More than 150 scientists from 50 countries all over the world took part in cooperation with the European Economic Chamber of Trade, Commerce and Industry, with the aim of creating exam questions for the GCL - Global Commerce License® as one initial level of commercial academic education.
These thematically and carefully selected unified questionnaire, today in the era of computers, the Internet and the global economy, according to the opinion of many experts of the world, represents a basic need of knowledge for all employees, regardless of their previous qualifications.
The GCL program is very modern, effective and useful for all of those who intend to become entrepreneurs, as well as for all unemployed people, providing great help in finding adequate jobs and business success.
Authors of GCL are conscious that learning does not need to be expensive, especially today when people are using new technologies and World Wide Web as free scientific information source. Therefore, we have decided to use Wikipedia – a free encyclopedia, as one extremely wide and useful way for collecting information related to GCL topics. We believe that using this interesting way, as a global and multilingual information system, will provide you with all possibilities for learning much faster than classical classroom teaching. In the same time, there are many links leading to additional similar or connected information for those who would like to research more and deeper into the GCL topics and memorize our curriculum easier.
1.1 3
Personal computer 4
Functions of a computer system 6
Units of measure 7
Computer Memory 9
Random access memory (RAM) 10
Virtual memory 10
RAM disk 11
Read-only memory (ROM) 11
Flash memory 11
CPU cache 12
Input and output devices 12
II SOFTWARE 14
Operating system 15
System software 15
Programming software 16
Application software 16
Commercial Software 17
Free and open-source software 17
Freeware 17
Shareware 18
Retail software 18
Inventory management 19
III Operating Data 20
Computer files 20
Computer folders 23
Word Processing 23
Microsoft Word 25
Spreadsheet 27
Presentation program 34
Notable examples 34
Microsoft PowerPoint 34
Corel Presentations 34
Google Docs 34
Harvard Graphics (obsolete) 34
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics (obsolete) 34
Kingsoft Presentation 35
Libre Office Impress (open source) 35
OpenOffice.org Impress (open source) 35
SlideRocket 35
Prezi 35
Apple Keynote 35
Microsoft PowerPoint 35
PowerPoint Viewer 35
Databases 36
Keyboard shortcut 37
Access key 39
Table of keyboard shortcuts 40
IV Telecommunications 56
Telecommunication systems 56
Signal 57
Infrared 58
Radio-frequency identification 58
Near field communication 59
Bluetooth 60
Global Positioning System 61
Computer network 62
Communication media 63
Communications protocols and network programming 65
Asymmetric digital subscriber line 69
Integrated Services Digital Network 70
Local area network 71
Ethernet 71
Extranet 71
Intranet 72
Networking cables 72
Twisted pair 73
Optical fiber cable 73
Coaxial cable 73
Patch cable 73
Ethernet crossover cable 73
Router 74
Wireless 74
Applications of wireless technology 76
Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards 77
WiMAX 78
V Mobile phone 79
Smartphones 81
VI Internet 91
Access 98
Social impact 99
Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) 101
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 101
Internet Protocol (IP) 101
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 102
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 103
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 103
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 104
Post Office Protocol (POP) 104
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) 104
World Wide Web (WWW) 105
Web browser 105
Uniform resource identifier (URI) 106
Uniform resource locator (URL) 107
Domain name 107
Domain Name System (DNS) 108
IP address 109
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) 109
Internet Communication 110
E-mail 110
E-mail address 110
Spamming and computer viruses 111
Instant messaging 112
Mobile instant messaging 112
Online chat 112
Internet vulnerabilities 114
Web threat 114
Computer crime 115
Hacking 115
Cyber spying 116
VII Electronic Business (eBusiness) 117
The principle of e-Business, internet as new and exciting channel for business 117
Classification by provider and consumer 119
Electronic Business Security 119
Digital economy 120
Digital economy in eGovernment 120
The principle of e-Commerce 120
The principle of m-Commerce 123
Different classification of e-Commerce system 126
VIII Information system and management 130
Management information system 131
Overview 131
Types 131
Decision support system 132
Components 133
Executive information system 133
Components 133
Applications 135
Transaction processing system 135
Types 136
Intelligent decision support systems 137
Strategic information system 137
Document management system 139
Data management 139
Data hub 139
Features 139
Knowledge management 140
VIII Security 142
Categorising security 142
Application security 143
Computer security 143
Data security 143
Information security 143
Network security 144
IT security essentials 145
Browser security 146
Firewall 146
Antivirus 148
Anti-spyware programs 150
Encryption software 152
Vulnerability scanner 152
System vulnerability and abuse 153
Defense strategies and safekeeping, ways to defend against potential threats 158
2 162
Presentation 197
Definitions 197
Audience 198
Visuals 198
External links 198
Nonverbal communication 199
Importance 199
Posture 199
Clothing 200
Gestures 201
Engagement 202
Genetics 203
Proxemics: Physical Space in Communication 203
Movement and body position 204
Functions of nonverbal communication 205
Conclusion 207
Body language 207
Understanding body language 208
How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans? 210
Unintentional gestures 210
Group communication, team work and leadership 211
Team 211
Team size, composition, and formation 211
Types of teams 212
Teamwork 214
Definitions in academic literature 214
Teamwork processes 214
Training to improve teamwork 215
Advantages and disadvantages of teamwork 215
Team building 216
Team composition 219
Antecedents of team composition 220
Outcomes of team composition 221
Ways to measure team composition 224
Future research and implications 224
Styles 226
Contexts 226
Leadership Myths 229
Cross-cultural leadership 231
Leadership Styles across Cultures 231
Codes and practices, conflicts 237
Organizational conflict 237
Personal conflict 238
Organizational conflict theories 239
Conflict within groups 240
Conflict resolution 242
Strategies for Managing Group Conflicts 243
Change 243
Negotiation 251
Approaches to negotiation 251
Emotion in negotiation 255
Team negotiations 258
Barriers to negotiations 258
Negotiation tactics 258
Download free Tactics Manual - 30 High Power Negotiation Tacticshere. 258
Best alternative to a negotiated agreement 259
Examples 259
Getting and keeping job 260
Job hunting 260
Steps 260
Application for employment 262
Purpose of the application 262
Application Sections 263
Curriculum vitae 264
Etymology and spellings 264
Use 264
Cover letter 265
For employment 265
Job interview 266
Role 266
Interview constructs 267
Process 269
Process model 271
Types of questions 272
Interviewee strategies and behaviors 277
Validity and predictive power 281
Legal issues 282
Onboarding 286
Antecedents of success 286
Employee adjustment 292
Outcomes 293
Limits and criticisms of onboarding theory 293
Executive onboarding 294
Recommendations for practitioners 295
International business 295
Intercultural competence 295
Cross-cultural competence 296
Basics 297
Typical examples of cultural differences 297
Requirements 299
Cultural differences 300
Assessment 300
Criticisms 301
Etiquette in Asia 301
Appointments 301
Elders 301
Humility 302
Luck 302
Shoes 302
Etiquette by Region 303
Etiquette in Australia and New Zealand 320
Shared expectations 320
Australia 324
New Zealand 326
Etiquette in North America 328
Principles 328
Basic rules 329
General standards 329
Private life 333
Public interactions 339
Shoes 342
Etiquette in Europe 343
Language and forms of address 343
Flowers 344
Hats and coats 344
Shoes 344
Money 344
Transport 344
Queuing 345
Exposure 345
Eating 345
Bodily functions 345
Etiquette in Latin America 346
Generalizations 346
Specific regions 347
Etiquette in the Middle East 363
Points of etiquette 363
3 366
I Legal Systems of the World 369
Common law 369
II International Organizations, Sources of Law 376
Reservations 383
Major absentees 383
Language, structure, and content 384
Functions 393
Provisions 402
Mechanisms 402
Incoterms 2010 404
Constitutional law 407
Legal effect 410
Notable amendments 412
Free movement of capital 418
Russia 426
IV International Business Law 428
Approval and implementation 429
The accord in operation 431
Organization of central banks 433
V Contract in Business Law 438
Elements 438
Proper law 449
VI Intellectual Property 453
Objectives 454
VII Employment Law 459
Conventions 460
Recommendations 461
Conditions of employment 464
Prohibiting Discrimination 465
VIII Consumer Protection 469
IX Company Law 472
Formation process for private limited companies 479
Types of company 480
Kinds 482
Formation 486
Joint-Stock Companies 490
Main provisions of the statute 492
Corporate law in context 496
In the United States 497
Applications of the term 499
Background 506
Effects on international trade 514
Offshore financial structures 514
X Import and Export 518
Variations 525
Negotiable instruments distinguished from other types of contracts 532
Classes 533
4 538
I Introduction to economic concept and tools 540
Scarcity 540
Scarcity in Economics 540
Planned economy 540
Economic planning versus the command economy 541
Opportunity cost 542
II Microeconomics 543
Assumptions and definitions 544
Supply and Demand 544
Law of supply 545
Law of demand 545
Aggregate supply 547
Demand curve (aggregate demand in microeconomics) 548
Circular flow of income 549
Price discrimination 551
Budget deficit 552
Medium of exchange 552
Division of labour 553
Production possibilities frontier 554
Efficiency 554
Opportunity cost 555
Marginal rate of transformation 556
Shape 556
Position 557
Other applications 558
III Macroeconomics 559
Basic macroeconomic concepts 559
Aggregate demand 560
Macroeconomic policies 560
Fiscal policy 561
Monetary policy 561
Unemployment 561
Inflation and deflation 562
Diminishing returns 562
Gross domestic product (GDP) 563
Gross domestic income (GDI) 563
Gross National Product (GNP) 563
GDP vs. GNP 563
Recession 564
Marginal product 564
Marginal cost 565
Economies of scale 566
Aggregation problem 566
Trade 567
Currency 567
IV Organization of Industries 568
Monopoly 568
Market structures 569
Characteristics 569
Sources of monopoly power 570
Oligopoly 571
Characteristics 572
Duopoly 573
Perfect competition 573
Basic structural characteristics 573
Imperfect competition 573
Monopolistic competition 574
Major characteristics 575
Perfect market 575
General equilibrium theory 576
Marginal product of labour 576
Definition 576
Examples 576
V International Sector 577
Comparative advantage 577
Effect of trade costs 578
Competitive advantage 579
Free trade 580
Features of free trade 580
Terms of trade 580
International trade 581
Trade barriers 581
Examples of free trade areas 582
Public limited company 583
Private company limited by shares 583
Requirements 584
Formation 585
Additional information 586
Privately held company 586
Tariffs 589
Barriers to entry 590
Customs union 591
Import 591
Export 591
Foreign direct investment 592
Stock 592
Bond 592
Multinational Corporation 593
Strategies 593
Globalization 593
OPEC 593
VI Money, Central Bank and Monetary Policy 594
Federal Reserve System 594
Fiscal policy 595
Income 596
Tax 596
Value added tax 596
European Union 596
Economic union 598
Competition Commission 598
The role of the Competition Commission 598
VII World Economy 598
International Monetary Fund 599
World Trade Organization 600
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 600
National Stock Exchange 600
North American Free Trade Agreement 601
Central European Free Trade Agreement 601
NATO 601
G8 601
History 602
Structure and activities 603
Member facts 605
BRIC 606
VIII Marketing 616
International marketing 617
Marketing research 618
Key components 619
Market segmentations 621
Criteria for Segmenting 621
Basis for segmenting consumer markets 621
The marketing planning process 623
Marketing strategy 623
Developing a marketing strategy 623
Competitor analysis 624
Market environment 624
Micro-Environment (internal environment) 625
Macro-Environment (external environment) 626
Consumer behaviour 627
Buying behaviour 628
Marketing mix 629
Four Ps: the producer-oriented model 629
Elements of the global marketing mix 630
Promotional mix 631
Mission statement 632
Contents 632
Vision statement 633
PEST analysis 633
Composition 634
Applicability of the Factors 635
Use of PEST analysis with other models 636
SWOT analysis 636
Porter five forces analysis 637
Public relations 638
Advertising 639
Brand 639
IX Management 641
Topics 641
Operations management 644
Strategic management 645
Concepts/approaches of strategic management 645
Strategy formation (Classical school) 646
Benchmarking 650
Benefits and use 651
Shareholder 653
Stakeholder (corporate) 654
Stock trader 657
Stock traders and stock Investors 657
Entrepreneurship 659
Characteristics of an entrepreneur 659
Concept 660
Promotion 661
Entrepreneur 661
Leadership attributes 661
Influences, personality traits, and characteristics 662
Types of entrepreneurs 662
Investor 664
Types of investors 664
Investor protection 665
Investment 665
In economics or macroeconomics 665
In finance 666
X Accounting 667
Accountant 668
British Commonwealth 668
Austria 671
Hong Kong 671
Portugal 671
United States 672
Accounting period 673
Bookkeeping 673
Chart of accounts 674
Types of accounts 674
General ledger 675
Asset 677
Asset characteristics 677
Liability (financial accounting) 679
Equity (finance) 680
Equity investments 680
Revenue 681
Business revenue 681
Government revenue 682
Expense 683
Bookkeeping for expenses 683
[edit]Cash flow 683
Gain (finance) 684
Cash flow statement 684
Income statement 690
Usefulness and limitations of income statement 691
Sample income statement 694
Bottom line 697
Requirements of IFRS 698
Balance sheet 699
Public Business Entities balance sheet structure 700
Sample balance sheet 702
Accounting equation 703
Accounts payable 704
Overview 707
Payment terms 707
Accounts Receivable Age Analysis 708
Special uses 708
