting a fire?
    
15. 
    What food should you stay away from in nature?
    
16. 
    What is the safest of all foods?
    
17. 
    How can you capture a rabbit on a game trail?
    
18. 
    What technique should you use to stalk animals?
    
19. 
    Out of the 2400 snakes in the US, how many are dangerous? Where are they located?
    
20. 
    If you are lost what are the five most commonly used items in a survival situation?
    
21. 
    What are a few other important items to have along?
    

• 
  A 10-15 slide PowerPoint presentation (to be presented to the class).
  
• 
  Must contain some historical/anthropological content.
  
• 
  Individual research including personal pictures added into presentation.
  
• 
  All information must be in your own words, No Plagiarism!!!
  
• 
  Include survival issues involved with topic area and how to get survival issues resolved.
  
• 
  Last slide of PowerPoint must have three quiz questions that pertain to your presentation.
  
• 
  Projects from the past include:
  
  • 
    Building a pair of snow shoes from natural materials.
    
  • 
    Building and demonstrating four different types of traps and snares.
    
  • 
    Building and demonstrating fish baskets, gillnets, survival items made from bones, skins or horns.
    
  • 
    Build and demonstrating arrows or spears made from natural materials.
    
  • 
    Make sandals or mats made from bark or other natural material
    
  • 
    Build and demonstrate a workable solar still.
    
  • 
    Do a “Survivor Man” show.
    
  • 
    Etc.
    

Before the plane caught on fire, your group was able to salvage some of their gear. The list below is the gear that was salvaged. Your group has the task of ranking in order the items salvaged in order of the importance to the groups survival. Use the number one to represent the most important, two the second most important and so on. In fifteen minutes we will discuss your and the rest of the classes rankings so be prepared to validate your prioritization.

1. 
   A metal coffee pot
   
2. 
   A liter of Vodka
   
3. 
   Four wool blankets
   
4. 
   A Jack knife
   
5. 
   Sectional map of the pilots
   
6. 
   A flashlight with four batteries
   
7. 
   One pair of Cross-Country skis
   
8. 
   A 9’ x 12’ plastic sheet
   
9. 
   Three books of matches
   
10. 
    12 packages of Cocktail Nuts
    
11. 
    A cosmetic mirror
    
12. 
    A rifle with a box of ammunition
    
13. 
    A complete first aid kit
    
14. 
    Four pair of sunglasses
    
15. 
    One large decorative candle
    

The pilot was unable to notify anyone of your position before the crash; however, ground sightings, taken before you crashed, indicated that you are 65 miles off the course that was filed in your pre-flight plan. The pilot has indicated before you crashed that the plane was approximately 70 miles south-southwest from a mining camp which is the nearest known habitation.

1. 
   Flashlight with batteries
   
2. 
   Jack knife
   
3. 
   Sectional air map
   
4. 
   Plastic raincoat
   
5. 
   Magnetic compass
   
6. 
   First aid kit
   
7. 
   Loaded pistol
   
8. 
   Red and white parachute
   
9. 
   Bottle of salt tablets
   
10. 
    1 liter of water per person
    
11. 
    A book titled, Edible Animals of the Desert
    
12. 
    Sunglasses enough for everyone
    
13. 
    2 liters of Vodka
    
14. 
    1 coat for each person
    
15. 
    A cosmetic mirror
    

1. 
   What color of ice should you fish on?
   
2. 
   Why should you not fish near trees, embankments or shallow water?
   
3. 
   What is the only way to know for sure how thick the ice is?
   
4. 
   How thick does ice have to be to do the following activities?
   
   1. 
      Ice fishing/walking
      
   2. 
      Snowmobiling
      
   3. 
      Driving a car
      
   4. 
      Driving a Truck
      
5. 
   Why should you not go on ice with snow on it (2 reasons)?
   
6. 
   Why should you not drive on ice at night or during a snow storm?
   
7. 
   What items should be in your ice fishing safety kit?
   
8. 
   What 7 things should you do if you fall through the ice?
   
9. 
   What are the steps to get someone else out of the water after they fall through the ice?
   
10. 
    Why should you not run out to save victims?
    
11. 
    How would you treat Hypothermia?
    

1. 
   What date do ice houses need to be removed from lakes in Southern Minnesota/
   
2. 
   When is the last day that you can catch a Small Mouth Bass, Large Mouth and Walleye?
   
3. 
   Where is Christianson Lake at in Minnesota?
   
4. 
   What is the nearest city?
   
5. 
   What is its maximum depth?
   
6. 
   What is its clarity?
   
7. 
   What species of fish can be caught in Christianson Lake?
   
8. 
   Where is the nearest Fisheries Office to Rochester?
   
9. 
   How often can you safely eat Sunfish, Walleye and Catfish caught in Minnesota?
   
10. 
    What information can be obtained from tagged fish?
    

Video

1. 
   What is your biggest threat in extreme heat?
   

2. 
   What two things does sweating do to your body?
   

3. 
   How much water would you need to drink in the outback to avoid dehydration?
   

4. 
   What is Ken’s first major mistake?
   

5. 
   After day 2 how is Ken doing?
   

6. 
   How do you use the sun to make a compass?
   

7. 
   Describe how trees give us water.
   

8. 
   What were Bob’s final instructions to Ken?
   

9. 
   List the mistakes Ken makes on the last day.
   

10. 
    What did Ken underestimate during his desert walk?
    

3. How does the cold water spray help to increase the cooling of the body?

5. What temperature is the cut off threshold for Hypothermia? ________________

7. List the biggest dangers in the arctic.

8. Draw and describe a feather stick.

9. What was the purpose of digging to the ground to make the shelter?

10. What is the purpose of putting 8” of snow over the tarp?

11. Is it good or bad for your body to stop shivering? What does it mean?

12. How does the forced air warming system work?

13. What is the danger in heating your extremities (arms, hands legs and feet) first?

14. How much faster did hypothermia have when wind was added to Ken’s test?

15. What makes caribou fur so warm?

16. How much body heat is lost through the head?

17. How does the electrical heated vest work?

18. List the steps to making an igloo/snow shelter.

19. What makes Andrew able to deal with the cold so much better than Ken.

20. What was Ken’s biggest mistake after entering the snowshelter?

The last thing that you need to be concerned about in a survival situation is food. The average person, according to the “rule of threes”, can go about 3 weeks without food. The average person lost in the wilderness is found within three days, so the lack of food should not effect your survival. If, however, you are unlucky enough to be one of those people that are not rescued within a few weeks you will need to gather food as our ancestors did in the wilderness.

To educate ourselves on the topic of gathering food in the wilderness we will be gathering information from a website. Remember we learned how to gather non poisonous foods by watching animals browse and also we learned the hard way what was poisonous and what was not, so do not experiment on your own with wilderness gathering only gather foods that you are certain are nonpoisonous.

The website you can visit is the following (or do your own search), http://www.wilderness-survival-skills.com/survivalfood.html.

1. 
   Even though you will not need food for three weeks to survive, why is food important in all survival situations?
   
2. 
   What determines the food sources you will be able to exploit?
   
3. 
   Why should you make sure that you vary your diet? What provides everything a long term survivor would need?
   
4. 
   What is the most appropriate diet in the early stages of a survival situation?
   
5. 
   How many wild plants do you need to know about to be great help in your survival?
   
6. 
   Look in Eating Wild Plants, What are the two rules to remember in identifying poisonous plants?
   

7. 
   What is the last step of the edibility test? What happens if you are unlucky and pick the wrong plant?
   
8. 
   What are insects rich in, why do we not eat them?
   

9. 
   Look in Survival Foods, where do you look for insects and bugs to eat?
   
10. 
    What are some examples of useful insects to eat?
    

11. 
    Look in Simple Methods of Catching Fish, What can you use as a float to catch fish? For a hook? For bait?
    

12. 
    Where can you find fish if the weather is hot? If the weather is cool? Where do fish like to get shelter?
    

13. 
    When is the best time to catch fish? What is the technique for spearing fish? How could you improvise a landing net?
    

14. 
    How should you obtain your meat in a survival situation?
    
15. 
    Look in Simple Traps, Why is it crucial to regularly check traps? What type of prey should you attempt to trap?
    
16. 
    How can you determine the presence of animals? What should you look for where you may use your traps or snares?
    

17. 
    How can you avoid leaving signs of your presence?
    
18. 
    Look in Dead Fall Traps, sketch a figure four dead fall trap. Sketch the variation to the figure four trigger.
    

19. 
    What can be used to make snares? Sketch a snare. How high and wide should the snare be?
    

20. 
    Why are eggs a good food source?
    
21. 
    Why is cooking a skill of great importance?
    
22. 
    Look in Prepare Your Food Without Cooking Utensils, why should you not heat porous soft rocks?
    
23. 
    What is the hot stone method of cooking ideal for?
    
24. 
    Describe the method of hot stone cooking. Describe the Alternative cooking method.
    
25. 
    Look in Readers of This Web Site Have Submitted and find two food sources that you can easily identify in a survival situation.
    

1. 
   What trail is the man traveling upon?
   
2. 
   What city is 70 miles north of where he is presently?
   
3. 
   From the context what do you think chechaqo means?
   
4. 
   What else should 50 degrees below zero mean to the man?
   
5. 
   How did the man decide how cold it was that day?
   
6. 
   What did the Husky know that the man did not know?
   
7. 
   What did the dog want?
   
8. 
   What was the penalty of all tobacco chewers in that country?
   
9. 
   How did the man know that he was getting frost bite on his cheeks and nose?
   
10. 
    How could a man wet himself to the waist when the creek was frozen to the bottom?
    
11. 
    How did the man test for suspected danger below the snow?
    
12. 
    What did the man do that delayed him by one hour?
    
13. 
    What was the advice of the old timer on Sulphur Creek to the man?
    
14. 
    What was the man’s own fault to cause his mistake?
    
15. 
    What could a trail-mate do for the man?
    
16. 
    How was the man able to light a match with his fingers frozen?
    
17. 
    How did he know that he was burning his fingers with the lit matches?
    
18. 
    What was the man’s next plan to warm his hands?
    
19. 
    Why was he unable to warm his hands in this fashion?
    
20. 
    What did his panic cause the man to do?
    
21. 
    What was freezing to death like for the man?
    
22. 
    What happens at the end of the story, why was the dog not concerned more for the man?
    

“Survival Basics I and II, Fire starting”

1. 
   What are the two best tools for starting a fire with a spark?
   

2. 
   What are the two other ways to start a fire?
   

3. 
   How much Magnesium does he suggest to use?
   

4. 
   What does he catch the sparks with?
   

5. 
   What did he strike the steel against?
   

6. 
   In what does he keep his tinder?What two materials does he suggest for tinder?
   

7. 
   How did he start a fire with a rock?
   
8. 
   How did he start a fire with a flashlight battery?
   

9. 
   What order did he use when he added his fuel to the fire?
   

10. 
    What was the shape of the fuel when he added it to the fire?
    

1. 
   What is the EN 13537?
   

2. 
   What number do you look for if you are a male? Female?
   

3. 
   What are the three key factors in purchasing a sleeping bag?
   

4. 
   What are the two types of fill (insulation) that you will need to decide between?
   

5. 
   What are the characteristics of goose-down? Of synthetic fills?
   

6. 
   What is EN an abbreviation for?
   

7. 
   How is an EN 13537 temperature test performed?
   

8. 
   How do the following affect your overall warmth?
   
   1. 
      Sleeping pad
      
   2. 
      Tent
      
   3. 
      Metabolism
      
   4. 
      Gender
      
   5. 
      Clothing
      
   6. 
      Hood
      
   7. 
      Hydration
      
9. 
   What Temperature rating should you have for a 3 season bag?
   

10. 
    How does a Woman’s sleeping bag differ from a man’s?
    

11. 
    What does “fill power refer” to? What is the difference between short-staple and continuous fill?
    

12. 
    How does a sleep bag keep you warm?
    

13. 
    What are the 4 main types of heat loss and give a description of each?
    

14. 
    What are the rules of thumb for choosing the shape of a bag?
    

15. 
    What are the two ways that down baffles are constructed? Synthetic bags?
    

16. 
    How can you tell if the shell of the bag has DWR treatment?
    

17. 
    What length bag should you buy?
    

18. 
    What are the benefits of the following: hoods, draft tubes, draft collar, stash pockets, pad loops, and a trapezoidal foot box?
    

19. 
    What material of bag-liner would you choose?
    

1. 
   What does a back packing tent offer?
   

2. 
   What does choosing the right tent involve?
   

3. 
   Diagram the triangle formed when the three factors are mapped out.
   

4. 
   What are the three secondary factors in your decision?
   

5. 
   How are REI’s tents categorized?
   

6. 
   Is a two person tent really a two person tent?
   

7. 
   Describe the superb way to shop for your tent?
   

8. 
   What should your per person weight be for your tent? How much should you expect to pay for your tent?
   

9. 
   What are by far the most popular backpacking tents? What is overall the wise move in choosing a tent?
   

10. 
    What is a vestibule and do you think you would want one on your tent?
    

11. 
    What is a freestanding design? What makes a tent set up complex?
    

12. 
    How can you assess a tents interior volume?
    

1. 
   What are two vital benefits of a sleeping pad? Which is the more important of the two?
   

2. 
   How does a sleeping pad insulate you? What is the term used to describe heat depleting contact?
   

3. 
   What are two pros and cons of self inflating pads? Of backpacking air pads? Of foam pads? Of air mattresses?
   

4. 
   What are the types of travel that you could possibly taken into consideration when buying a sleeping pad?
   

5. 
   What specs of the sleeping pad should you take into consideration? What is R-value?
   

6. 
   When you go shopping for your pad what should you get a feel for?
   

7. 
   Watch the video, how do you get the air out of a self inflating sleeping pad?
   

8. 
   Search the website for tents, sleeping pads and sleeping bags. Which brand and model would you select to go to the boundary waters on a spring trip? Include the price of each item.
   

1. 
   What is the EN 13537?
   
2. 
   What number do you look for if you are a male? Female?
   

Close the window on the video and select “how to choose a sleeping bag for backpacking”.

3. 
   What are the three key factors in purchasing a sleeping bag?
   

4. 
   What are the two types of fill (insulation) that you will need to decide between?
   

5. 
   What are the characteristics of goose-down? Of synthetic fills?
   

6. 
   What is EN an abbreviation for?
   
7. 
   How is an EN 13537 temperature test performed?
   
8. 
   How do the following affect your overall warmth?
   

1. 
   Sleeping pad
   
2. 
   Tent
   
3. 
   Metabolism
   
4. 
   Gender
   
5. 
   Clothing
   
6. 
   Hood
   
7. 
   Hydration
   

9. 
   What Temperature rating should you have for a 3 season bag?
   

10. 
    How does a Woman’s sleeping bag differ from a man’s?
    
11. 
    What does “fill power refer” to? What is the difference between short-staple and continuous fill?
    
12. 
    How does a sleep bag keep you warm?
    
13. 
    What are the 4 main types of heat loss and give a description of each?
    

14. 
    What are the rules of thumb for choosing the shape of a bag?
    
15. 
    What are the two ways that down baffles are constructed? Synthetic bags?
    

16. 
    How can you tell if the shell of the bag has DWR treatment?
    
17. 
    What length bag should you buy?
    
18. 
    What are the benefits of the following: hoods, draft tubes, draft collar, stash pockets, pad loops, and a trapezoidal foot box?
    

19. 
    What material of bag-liner would you choose?
    

1. 
   What are some of the choices that you have for performance rainwear?
   
2. 
   What question do you need to ask about the function of rainwear? Does a waterproof label mean that overtime the fabric will remain rain-worthy?
   

3. 
   What is the number one tip to follow when taking care of your fabrics of your rain gear?
   
4. 
   What should you do with zippers, pockets, and the entire garment before laundering?
   
5. 
   What does the abbreviation DWR stand for? What is the important but overlooked maintenance step often overlooked?
   
6. 
   What are the primary contaminants that impact waterproof/breathable (wp/br) fabrics?
   
7. 
   What is the downside of using household detergents with surfactants on your wp/br fabrics?
   
8. 
   What is the advantage of using specialized cleaning products on your wp/br fabrics?
   
9. 
   What is your best bet if you elect to use grocery-store detergents?
   
10. 
    What are the four DWR maintenance options if water no longer beads up on a garment’s fabric?
    

11. 
    What question do you need to ask about comfort?
    
12. 
    What other factors besides the fabrics wp/br play a big role in making rainwear comfortable?
    
13. 
    What question do you need to ask about durability? What denier fabric is common weight?
    
14. 
    How is rainwear designed for the wilderness?
    
15. 
    Why is rainwear so expensive?
    
16. 
    What types of high-tech laminated have and edge over rainwear coatings? What are the coatings?
    
17. 
    Who are the recommended users for high-end garments using laminates? Coatings?
    
18. 
    How should you think of laminates and coatings?
    
19. 
    What are some examples of wp/br rain wear?
    
20. 
    Who are the recommended users of wp/br rain wear?
    
21. 
    What are the pros and cons for wp/br rain wear?
    
22. 
    Who are recommended for hybrid rainwear?
    
23. 
    What is waterproof/nonbreathable rainwear? How do fishing bibs fit and why?
    
24. 
    Who are the recommended users of wp/nbr rainwear?
    
25. 
    What are the pros and cons of this rainwear?
    
26. 
    Sketch diagrams representing 2 layer, 2.5 layer and 3 layer fabrics.
    

1. 
   Is the cartridge type of stove safer than the refillable type?
   
2. 
   Stoves can be as dangerous as ________________?
   
3. 
   Is it dangerous to check a stove will it is burning? Discuss why.
   
4. 
   What might happen when you throw a cartridge into a fire?
   
5. 
   What will happen when you try to light a butane stove when it is cold outside?
   
6. 
   What is the poisonous gas given off by camp stoves?
   
7. 
   Where should you first try your stove to see if it works?
   
8. 
   Why should you not fill your stove completely?
   
9. 
   Why shouldn’t you use oversized pots and kettles on your camp stove?
   
10. 
    Why should you feel the fuel tank occasionally?
    
11. 
    Why should you allow your stove to cool before you refuel the stove?
    
12. 
    Why is carbon monoxide such a dangerous gas?
    

1. 
   What are some of the reasons for fire or heat on outdoor expeditions?
   

2. 
   List some precautions which must be made when using a camp stove or with a wood fire?
   

3. 
   What precautions are needed relative to animals and your food?
   

4. 
   Explain the wilderness rule “If you carry it into the wilderness full, than you must carry it out empty”.
   

5. 
   Discuss water requirements when hiking or climbing.
   

6. 
   What are some of the major considerations involved with planning and packaging a one week expedition into the wilderness?
   

7. 
   What is gorp? Why is it used in wilderness expeditions?
   

8. 
   What variation should exist in types of breakfasts? Why is breakfast so important?
   

9. 
   What relationship exists between water boiling and cooking time?
   

10. 
    How must eating habits change during a high altitude climb? Why are carbohydrates the major nutrient you must consume?
    

First stage of planning is to decide where you are going into the wilderness and what type of physical activity will be involved. You then must calculate your calorie requirements for the expedition and plan a menu that will provide the calories in a well balanced fashion. The National Outdoor Leadership Schools diet plan recommends that you supply 3,700 Calories each day for summer expeditions and 4,250 Calories for winter expeditions.

1. 
   Your basal metabolism is the number of calories that you require just to stay alive without any physical activity. Just staying alive for the 5 days is your first activity in the chart below.
   

2. 
   Calories to supply energy for your activities.
   

Walking @ 2mph 0.45

Walking @ 3 mph 0.90

Walking @ 4 mph 1.60

Sitting 0.20

Sawing wood 2.60

Camp duties 0.60

Swimming 3.60

Driving 0.40

Canoeing 2.00

Climbing 3.00 (Add 1.10 Calories for each lb for 1000 ft rise)

Biking 2.40

3. 
   Fill in the table with each activity you will plan on doing for the five days. Find the calories burned in the table above for each hour and pound you weigh. Multiply the three columns together to get the calories burned for each activity. Finally added up the calories for each activity to determine the total calories you will need to consume to supply your energy requirements for all your activities.
   

1. 
   How does the total of calories you calculated in 3 compare to that recommended above.
   

2. 
   To supply the most calories in the smallest weight for you to carry what types of food should you consume?
   

To power your human machine on your outdoor adventure you need to stoke your furnace with fuel. That fuel comes in the form of the foods you will be eating and that you will be packing for your trip. To ensure that you will have enough food to supply your energy needs we will be planning menus in this activity for a trip of five days into the BWCAW. You will use your caloric needs that you calculated in E.A. #56.0 and the reference materials in the EA Resource Manual pages 300 through 319.

1. 
   How many people should be in your party when in bear country?
   

2. 
   While hiking what should you make sure of while you’re in suspected Grizzly territory?
   

3. 
   Why should you make noise or wear bells while in bear territory?
   

4. 
   Discuss the wisdom of hiking alone.
   

5. 
   What is carrion and why should you stay clear of carrion?
   

6. 
   How would you set up your campsite in bear country?
   

7. 
   What should you do with food wastes after cooking?
   

8. 
   Do women have to take any special precautions, what are they?
   

9. 
   What concerns should you have about cosmetics, perfumes and deodorants?
   

10. 
    If attacked how might you distract a bear? As a last resort what actions could you take?
    

11. 
    What position should you take if attacked by a bear?
    

12. 
    How do you tell a grizzly bear from a black bear?
    

13. 
    Since 1913 how many people have been killed in Glacier National Park by bears? Other accidents? How does this information effect your planning?
    

1. 
   How many different kinds of snakes are there?
   

2. 
   What is the name of the most common poisonous snake in the US?
   

3. 
   In what states are you most likely to find poisonous snakes?
   

4. 
   What elevation are snakes not likely to be found?
   

5. 
   Do rattlesnakes need to be coiled to strike?
   

6. 
   Why is it important to cut a wound from a snake longitudinally?
   

7. 
   What cautions need to be exercised when sucking venom from the wound?
   

8. 
   Describe the dangers of using a tourniquet.
   

9. 
   What would be your actions in the following situation: Your partner is bitten by a snake (not a coral) and pain and swelling develop. You search your first aid kit and do not find any antivenin.
   

1. 
   What are used to most commonly measure particulate matter in the air?
   
2. 
   Airborne particulates grow by what means?
   

3. 
   What have airborne particulates done to the global temperature in the past?
   
4. 
   What is the sulfur content of 90% of the coal burned in the US?
   

5. 
   Sulfur oxides combine with water in the atmosphere to form what compounds?
   

6. 
   What are indicators of Sulfur dioxide fallout?
   
7. 
   Does sulfur increase or decrease the pH of water?
   

8. 
   What % of the total atmospheric sulfur is the burning of fuels responsible?
   

9. 
   As the altitude in the atmosphere increases what happens to the density of the air? Is this a direct or indirect relationship?
   

10. 
    Water vapor in the atmosphere or clouds have what effect on the Earth?
    

11. 
    What are the products of the reaction between hydrocarbons and oxygen, also known as oxidation?
    

12. 
    Which state is famous for tight auto emission standards?
    

13. 
    What has been happening to the oxygen levels in the atmosphere over the years?
    

14. 
    Write the equation for photosynthesis.
    

15. 
    List three ways that the atmosphere can become polluted.
    

16. 
    What does the lifetime of an airborne particle depend upon?
    

17. 
    How many solid particles do we taken into our lungs with each breath?
    
18. 
    What effect does the height of a stack have on the emission of airborne particles?
    

19. 
    Carbon monoxide represents what percent of the total air pollution emitted in North America?
    

20. 
    What is the biggest Carbon monoxide polluter in the US?
    

21. 
    How much Oxygen is converted into Carbon monoxide each day?
    
22. 
    What level of Carbon monoxide. in ppm, can cause illness?
    

23. 
    How much Carbon monoxide is released into the atmosphere for each gallon of gas burned?
    

24. 
    What effect does Carbon monoxide have on humans?
    

25. 
    What is happening to the Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere?
    

26. 
    What effect does the increasing levels of Carbon monoxide have on the global temperature? What term is given to this effect?
    

During this activity we will investigate how your choices can reduce your impact on the pollution we in our industrial society are releasing on home the Earth. The information that we will be using will be found at the web site, http://www.fueleconomy. gov. The web site may have been rearranged so you might have to search around in like named menus. Make sure that your cell phones are off so that our band width for the laptops does not get overwhelmed.

1. 
   In the Benefits menu, select the “Why is Fuel Economy Important” page, and on that page select “Climate Change” and answer the following questions.
   

1. 
   How many lbs of CO₂ are created for each gallon of gas burned?
   
2. 
   Choose “20 lbs of CO₂” and discuss how 6.3 lbs of gasoline can create 20 lbs of CO₂?
   
3. 
   Draw the pie chart illustrating the sources of CO₂ emissions for a typical household.
   

4. 
   Looking at the bar graph “Reduce your Carbon Footprint…”, what happens to the tons of CO₂ created if your gas mileage of your vehicle increases from 15 mpg to 30 mpg?
   
5. 
   List the 5 bulleted suggestions for what you can do to reduce your cars CO₂ emissions.
   

2. 
   Click on “Find a Car” and select the model year of the car you drive most of the time. Now choose the make of the car, the model, check the specific model and click on “compare”. Now click on “Use Your Gas Price and Annual Miles” and enter your personal data and select “Personalize”.
   
   1. 
      What is the combined mpg for your vehicle?
      
   2. 
      What is the cost for you to drive 25 miles?
      
   3. 
      How much does it cost to fill your car?
      
   4. 
      What is your annual fuel cost?
      
   5. 
      How many barrels of oil do you consume in a year?
      
   6. 
      Move your cursor over “Carbon Footprint”, what is the definition for your Carbon Footprint?
      
   7. 
      What is your Carbon Footprint for this vehicle?
      
   8. 
      Move your cursor over “EPA Air Pollution Score”, what is the difference between an Air Pollution Score and the Carbon Footprint?
      
   9. 
      What is the Air Pollution Score for this vehicle?
      
   10. 
       In the menu on the left of the page, choose “Compare side by side”. Now select your dream vehicle, year, make and model. How do the combined mpg compare for your two vehicles?
       
   11. 
       How does the cost per 25 miles driven compare?
       
   12. 
       How does the Carbon footprint compare? EPA air pollution score?
       

3. 
   Move your cursor over the Title WWW.fueleconomy.gov and click on it. In the center menu choose “How Hybrids Work” and answer the following questions.
   
   1. 
      What does HEV stand for?
      
   2. 
      What are the three different objectives that can be met through configurations of HEV’s?
      
   3. 
      Draw the diagram provided for a general configuration of a HEV.
      

4. 
   What are the three advanced technologies used by HEV’s and give a brief description of each.
   

1. 
   Click on “Compare side-by-side”. Which HEV gets the best gas mileage?
   
2. 
   What is its Air Pollution Score? How does its Carbon footprint compare to your dream vehicle?
   
1. 
   Move your cursor over the Title WWW.fueleconomy.gov and click on it. In the center menu choose “Driving More Efficiently” and answer the following questions.
   
   1. 
      What are the six ways that are suggested to have you drive more efficiently?
      

1. 
   Which has the possibility for the greatest benefit?
   
2. 
   At what speed does your fuel economy begin to decrease?
   
3. 
   What percent does your mpg reduce by having 100lbs of stuff in your car?
   
1. 
   Return to the home page again and choose “The Drive Smarter Challenge” and accept the challenge.
   
2. 
   Return again to the home page and click on “Top Ten Misconceptions About Fuel Economy”. What are the ten misconceptions?
   

A little chemistry knowledge is all you need to come up with the data in the table below. The table illustrates the emissions produced from the combustion of 1000 gallons of gasoline. Fill in the environmental/human affect column (use the internet) and using the information, answer the following questions.

1. 
   The average car is driven approximately 12,000 miles a year. This will be less if you drive all city miles and more if you commute to school each day a long distance or take it to the cities a few times a week. The average car will get 28 miles per gallon of gasoline. This will be higher for efficient cars and much less for large trucks and SUVs.
   
   1. 
      How many miles do you estimate that you drive your car each year (if you do not drive use your family car)?
      
   2. 
      What mileage do you estimate your car to average?
      
   3. 
      Calculate the number of gallons of gasoline your car will burn in a year.
      

4. 
   Using the table above (remember these emissions are for 1000 gallons of gasoline) calculate the emissions produced by your car in a year.
   

5. 
   What is the total quantity of emissions produced by your car?
   

2. 
   Car manufactures use names like Mustang, Charger, Corvette… for their high performance vehicles.
   
   1. 
      Do these vehicles use more or less gasoline per mile than an average car?
      
   2. 
      How then would the emissions of these high performance vehicles compare to an average car?
      
3. 
   In the table above, one of the emissions listed are aldehydes. What are aldehydes and how do they affect humans?
   

4. 
   Why are ranges given for some emissions? Under what circumstances might an automobile emit a higher than average level of emissions?
   

5. 
   Which pollutants are reduced by the following emission control devices on your car?
   
   1. 
      Catalytic converter
      
   2. 
      Oxygen sensor
      
   3. 
      Exhaust gas recirculating valve (EGR valve)
      
   4. 
      Engine Management System
      
6. 
   There are cities with populations of millions in Asia and Europe where people do not own cars. They use mass transit or bicycles. Could we in Rochester use principally mass transit or bicycles to commute daily? Discuss why you answered the way you did.
   

Before we go on our bicycle tour in a couple of days you will need to check over your bicycle and make sure it is safe to ride. Remember you are only as safe and as comfortable on your ride as your equipment will allow.

In this activity you will practice on the bicycles provided and then perform the same safety check on you bicycle at home.

1. 
   Pick up your bike and shake it. Investigate any rattles, this any other noises the bike makes while riding is how your bicycle communicates problems to you.
   
2. 
   Check the brake blocks for excessive wear.
   
3. 
   Brake blocks adjusted so they have maximum contact with the rim when they are engaged.
   
4. 
   Brake blocks should not contact the rubber of the tire.
   
5. 
   The brake levers should only move two inches, if they move any more the cables will need to be adjusted.
   
6. 
   Check brake cables and shifter cables for fraying, both at the hand controls and the mechanisms.
   
7. 
   Go through all the bolts and nuts and make sure they are tightened.
   
8. 
   Check to see that the wheels do not wobble on the bearings.
   
9. 
   Make sure that the seat is tight and does not tilt or rotate when struck with your heel of your hand.
   
10. 
    Handle bars and goose neck are tight when wiggled up and down and side to side.
    
11. 
    There should not be any play in the pedals when you wiggle the crank around.
    
12. 
    The pedals should be tightly screwed to the crank.
    
13. 
    Look for cracks in the frame, especially in the joints of the frame.
    
14. 
    Make sure that the nuts or quick release levers good and tight.
    
15. 
    Check the tires for wear, cracks and proper pressure. Tires can require anywhere from 40 to 100 lbs of pressure. Spot check by pressing the tire on the curb, you should be able to hit the curb and not pinch the tire to the rim.
    
16. 
    Are the valve stems straight and without cracks, do they have their dust caps?
    
17. 
    Make sure the seat post has at least two inches inside of the frame; most have a safety mark on them.
    
18. 
    Check for presence of reflectors or lights on the front and rear of the bicycle.
    

Have someone support your bicycle so that the rear wheel is off the ground. Turn the crank and pedals slowly and shift through all the gears on the right (rear) gear select lever. If the derailleur does not slide the chain through all the gears then it needs to be adjusted and cleaned. First remove all of the old oil and dirt from the gears and derailleur and re-oil the gears, you should not use regular oil on your bicycle it attracts dirt, use a silicon lubricant. Use the two adjustment screws, one for the smallest gear one for the largest, to ensure the derailleur reaches the two outside gears but do not over adjust causing the chain to jump off the gears.

1. 
   Brand name and model of your bicycle.
   
2. 
   Serial number.
   
3. 
   Frame size (measured from seat post to crank).
   
4. 
   Wheel size.
   
5. 
   Tire size and pressure.
   
6. 
   Age of the bicycle.
   
7. 
   How many speeds (number of front gears times number of back gears).
   
8. 
   Material frame is made from (Steel, Aluminum, Chrome alloy, Titanium, Carbon fiber)
   
9. 
   Weight of the bicycle.
   
10. 
    Quick release hubs or nuts.
    
11. 
    Calculate the gear ratios.
    

12. 
    Check the fit of your bicycle by standing over the bicycle. The cross bar should be no less than 1” below your crotch.
    
13. 
    Adjust your seat height so that your knee will have a slight flex in it when the ball of your foot rests on the pedal. A seat that is too high or low will cause sore knees.
    
14. 
    It is important to have a clean chain, derailleur and gears to keep them from wearing out. A thin coat of bicycle lubricant (do not use regular oil it attracts dirt) will ensure that the parts do not rust and move smoothly.
    
    1. 
       Obtain some mineral spirits and take a clean cloth and wipe the chain, front gears, rear gears and derailleur to ensure that they are very wet. Allow the mineral spirits to dissolve the old grease for a few minutes.
       
    2. 
       Next take an old tooth brush and dip it into the mineral spirits and brush the chain, gears and derailleur until they are clean.
       
    3. 
       Finally coat the gears, chain and derailleur with the bicycle oil.
       
15. 
    Check the pressure of the tires using a tire pressure gauge, make sure the gauge reads pressures to the pressure required as indicated on the side wall of the tire. Release air from your tires if necessary by using the button on the back of the tire gauge. Add air to your tire only using a compressor designed for tires and toys. Using an automotive compressor fills the tires to quickly and could lead to rupturing the tires.
    
16. 
    Wash and wax your bicycle regularly to stop the formation of rust and make it look nice.
    

1. 
   Try to not use of the smallest diameter rear gear it causes excessive chain and gear wear.
   
2. 
   Do not pedal your bicycle backwards, especially when shifting. It will ruin your derailleur.
   
3. 
   Shift before coming to a hill. When shifting reduce your pedal pressure, this will reduce wear and having the chain jump.
   
4. 
   Use your arms and legs as shock absorbers to reduce stress on your frame and wheels.
   
5. 
   Remember that wet rims do not stop as efficiently as dry rims.
   
6. 
   Try to keep your weight back on your bicycle.
   
7. 
   Do not use your front brake solely it will cause you to flip over the handle bars.
   
8. 
   Always wear shoes when bicycling, no open toes or flip flops or sandals. Your toes can be cut off in the spokes.
   
9. 
   Remember people driving cars are not looking for bicyclists; they are looking for cars, so make sure they see you before making a move around them.
   

1. 
   Who is Edward Masry?
   
2. 
   Why does Erin go back to the lawyer?
   
3. 
   Who is George?
   
4. 
   What was Erin confused about when it came to the real estate records?
   
5. 
   What company wants the Jensen’s land?
   
6. 
   For what reason are the Jensen’s corresponding with PG&E?
   
7. 
   Why are the Jensen’s discussing their medical health with PG&E?
   
8. 
   Why does PG&E want to help pay for the Jensen’s medical treatment?
   
9. 
   What does Dr. Franco specialize in?
   
10. 
    What is hexavalent chromium?
    
11. 
    What could you get if you are exposed to this chemical?
    
12. 
    What is this chemical used for?
    
13. 
    Where does Franco tell Erin to go to research the water in Hinkley?
    
14. 
    Why does Ed fire Erin?
    
15. 
    What did Franco call and say about the levels of chromium in Hinkley?
    
16. 
    What did PG&E tell the people in Hinkley about their water?
    
17. 
    Where did Ed fax the papers he received from Erin?
    
18. 
    Why does Mrs. Jensen get her children out of the pool?
    
19. 
    What do the photos show that the Jensen’s neighbors brought in?
    
20. 
    Why did PG&E even tell the citizens of Hinkley about the chromium?
    
21. 
    What did Erin start talking to people about in Hinkley?
    
22. 
    What are some things Erin collects around Hinkley and PG&E?
    
23. 
    Where did the problem start with the ponds?
    
24. 
    What do Erin and Ed have to prove to win this case?
    
25. 
    Why did Ed need to partner with another firm?
    
26. 
    What is arbitration?
    
27. 
    Why does Hinkley have a town meeting?
    
28. 
    What does Charles tell Erin that gets her so excited?
    
29. 
    What does Charles have that Erin needs.
    
30. 
    What did the judge award the citizens of Hinkley? What about the Jensen Family?
    

1. 
   Who is the narrator of this film? What important position did he once hold?
   
2. 
   What year was the first picture of Earth taken and shown
   
3. 
   What name was given to the first picture of Earth?
   
4. 
   What was the last Apollo mission (a mission on which the most commonly published picture of Earth was taken)? (Hint: Answer is a number.)
   
5. 
   Why was this picture special?
   
6. 
   Who is the author of the following quote, “What gets us into trouble is not what we don’t know….It’s what we know for sure that just ain’t so.”?
   
7. 
   What is one assumption that Al Gore states a lot of people have about global warming that is not true?
   
8. 
   What is the most vulnerable part of the Earth’s ecological system? Why is it so vulnerable?
   
9. 
   What is responsible for thickening the thin atmosphere causing global warming?
   
10. 
    Who was the first person to propose measuring the amount of CO₂ in the Earth’s atmosphere?
    
11. 
    What year did they start measuring the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere?
    
12. 
    What mountain in Africa did Al Gore show a picture of to demonstrate one visible effect of global warming?
    
13. 
    What percentage of people get their drinking water from rivers and spring systems that are fed by melt water coming from glaciers?
    
14. 
    What is the one relationship that Al Gore deems as powerful when looking at the graph of 650,000 years of CO₂ and Temperature?
    
15. 
    Until now, CO₂ has never gone above what number (Hint: Units are in parts per million)?
    
16. 
    At what age did Al Gore’s son have a tragic accident that changed his life forever and made him wonder how he wanted to spend his time?
    
17. 
    The ten hottest years on record have occurred in the last ________ years.
    
18. 
    The hottest year on record was what year?
    
19. 
    What result do warmer oceans have?
    
20. 
    What country set an all time record for typhoons in the same year we set records for storms?
    
21. 
    When Hurricane Katrina hit Florida, it was a category 1 storm, when it hit Louisiana after traveling through warmer Gulf of Mexico waters it picked up energy and was at what category?
    
22. 
    Finish the following quote, “The Era of Procrastination, of Half-Measures, of Soothing and Baffling Expedients, of Delays, is Coming to its Close. In it’s place We are Entering a ___.”
    
23. 
    Who is the author of this quote?
    
24. 
    What is an often unnoticed effect of global warming?
    
25. 
    Soil ____________________________ increases with dramatically with higher temperatures.
    
26. 
    How does the Earth redistribute heat from the equator to the poles (Hint: 2 ways)?
    
27. 
    How many new diseases have emerged in the last quarter century?
    
28. 
    What is the largest mass of ice on the plant?
    
29. 
    What is the difference in floating ice and land based ice?
    
30. 
    What percentage of CO₂ that goes up each year comes from burning forest?
    
31. 
    What three factors are causing what Al Gore calls “a collision between our civilization and the Earth?”
    
32. 
    What country is responsible for the most contributions to global warming?
    
33. 
    What is the number of peer-reviewed scientific articles disagreeing with the global consensus that greenhouses gas pollution has caused most of the warming of the last 50 years?
    
34. 
    Who is the author of this quote, “It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends upon his not understanding it.”?
    
35. 
    What two countries had not yet ratified the Kyoto treaty at the time this movie was made?
    
36. 
    If you’re ready to change the way you live, what website can you go visit?
    

EA #67.0 The Simpson Movie

1. 
   In the beginning of the movie, GreenDay’s raft sinks.
   
   1. 
      What type of pollution is affecting the lake?
      
   2. 
      What is causing it?
      
2. 
   Lisa encounters a boy who asks her many questions about saving energy/resources.
   
   1. 
      How many gallons of water are wasted by a leaky faucet?
      
   2. 
      By turning off your lights, you can save enough energy to power what city?
      
   3. 
      You should keep thermostats at what degree?
      
3. 
   Pollution in Lake Springfield was the greatest in what year?
   
4. 
   What type of graph is Lisa using at the town meeting?
   
5. 
   List 3 examples of pollutants in Lake Springfield.
   

6. 
   What happens to the lake when Homer dumps the pig waste in it?
   

7. 
   What happens to the wild life around the lake?
   

8. 
   What is the name of the agency that takes away the “new creature?”
   

9. 
   What did the president decide to do with Springfield?
   

10. 
    What does Marge miss the most?
    

11. 
    Why does the town get so angry with Homer?
    

12. 
    What is Homer’s plan to start over?
    

13. 
    Why does every resident in Alaska get $1000?
    

14. 
    What happens to the town by day 93?
    

15. 
    What is EPA’s plan to fix Springfield?
    

1. 
   What radioactive materials is the plant using?
   
2. 
   To what does the plant manager compares radiation burns?
   
3. 
   What do you think it means to “monitor yourself”?
   
4. 
   What happens at the plant after Karen returns from seeing her kids?
   
5. 
   What extra protection are the workers using after the accident?
   
6. 
   What do the plant managers do to Thelma when she is exposed?
   
7. 
   What is Thelma worried about after being exposed? Does this seem like mild sunburn?
   
8. 
   When Karen is outside on the porch worrying about cancer, what does Drew tell her to do?
   
9. 
   Why do you think a nasal smear would be necessary?
   
10. 
    What happens to Karen when she returns to clean up the cake crumbs?
    
11. 
    What happens to Karen’s skin & hair?
    
12. 
    According to Karen’s book, what can plutonium exposure do to you?
    
13. 
    Why is the workers’ union so important to the people working at the plant?
    
14. 
    What steps does Karen take to gain rights for workers at the plant?
    
15. 
    What is the manager doing to the negatives of the fuel rod cross sections to hide the defects? Why is this wrong?
    

16. 
    What does the union representative tell the workers about the dangers of plutonium at the union meeting?
    

17. 
    Why do you think the plant managers would not want the workers to give blood?
    
18. 
    What is the first sign that Karen might be sick?
    
19. 
    What happens to Karen after she starts investigating the negatives that have been tampered with?
    
20. 
    What do you think happened to Karen?
    

The information that you will use to answer the following questions can be found by accessing the following web site(or do your own search), pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic.html.

1. 
   In what decade did the Theory of Plate Tectonics first emerge?
   
2. 
   Directly or indirectly what do Plate Tectonics influence?
   
3. 
   Why do we need to know more about Plate Tectonics?
   
4. 
   What has yet to be finished?
   

1. 
   In geological terms what is a plate?
   
2. 
   From what Greek work does Tectonic come from? Then what does the term Plate Tectonics refer?
   
3. 
   What does the Theory of Plate Tectonics state?
   
4. 
   What does the Greek term Pangaea mean? What theory was the forerunner to Plate Tectonics?
   
5. 
   What land animals were roaming the earth during the breakup of Pangaea?
   
6. 
   To what questions does Plate Tectonics provide explanations?
   
7. 
   Describe catastrophism? What book is the basis of this theory?
   
8. 
   The Uniformitarian Principle is commonly stated how? Who proposed this principle?
   

1. 
   Sketch the positions of the major plates of the Earth’s crust?
   
2. 
   What plate is the country of Japan on?
   
3. 
   What plate is Los Angeles on?
   

1. 
   What did the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius suggest in 1596?
   
2. 
   What did the 32 year old German Alfred Lothar Wegner suggest in 1912?
   
3. 
   What are Laurasia and Gondwanaland?
   
4. 
   Upon what three observations did Wegner base his theory?
   
5. 
   What three dramatic climate changes gave evidence to his theory?
   
6. 
   What was a fatal weakness of Wegner’s theory?
   
7. 
   What happened to Wegner in 1930?
   
8. 
   What are three questions still unanswered today by this theory?
   

1. 
   Sketch a cross section of the Earth and label all sections, their depth and their state.
   
2. 
   How deep are Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust?
   
3. 
   What is the Earth similar too?
   
4. 
   Why is the mantle denser than the crust?
   
5. 
   What creates the Earth’s magnetic field?
   
6. 
   What is Greek for stone and weak, how do scientists think that the lithosphere moves?
   

1. 
   What are the largest plates?
   
2. 
   How do plates float despite their massive weights?
   
3. 
   Where can most of the boundaries of most of the plates be found?
   
4. 
   What is concentrated near these boundaries?
   
5. 
   What are the plates similar too?
   
6. 
   What plate will eventually disappear under the North American plate?
   

1. 
   What four major scientific developments spurred the formation of the plate-tectonics theory.
   
2. 
   How was it proven the ocean floor was not flat? In the 16^th Century, 19^th Century, WW1, 1947.
   
3. 
   What discovery was led to by data collected in the 1950’s? What is a magnetometer and how is it used?
   
4. 
   Draw a sketch of magnetic stripping.
   
5. 
   Describe seafloor spreading.
   
6. 
   What is the Glomar Challenger?
   
7. 
   What is a Benioff zone and how did the threat of nuclear war lead to their discovery?
   

1. 
   What are the four types of plate boundaries?
   
2. 
   Sketch the illustration of the different types of plate boundaries after selecting the page.
   
3. 
   What type of boundary lies beneath Iceland?
   
4. 
   What are trenches? The ring of fire?
   
5. 
   What is the Challenger Deep? An Island arc?
   
6. 
   What dramatically demonstrates one of the most visible and spectacular consequences of Plate Tectonics?
   
7. 
   Comparatively how high is the Tibetan Plateau?
   
8. 
   Sketch a continental-continental convergence.
   
9. 
   What is the fastest and slowest plates and what are their rates of motion?
   
10. 
    What is geodesy?
    
11. 
    What are the three most common space-geodesic techniques? What one is most useful?
    

1. 
   How far did Japan’s coast sink?
   
2. 
   What type of wave hit Japan first?
   
3. 
   How far is Sendai from the epicenter?
   
4. 
   What are the slow damaging waves?
   
5. 
   What is 90 miles from the epicenter?
   
6. 
   Did the reactor survive the earth quake?
   
7. 
   What was the final estimate of the size of the earth quake?
   
8. 
   What is a tectonic plate and how fast do they move?
   
9. 
   What is an earth quake?
   
10. 
    How long did the quake last in Tokyo?
    
11. 
    What is a common occurrence in earth quakes?
    
12. 
    How much stronger is this quake then Haiti’s?
    
13. 
    What causes the wave, the tsunami, to form?
    
14. 
    How fast does a tsunami travel?
    
15. 
    What causes the tsunami to increase in height?
    
16. 
    Why was Sendai safe from the tsunami?
    
17. 
    Why did the 30 foot high waves fail?
    
18. 
    How long will the backup batteries last at the reactor?
    
19. 
    What happens to the water and people at the end of the tsunami?
    
20. 
    How high is the wave when it hits Hawaii? How long does it flow over the coast?
    
21. 
    How did the person die in California during the tsunami?
    
22. 
    What formed in the mountains in Japan?
    
23. 
    How did the wave get cars to the top of 50ft. buildings?
    
24. 
    Why can’t people just swim in the tsunami?
    
25. 
    How many aftershocks are there in the week after the killer quake?
    
26. 
    What causes the aftershocks?
    
27. 
    What happens at the power plant when the batteries die?
    
28. 
    What are the estimates on the deaths?
    
29. 
    Why are they concerned in Tokyo?
    
30. 
    Where is Cascadia and why are they concerned?
    

1. 
   Approximately how old is the Canadian Shield?
   
2. 
   Why is Zircon so very special?
   

3. 
   What is used to age mountain building?
   
4. 
   How far does the Canadian Shield extend?
   
5. 
   How did the first continents form?
   

6. 
   How did pyrite become exposed on the mountain?
   

7. 
   What is the evidence that was found for ancient life?
   

8. 
   How was the chert used?
   

9. 
   Why did they have to sample chert from the top of the mountain?
   

10. 
    How old is the Zircon crystals in the Torngat Mountains?
    
11. 
    How do Gneiss rocks form?
    

12. 
    How does gold get deposited in mountains?
    

13. 
    What are the two evidences for gold?
    

14. 
    What is the importance of Eleanor to Canadians?
    

15. 
    What visitors have visited the Canadian Shield in the past?
    

16. 
    What is the evidence of meteor strikes?
    

17. 
    How did Rene-Lavoisier Island form?
    

18. 
    Why or the having trouble finding ore on the island as compared to Sudbury?
    

19. 
    What is the importance of the Yellow Knife area of Canada?
    

20. 
    What is the economic importance of Kimberlyte?
    

21. 
    Where do they find evidence of the Kimberlyte Pipes?
    

Geologic Time Handout

1. 
   How many principles are used to perform relative dating of rock layers?
   
2. 
   Describe the principle of superposition.
   
3. 
   Describe the principle of crosscutting relationships.
   
4. 
   Sketch figure 1-10 and list the sequence of events that formed North Eastern Minnesota.
   
5. 
   What is the basis of determining the real age of rock layers?
   
6. 
   What mineral and element are used to determine the age of rocks in the Minnesota River Valley?
   
7. 
   What does it mean when you say that uranium is radioactive?
   
8. 
   What is a daughter product?
   
9. 
   What isotope of Uranium are geologists using to age rock layers?
   
10. 
    What is the half-life of uranium, and why is that duration of time significant?
    
11. 
    What is the daughter product of Uranium-238 that is used to determine the age of the Minnesota River Valley?
    
12. 
    What is the real age of the Minnesota River Valley?
    
13. 
    What are some other radioactive elements that are used as radioactive clocks?
    
14. 
    What is half life of carbon-14?
    
15. 
    Why is it impossible now to age all rock layers?
    
16. 
    How is carbon-14 manufactured in nature and what do scientists use it to age?
    
17. 
    How did geologist determine the age of the Earth before radioactive dating?
    
18. 
    What is the largest segment of geologic time? Next? And the final division?
    
19. 
    What is the first time period that rocks were formed in Minnesota?
    
20. 
    Draw figure 1-11 showing the time scale and draw the index fossils.
    

1. 
   List the two ways that people believe that life came to Earth.
   
2. 
   What are the 3 scientific teams attempting to prove?
   
3. 
   Describe pillow lava.
   
4. 
   The reason the scientists are studying pillow lava is that they are interested in what is falling on the lava. What is it that is falling on the pillow lava?
   

5. 
   The scientists are looking at Zircons in the rock samples. What is in the Zircon that interests the scientists?
   

6. 
   How old was the Zircon before the scientists drilled into it and vaporized the material inside?
   

7. 
   What are the tiny black grains that are interesting the scientists? What do these grains indicate?
   

8. 
   What happened to the Earth 4.5 billion years ago?
   

9. 
   What does a hydrous mineral bring to the Earth?
   

10. 
    Why do the rocks from space smell strange?
    

11. 
    What was the experiment that Stanley Miller performed in 1953?
    

12. 
    Why is water important in the process of starting life?
    

13. 
    How do living things use amino acids?
    

14. 
    What is prebiotic chemistry?
    

15. 
    What are some flaws that Millers peers have with his study?
    

16. 
    What was Miller’s 50 year old secret?
    

17. 
    What is the source of Millers reducing atmosphere of hydrogen, methane, ammonia and water vapor?
    

18. 
    Why was Miller unable to measure amino acids 50 years ago?
    

19. 
    Why is DNA important to life and what is self assembly?
    

20. 
    What was the temperature of Darwin’s hot little puddles?
    

21. 
    Why Dr. Deimer putting DNA on rocks?
    

22. 
    How is Dr. Rasmussen trying to generate life in his lab?
    

23. 
    What properties must life have?
    

24. 
    Why is Ruthinium important to the protocell?
    

25. 
    What does Rasmussen form and what is his next step?
    

26. 
    For what is the Pladough a model?
    

27. 
    How does the scientist use vibrations from waves?
    

28. 
    How does Dr. Deimer think that DNA and RNA replicated?
    

29. 
    What is a caldera?
    

30. 
    Why does the Dr. think that life did not form in the oceans?
    

31. 
    Why did Dr. Diemer put the rocks near the volcano?
    

32. 
    What does he “find” on his rocks?
    

33. 
    Where else are scientists looking for life? What compound is important to find?
    

The sedimentary rock formations that have been uncovered in the quarrying operations at Quarry Hill Park are loaded with fossils. These sedimentary rock layers like the Decorah Shale and the Dubuque Limestone where deposited in shallow seas 400 million years ago, during the Ordovician Period. You will be looking for small corrals, worm borrows, Trilobites , Brachiopods, and Crinoids, for a few examples. Use the Identification Key provided by your teacher to help identify the fossils that you find.

1. 
   How long ago was the Earth formed?
   
2. 
   What state was the Earth originally? Solid, Liquid or gas?
   
3. 
   What is the name of the outer portion of the Earth?
   
4. 
   What is the density of this layer of the crust?
   
5. 
   Why is it at the surface?
   
6. 
   What rock types make up the continents?
   
7. 
   What happens to the Granitic rock when it erodes?
   
8. 
   On average how thick is the sedimentary rock of the crust?
   
9. 
   What type of rock is the crust floating upon?
   
10. 
    How thick is the basalt layer? Is it ever exposed?
    
11. 
    How thick is the crust under the oceans? The mountains?
    
12. 
    What is layer under the crust? How thick is this layer?
    
13. 
    What is the lithosphere? How much does it move each year?
    
14. 
    What materials are rocks made from?
    
15. 
    What four minerals make up granite and what use do we have for each mineral?
    
16. 
    What is soil composed of?
    
17. 
    How does soil become fertile?
    
18. 
    Describe the rock cycle (a diagram might be best).
    
19. 
    What are the three classifications of rocks?
    

1. 
   What is a mineral?
   
2. 
   What are the physical properties of minerals?
   
3. 
   What eight elements make up over 98% of the Earth’s crust?
   
4. 
   What is a use for one of these minerals?
   

1. 
   In your own words write a definition for magma and lava.
   
2. 
   What is difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?
   
3. 
   What is most common extrusive? Intrusive?
   
4. 
   What is the difference between granite and rhyolite?
   

1. 
   Describe the process of weathering.
   
2. 
   What is deposition?
   
3. 
   What are the tree ways that sedimentary rocks form?
   
4. 
   How does a limestone cave form?
   
5. 
   Where does the chemical that binds sedimentary rocks come from?
   

1. 
   Define Metamorphic rocks.
   
2. 
   What are the three agents of metamorphism?
   
3. 
   What are the three types of metamorphism?
   

1. 
   What type of rock formation is Karst Topography found?
   
2. 
   What is carbonate rock?
   
3. 
   Where does the mild carbonic acid that dissolves the carbonate rock come from?
   
4. 
   Why is Karst topography usually devoid of surface water?
   
5. 
   If the flow of water and the dissolving action occur over millions of years what geologic features will be created?
   
6. 
   What three theories are used to explain the process of forming caves?
   
7. 
   What are the three types of carbonate aquifers?
   
8. 
   What are some contaminants that can pollute and aquifer and by what means do they enter the aquifer?
   
9. 
   What are three causes of sinkhole flooding?
   
10. 
    What are the two basic types of sinkhole collapse and what is the physical cause of the collapse?
    
11. 
    How can human activity aid the collapse?
    

Glacier Handout

1. 
   What is a glacier?
   
2. 
   Is it made from a mineral?
   
3. 
   What is Firn and where can it be found?
   
4. 
   What is the cause of glaciers movement?
   
5. 
   What determines the general health of a glacier?
   
6. 
   What are the two different ways that glaciers shape landscape?
   
7. 
   What determines the nature of the landforms?
   
8. 
   How is a glacier like a conveyor belt?
   
9. 
   When is abrasion an important erosinal process?
   
10. 
    What does a glacier need to scratch the bedrock?
    
11. 
    How can you tell if a glacier has been over an area of bedrock?
    
12. 
    What is rock flour?
    
13. 
    What is quarrying or plucking?
    
14. 
    What is a whaleback?
    
15. 
    How were many of the lakes made in Minnesota?
    
16. 
    How is the vigor of a glacier determined?
    
17. 
    What is glacial till? Erratics? Outwash?
    
18. 
    How are till and outwash differentiated?
    
19. 
    What is an end moraine? Ground moraine? Drumlin?
    
20. 
    What is an outwash fan? Esker? Kame
    
21. 
    What will basins eventually become? Kettles?
    
22. 
    How can you tell the extent of the last glacier across Minnesota?
    

1. 
   Find definitions for the following terms:
   
   1. 
      Glacier
      
   2. 
      Firn
      
   3. 
      End Moraine
      
   4. 
      Ground Moraine
      
   5. 
      Drumlin
      
   6. 
      Esker
      
   7. 
      Kame
      
   8. 
      Kettle
      
   9. 
      Glacial erratic
      
   10. 
       Whaleback
       
   11. 
       Glacial till
       
   12. 
       Glacial outwash
       
   13. 
       Glacial Cirque
       
2. 
   The Quaternary period is divided up into two epochs, what are their names?
   
3. 
   Which of these two epochs is also known as the ice age? When did it begin and end?
   
4. 
   Find a map showing the extent of the Laurentide Ice Sheet of 20,000 years ago, what is the only part of the state of Minnesota that was not covered by ice?
   
5. 
   What do scientists “believe” caused the ice sheets to grow?
   
6. 
   What causes a glacier to move?
   
7. 
   Who was Louis Agassiz?
   
8. 
   What evidence did he give for the ice age?
   
9. 
   Where was the lake that is named for him located, how big was this lake?
   
10. 
    What was the cause of deep valley in which the Minnesota River is found, what was the name of the archaic river that formed this valley?
    
11. 
    What was the cause of the deep valley in which the St. Croix River is found, this river borders Minnesota and Wisconsin?
    
12. 
    Why is Cannon Falls, Minnesota in such a deep valley?