March madness and gender equity
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- AVERAGE BUDGETS FOR SPORTS OF CONFERENCES BCS SCHOOLS AVG TOTAL BUDGET RANK MARCH MADNESS AVG T0TAL BUDGET RANK (MILLIONS)
- AVERAGE $18.96 AVERAGE $7.56
- Note
- R CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION SCHOLARSHIP COACHES OPERATING AVERAGE CONFRENCE SALARIES EXPENSES RANK CHAMPION
- BCS SEED MM SEED P S CS OE WINNER
- De Paul
| MARCH MADNESS
And
GENDER EQUITY Charles L. Kennedy Senior Instructor Political Science Department Penn State York August, 2004 The first part of this study, “The BCS of Title IX Compliance,” was an effort to evaluate the extent of compliance with the Title IX regulations among the major college (Division 1-A) football powers.
Big East
Big Ten Big 12
PAC-10 Southeastern Additionally, the Mountain West and the Mid-American (MAC) Conferences were added to implement an 8 conference – 8 team playoff scheme. In the tournament involving Title IX compliance, the Ohio University Bobcats of the MAC defeated the Stanford Cardinal of the PAC-10 in the finals to win this mythical national championship. In this study eight other major conferences have been added to the study. These conferences regularly are strong competitors in the NCAA national basketball tournament, referred to by the national news media as March Madness. The eight additional conferences are: Atlantic Ten Big Sky
Big West Conference USA Ivy League Sun Belt
Western Athletic Conference (WAC) West Coast The March Madness of Gender Equity is an attempt to rank the teams in these sixteen major conferences according to their compliance with the spirit and intent of the Title IX regulations. The variables used in the study are based on the four criteria suggested by the Chronicle of Higher Education in the study on “gender equity” in 2004. (Note: All of the statistics were obtained from the Chronicle of Higher Education).1 Their criteria are participation, scholarship, coaching salaries, and operating expenses. This method was selected in order to give a form of statistical measurement and verification. Participation is one of the three federal guidelines for a college to determine if it has enough opportunities for female athletes. This is the simplest approach and the one most colleges follow. In this test the percentage of female athletes should be proportional to the percentage of women in the student body. 1 http://www.chronicle.com/stats/genderequity/2004 Scholarship is actually the only purely numerical section of guidelines issued under Title IX regulations, governing scholarship funds allocated to women athletes. The Department’s Office for Civil Rights has specified that colleges must award the same proportions of aid to female athletes as there are women participating in varsity sports. The proportion is to be within one percentage point. Coaching Salaries is not mandated by Title IX regulations. Equity in salaries, however should indicate that the salary of coaches of women’s teams should be equivalent to the salary of coaches of men’s teams. Operating Expenses is also not included in any specific guidelines. Interestingly, however, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act does chart how much of an athletic department’s budget is allocated to women’s teams. A major factor that developed in “The BCS of Title IX Compliance,” was the enormous difference in the total sports budgets between your major football conferences and the other conferences. For instance, the highest average total budget for sports among conferences in the BCS study is the Big Ten with $25.74 million. This was the average for the eleven teams in the conference. This budget funded 21 athletic teams. The highest total budget for sports in the eight conferences, added for inclusion in the MARCH MADNESS study, is the WAC at $10.64 million. This budget covers 14 athletic teams. The average budgets for sports among the 16 teams are contained in the following chart: AVERAGE BUDGETS FOR SPORTS OF CONFERENCES BCS SCHOOLS AVG TOTAL BUDGET RANK MARCH MADNESS AVG T0TAL BUDGET RANK (MILLIONS) SCHOOLS (MILLIONS) Big Ten $25.74 1 WAC $10.64 1 Pac-10 $23.84 2 Conference USA $10.48 2 Southeastern $22.22 3 Atlantic 10 $8.5 3 Big 12 $20.75 4 Ivy League $8.01 4 ACC $19.96 5 Sun Belt $6.24 5 Big East $18.56 6 West Coast $5.98 6 Mountain West $12.98 7 Big West $5.59 7 Mid-American $5.65 8 Big Sky $5.05 8
It should be noted that all of the conferences that were included in the BCS study are comprised exclusively of Division 1A colleges with the exception of the Big East, which also included five non Division 1A colleges. The data on those five were excluded from the BCS study but will be included in the study. Conversely, the WAC is the only conference of the schools added for this study, which has all division 1A members. From the above chart it should be noted that the average budget for sports per school in the Big Ten is over 500% higher than the average school in the Big Sky. The sixth place finisher of the BCS schools, the Big East, spends nearly $8 million per school more than a school in the WAC, one of the added conferences. The average budget per conference in the BCS study is $18.96 million, whereas the average for the schools added for the March Madness study is only $7.56 million. This discrepancy becomes even greater if the Mountain West and Mid-American Conferences are removed from the BCS Conference average. The average when only the six BCS conferences are considered is now $21.85 million. It must be recognized and emphasized that the huge difference in sports budgets between the “Big 6” conferences and the others has to do with the huge expense associated with operating major college football programs. Due to this fact, it is expected that it will be significantly easier for the non-BCS conferences to have a higher “gender equity” score, particularly in coaches salaries and operating expenses. This point becomes very obvious by examining coaches salaries and operating expenses per conference. The average of coaches salaries for the conferences added for March Madness is 38.9% (proportion for coaches of women’s teams of the total salary budget). The Big West was highest at 44.85% and Conference USA was lowest at 31.75%. For the BCS schools, the average was 31.6%. The Mid-American was highest at 37.0% and the Big 12 was lowest at 28.3%. The differential is even greater in examining operating expenses (women’s teams’ proportion of the total sports operating budget). The average for the March Madness added conferences was 39.25%. The West Coast was highest at 48.16% and Conference USA was lowest at 30.28%. For the BCS schools, the average was 29.95%. The Mid-American was again highest at 36.99% and the ACC was lowest at 25.66%. The next step toward determining the ultimate champion of March Madness of Gender Equity is to rank the sixteen conferences according to the criteria of participation, scholarship, coaches salaries, and operating expenses. The schools in each conference are ranked and an average for the conference is determined and then the conferences are ranked. Then the #1 Team in each conference is selected for participation in the tournament. A sample ranking of a team in the Mountain West Conference would be as follows: (Note: Statistics for the Air Force Academy were not available.) Participation – At the University of New Mexico, where I received my M.A. in Political Science in 1968, women comprised 57.24% of the total undergraduates and 43.26% of all athletes in 2003 for a difference of -13.98. This would earn the Lobos a rank of last in the Mountain West Conference – far behind 1st place San Diego State at -0.16. Interestingly, all of the Mountain West schools had a negative differential. Scholarship – UNM’s proportion of female athletes was 43.09% and the women’s proportion of the scholarship budget was 39.32% for a difference of -3.77. This earned the Lobos a rank of 3rd. Utah was highest at -1.2 and Colorado was lowest at -8.9. Again, all of the schools had a negative differential. Coaching Salaries – At New Mexico the proportion of the salary budget for coaches of women’s teams was 45.95%. This earned the Lobos a 1st place rank – for above the conference average of 34.5%. UNLV finished last at 27.34%. It should be noted that of all of the schools (82) in the eight conferences in the BCS study, in only six schools did the women’s proportion exceed 40%. New Mexico was the highest at 45.95%. The lowest of all the schools was West Virginia University at 18.1%. Conversely, when examining the March Madness schools, a total of eighty schools, thirty-four schools have a women’s proportion of the salary budget higher than 40% and four of these schools are higher than 50%. These four schools are George Washington (GW) in the Atlantic 10 and Cal State – Long Beach, University of the Pacific and Cal State – Fullerton in the Big West Conference. GW is highest at 57.3%. As a real anomaly, Louisiana – Lafayette of the Sun Belt conference was the only school of the entire group under 10% at 6.96%. In the West Coast Conference, all of the schools except for Gonzaga are above 40%. Operating Expenses – The women’s proportion of the operating budget at UNM was 30.55% - a rank of fifth and below the conference average of 31.37%. Utah was highest at 33.2% and BYU was lowest at 29.7%. It should be emphasized that 35 of the 80 schools added for the March Madness study have women’s proportion of the operating budget above 40%. Ten of those schools are even above 50%. De Paul of Conference USA is highest at 56.6%. Interestingly, 10 of the 14 schools in the conference are actually below 30%. Of the 35 schools above 40%, 22 are from three conferences – Atlantic 10, Big West, and West Coast. In the West Coast Conference, all eight schools are above 40%. Conversely, in the schools in the BCS study only three schools, (UCONN, Ohio University, and Eastern Michigan exceeded 40%. Ohio University was highest at 41.7%. When the five non-1A basketball powers of the Big East were added for the March Madness study, the number is increased to eight, since all five of these schools are in excess of 40%. Seton Hall is highest at 43.8%. At the opposite end of the scale, in 41 of the 82 schools (50%) the women’s proportion of operating expenses is actually under 30%. At two schools it is under 20%. Boston College and Pitt in the Big East, have a solid hold on the basement at 10.63% and 10.22%, respectively. All of the schools in the ACC are below 30%, except for Maryland. And only UCONN (40.2%) in the Big East exceeds 30% among the Division 1A schools. THE TOURNAMENT The conferences are ranked in order to determine the order of seeds for the tournament. The champions of each conference will then compete in the single elimination tournament. The rank of the conferences and the champions are contained in the following charts. Because of the major differentials that unfolded in examining coaches salaries and operating expenses, the BCS conferences and the added March Madness conferences will be seeded separately. This will enable head to head competition in the first round of the tournament. R CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION SCHOLARSHIP COACHES OPERATING AVERAGE CONFRENCE SALARIES EXPENSES RANK CHAMPION MID-AMERICAN 6 4.5 1 1 1 Ohio 1-A MOUNTAIN WEST 1 8 2 2 2 Utah 1-A PAC-10 5 3 4 5 3 Stanford 1-A SOUTHEASTERN 8 1 3 6 4* Georgia 1-A BIG EAST 3 2 6 7 5* Seton Hall 1-AAA BIG TEN 2 7 7 3 6 Purdue 1-A ACC 4 4.5 5 8 7 Maryland 1-A BIG 12 8 6 8 4 8 Missouri 1-A
*Note: Southeastern is seeded higher than Big East due to a first place finish RANK BY CONFERENCE: SCHOOLS ADDED FOR MARCH MADNESS CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION SCHOLARSHIP COACHES OPERATING AVERAGE CONFRENCE SALARIES EXPENSES RANK CHAMPION WEST COAST 2 1 2 1 1 Loyola Marymount1-AAA BIG WEST 3 3 1 2 2 Pacific 1-AAA ATLANTIC 10 1 4 5 4 3 George Washington 1-AAA BIG SKY 4 7 3 3 4 Cal State Sacramento 1-AA IVY LEAGUE 6 x 4 5 5* Dartmouth 1-AA SUN BELT 8 2 6 6 6 Ark. Little Rock 1-AAA WAC 5 6 7 7 7 Nevada-Reno 1-A CONFERENCE USA 7 5 8 8 8 De Paul 1-AAA
*Note: No Scholarships are awarded. The Ivy League’s average was computed for three criteria and the others were based on four criteria. In examining the latter chart, it should be noted that the West Coast and Big West were runaway frontrunners. Whereas, the WAC and Conference USA trailed the pack by a considerable distance. The other item worth noting is that only the Nevada-Reno Wolfpack of the WAC is a Division 1-A team among the March Madness schools. Two are division 1-AA and five are Division 1-AAA. Of the BCS schools, Seton Hall, who replaced UCONN as the Big East champion, is also a Division 1-AAA school. In seeding the teams for the tournament, the BCS teams will be matched against the March Madness teams in the first round. The formula is 1 v 8, 2 v 7, 3 v 6, and 4 v 5. It is structured in this manner so that theoretically, the top teams in each section (#s 1 and 2) will meet in the semi-finals and finals. BCS SEED MM SEED P S CS OE WINNER 1 Mid-American Ohio -10.7 2.55 40.9 41.7 De Paul Conference USA-8 De Paul -5.3 17.1 46.7 56.6 4-0
Ivy -5 Dartmouth 4.04 NA 43.1 41.9 3-0 2 Mountain West Utah -2.04 -1.2 33.6 33.2 Nevada-Reno WAC -7 Nevada-Reno 1.5 8.9 40.25 42.3 3-1 3 Pac-10 Stanford 0.0 1.96 38.0 39.2 Arkansas-L.R. Sun Belt -6 Arkansas-L.R. -11.3 8.0 46.4 45.6 3-1 West Coast -1 Loyola Marymount -2.9 8.75 47.8 56.5 Marymount 8 Big 12 Missouri -13.0 6.14 35.9 36.8 4-0 Big Sky -4 Cal State-Sacramento -7.44 -0.93 44.8 56.5 C.S.-Sacramento* 5 Big East Seton Hall -3.22 7.15 40.1 43.8 2-2 Big West -2 Pacific -2.68 5.0 53.4 55.9 Pacific 7 ACC Maryland -1.86 2.3 33.9 30.2 3-1 Atlantic10 -3 GW 2.06 2.5657.3 52.4 GW 6 Big Ten Purdue 2.42 -1.67 32.4 30.67 3-1 *Cal State-Sacramento wins tie-break with a +4.95 margin in the differentials. As anticipated from the preliminary analysis regarding coaches salaries and operating expenses, it was a clean sweep for the schools added for March Madness. The conference champions from the BCS schools were defeated 8-0. Even the BCS tournament champion and #1 seed, Ohio University, was upset 4-0 by the 8th seed, De Paul, from the lowly ranked Conference USA. Even Stanford, the perennial Title IX powerhouse and runner-up in the BCS championship, was upset by the 6th seed, Arkansas Little-Rock from the Sun Belt Conference. A closer examination reveals that the March Madness only schools won every match-up in coaches salaries and operating expenses – an incredible 16-0 record in those categories. Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship O De Paul (8) hio De Paul G
eorgia Dartmouth U
Nevada
S Arkansas L.R (6) tanford Arkansas-Little Rock L
Missouri
C Cal St. Sacramento (4) al State-Sacramento Seton Hall P
Maryland
G GW (3) W Purdue
P S CS OE 8- De Paul -5.3 17.1 46.7 56.6 De Paul 5- Dartmouth 4.04 NA 43.1 41.9 2-1 7- Nevada Reno 1.5 -8.9 40.25 42.3 Arkansas L.R. 6- Arkansas L.R. -11.3 8.0 46.4 45.6 3-1
4-Sacramento -7.4 0.9 44.8 56.45 4-0 2-Pacific -2.68 5.0 53.4 55.9 GW 3-GW 2.06 2.56 57.3 52.4 2-2 As expected the #1 seed, Loyola-Marymount won handily over Cal State – Sacramento, 4-0. However, upsets dominated two of the other three matches, as #8 De Paul prevailed over Dartmouth and #6 G.W. upset #2 Pacific. G.W. prevailed in a tie-breaker prevailing with a narrow margin of +3.70. Arkansas Little-Rock defeated Nevada-Reno in the other match to reach the semi-finals.
8- De Paul -5.3 17.1 46.7 56.6 De Paul 6- Arkansas L.R. -11.3 8.0 46.4 45.6 4-0
3-GW 2.06 2.56 57.3 52.4 2-2 GW has +5.17 differential The #8 seed, the De Paul Blue Demons, continued their string of upsets to reach the championship match by crushing Arkansas Little-Rock, 4-0. In the other match George Washington upset Loyola-Marymount, the #1 seed by prevailing in an incredible 2nd tie-breaker. G.W. won with a +5.17 differential, relying mainly on their high coaches salary score of 57.3. This score along with their high score in operating expenses should make G.W. a prohibitive favorite over the Chicago team in the tournament final. The national championship match between #8 De Paul and #3 George Washington comes down to another tie-breaker. Unbelievably, this is the 3rd consecutive tie-breaker match for G.W. De Paul wins in the scholarship and operating expenses categories and G.W. wins in participation and coaches salaries. P S CS OE De Paul -5.3 17.1 46.7 56.6 2-2 George Wash 2.06 2.56 57.3 52.4 De Paul 14.54 + 4.2 = 18.74 DIFFERENTIALS + GW 7.36 + 10.6 = 17.96 0.78 Paced by its huge margin of +14.54 in scholarships, De Paul is able to offset G.W.’s high coaches salaries and win the tie-breaker by the narrowment of margins +0.78. Thus, the De Paul Blue Demons win the “March Madness of Gender Equity” and are the mythical national champions of Title IX compliance. In 2002 the Commission on Opportunity in Athletics was established by the U.S. Secretary of Education, Roderick R. Paige. The Secretary charged the Commission to strengthen Title IX enforcement and expand opportunities to ensure fairness for all athletes. In forming the Commission, the Secretary stated, “Title IX has opened doors of opportunity for generations of girls and women to compete, to achieve, and to pursue their American dreams.” The commission recognized that several of its recommendations will require additional research and study. This study was undertaken in the spirit of continuing the dialogue on Title IX. Hopefully this continuing dialogue will help attain the commission’s goal of making Title IX, clear, fair, enforceable, and truly open to all. SEED CONFERENCE TEAM 1 Mid-American Ohio____ 8 Big 12 Missouri_
5 Big East UCONN_ =CHAMPION 2 Mountain West Utah_____ 7 ACC Maryland_
6 Big Ten Purdue___ Directory: ~clk8 -> docs docs -> The athletic directors’ dilemma: "$$$ & Women’s Sports" docs -> The gender equity scorecard IV docs -> The gender equity scorecard V docs -> The bcs of title IX compliance "…and the champion for 2004 is " docs -> Our Women as Coaches now "The Glass Ceiling Report Card" Download 58.3 Kb. Share with your friends:
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