McDougall Little Ch 17 Notes

Ch 17.1

1. 
   Emancipation Proclamation
   
   1. 
      Calls for Emancipation
      
      1. 
         Lincoln didn’t believe he had power to end slavery where already existed
         
      2. 
         Lincoln didn’t want to anger 4 slave states still in Union
         
      3. 
         Many Northerners opposed emancipation
         
      4. 
         Lincoln’s 1^st priority was to preserve Union
         
   2. 
      Emancipation Proclamation
      
      1. 
         Issued January 1, 1863 (after victory at Antietam) freeing all slaves in Confederacy only, but difficult to enforce so far away from Union troops
         
         1. 
            Symbolic measure, a military action to weaken Confederacy
            
         2. 
            Constitution did not give president power to free slaves within U.S. (Union)
            
         3. 
            Lincoln asked Congress to abolish slavery gradually
            
         4. 
            Now the war was about both preserving Union AND liberation
            

3. 
   Response to Proclamation
   
   1. 
      Abolitionists were happy, but wanted all slaves freed
      
   2. 
      Those against emancipation feared the proclamation would make war last longer
      
   3. 
      Southerners outraged
      
   4. 
      Slaves ran away, joined Union forces
      

4. 
   African American Soldiers
   
   1. 
      After emancipation African Americans rushed to join Union army
      
      1. 
         180,000 black Union soldiers
         
      2. 
         Led by white officers
         
      3. 
         Given worst jobs
         
      4. 
         Paid less than white soldiers
         
5. 
   54^th Massachusetts
   
   1. 
      Volunteered to fight without pay
      
   2. 
      Included 2 sons of abolitionist Frederick Douglass
      
   3. 
      Most famous regiment of entire Civil War
      
   4. 
      Led heroic attack on Fort Wagner in South Carolina
      
      1. 
         At risk of being shot or enslaved again
         
   5. 
      Resulted in increased African American enlistments
      

Ch 17.2

2. 
   War Affects Society
   
   1. 
      Disagreement about war (1863)
      
      1. 
         Southerners tired of war
         
         1. 
            Confederacy lost 40% of soldiers (quit)
            
      2. 
         Northern Democrats wanted peace
         
         1. 
            Called Copperheads like snake that strikes without warning
            
   2. 
      Draft Laws
      
      1. 
         Conscription=Draft=Required men to serve in military in both North & South, except for:
         
         1. 
            Planters who owned at least 20 slaves
            
         2. 
            Those who paid $6,000 for substitute
            

1. 
   Bounties ($300 cash) given to Northern men who volunteered to fight
   
2. 
   Riots in NYC broke out protesting draft
   
1. 
   Economic Effects of War
   
   1. 
      Transport used for war causing food shortage
      
   2. 
      Soldiers seized food and goods for themselves
      
   3. 
      Inflation (increased price, decreased value of money)
      
   4. 
      Boosted industry & production in North
      
2. 
   Resistance by Slaves
   
   1. 
      Slowed work pace, stopped working, destroyed crops, equipment
      
   2. 
      Rebelled against owners
      
   3. 
      Waited for Union soldiers to free them
      
   4. 
      Half a million fled to Union by war’s end
      
3. 
   Women Aid War Effort
   
   1. 
      Had increased responsibilities while men fought war
      
      1. 
         Plowed fields, ran farms/plantations, ran offices, factories and jobs previously held by men
         
      2. 
         Served on front lines as volunteer workers or nurses
         
         1. 
            Clara Barton & Dorothea Dix (nurses)
            
      3. 
         Served as spies
         
         1. 
            Harriet Tubman spied for Union
            
         2. 
            Belle Boyd spied for Confederacy
            
4. 
   Civil War Prison Camps
   
   1. 
      Captured soldiers imprisoned caused inhumane suffering and death due to disease, starvation and exposure to severe weather
      
   2. 
      50,000 men died in Civil War prison camps
      

Ch 17.3 The North Wins

1. 
   Battle of Gettysburg
   

2. 
   Lincoln kept replacing the Union’s generals while Lee remained the southern general
   
3. 
   Confederate General Lee continued moving troops to the north to fuel Northern discontent with the war and bring:
   

1. 
   calls for peace
   
2. 
   lead European nations to aid Confederacy
   
2. 
   June 1863: 3-day Battle of Gettysburg
   
   1. 
      90,000 Union troops battled 75,000 Confederates
      
   2. 
      The CSA’s Pickett’s Charge was an attempt to have 13,000 rebels attack the middle of the Union’s line. Pickett’s Charge failed and ended the battle giving:
      
      1. 
         Union victory in battle
         
      2. 
         Hopes for Confederate victory in the North were crushed
         
      3. 
         
         

2. 
   Results of Gettysburg
   

1. 
   North lost 23,000 soldiers
   
2. 
   28,000 Southern soldiers were dead or wounded (over 1/3 of Lee’s whole army)
   
3. 
   Lee led his army back to Virginia
   

2. 
   Siege of Vicksburg
   
   1. 
      During Battle of Gettysburg, Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederate troops at the Siege of Vicksburg
      
   2. 
      Previous year Grant had won important victories in the West that opened up the Miss. River for travel deep into the South
      
   3. 
      Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Miss. River
      
   4. 
      Union soldiers surrounded the city and prevented delivery of food and supplies
      
      1. 
         Confederates ran out of food
         
      2. 
         Forced to eat mules, dogs, rats
         
      3. 
         Surrendered after 1.5 months
         
   5. 
      Victory here fulfilled major part of the Anaconda Plan. North had already taken New Orleans and now had complete control of Miss. River, splitting the South in two
      
   6. 
      With Gettysburg and Vicksburg, war turned in favor of the North
      
   7. 
      Britain gave up thought of supporting South
      
   8. 
      Union General Grant was a hero
      
      1. 
         Pres. Lincoln named him commander of all the Union armies
         

3. 
   North’s Push to Victory
   
   1. 
      Union General William Tecumseh Sherman devised a plan to defeat Confederacy
      
      1. 
         Push through the Deep South to Atlanta, Georgia and the Atlantic coast
         
      2. 
         Cut a path of destruction along the way
         
         1. 
            war not only against enemy troops, but against everything that supported them
            
         2. 
            tore up rail lines, destroyed crops, burned and looted towns
            

iv. April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met in Virginia town called Appomattox Court House to arrange the Confederate’s surrender, resulting in:

3. 
   Confederates may return home in peace
   
4. 
   Take private possessions and horses with them
   
5. 
   Union provided food to hungry Confederate soldiers (p519)
   

b. Union successes helped Lincoln gain re-election in 1864