Media / freedom of speech thw ban the media from publishing graphic war photographs Definition / Background One of the distinguishing features of modern life



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MEDIA / FREEDOM OF SPEECH

THW ban the media from publishing graphic war photographs
Definition / Background
One of the distinguishing features of modern life is that it supplies countless opportunities for regarding horrors taking place throughout the world through the medium of photography. Images of atrocities have become, via the little screens of the television and the computer, something of a commonplace. But are viewers inured or incited to violence by the depiction of cruelty? Is the viewer's perception of reality eroded by the daily barrage of such images? What does it mean to care about the sufferings of people in faraway zones of conflict?
Facts & Evidences


  1. Free-lance journalist Zoriah Miller published images of conflict in Iraq, which created controversy and subsequently led to him being kicked out of embed with U.S. forces when he was accused of violating the terms of his embedding by taking pictures of dead and injured soldiers.

  2. In February 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates lifted the ban on media coverage of returning war dead which was implemented by President George H.W. Bush in 1991.

  3. In August 2009, the Associated Press sent out a series of photos of Lance Corporal Joshua M. Bernard before and after he was struck by a rocket propelled grenade during a Taliban ambush. The pictures depicted Bernard losing one of his legs in the attack and being carried away by his fellow squad members. Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates personally contacted Tom Curely, the president of the A.P. to ask that the A.P. “honor the family’s request to not have the photos published, out of respect for their son.”

  4. Sections 14 (h) and (o) of United States Military embed rules state that no information can be published without approval, including material about “any tactics, techniques and procedures witnessed during operations,” or that “provides information on the effectiveness of enemy techniques.”



MEDIA / FREEDOM OF SPEECH

THBT celebrities should be punished more severely for their criminal actions
Definition / Background
Celebrities are everywhere in modern society, and this cannot be denied. Their antics, be it drunk driving or drug taking, make the front pages of newspapers and are discussed on the Web.
Facts & Evidences


  1. Paris Hilton: In September of 2006 Hilton was arrested and charged with driving under the influence of alcohol with a blood alcohol content of 0.08%, which left her with a suspended license, 36 months probation and a $1,500 fine. On January 15, 2007 Hilton was pulled over again for driving with a suspended license. Having still not learned her lesson, Hilton was pulled over yet again on February 27 of 2007 for driving 70 mph in a 30 mph zone with a suspended license. Hilton was sentenced to 45 days in jail and checked into the Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood, Calif. on June 5, 2007. Hilton was later released June 7th on the grounds of an unspecified medical condition and was re-sentenced to 40 days home confinement with an electronic monitoring device.




  1. Lindsay Lohan was arrested after police found her in a Santa Monica parking lot engaged in a “heated debate” with a former assistant on the evening of  July 24, 2007. Lohan failed field sobriety tests and later testing showed her blood alcohol level to be above the legal limit. Police also uncovered a small amount of cocaine upon their search. Lohan pleaded guilty to cocaine posession and driving under the influence and was sentenced to one day in jail and 10 days community service along with three years probation. Lohan was released after serving 84 minutes of her sentence.




  1. Responding to a noise disturbance call, police found Matthew McConaughey naked and playing the bongos in his Austin, Texas home in October 1999. Police arrested McConaughey on charges of possession of marijuana and resisting arrest. Drug charges were dropped from McConaughey and he was fined only $50 for violation of the city’s noise ordinance.


MEDIA / FREEDOM OF SPEECH

THBT accusing someone of being homosexual can be considered as defamation
Definition / Background
Defamation is the communication of a statement that makes a claim, expressly stated or implied to be factual, that may give an individual, business, product, group, government, or nation a negative image. It is called slander for transitory statements, and libel for written, broadcast, or otherwise published words. It can be also any disparaging statement made by one person about another, which is communicated or published, whether true or false, depending on legal state. In Common Law it is usually a requirement that this claim be false and that the publication is communicated to someone other than the person defamed.
On March 2012, a midlevel appeals court said that it was no longer slander in New York to falsely say that someone is gay. Justice Thomas E. Mercure of the Appellate Division’s Third Department wrote for the court that earlier rulings were “inconsistent with current public policy and should no longer be followed,” arguing that society no longer treated such labels as defamation. The New York decision found that earlier rulings were “based on a false premise that it is shameful and disgraceful to be described as lesbian, gay, or bisexual.” The ruling stems from an incident in Binghamton, New York: In a lawsuit, Mark Yonaty claimed that a woman had spread a rumor she had heard in hope that Mr. Yonaty’s girlfriend would break up with him. He said the comment hurt and ultimately destroyed the relationship.


Facts & Evidences


  1. Under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, as set forth by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1964 case, “New York Times vs. Sullivan,” where a public figure attempts to bring an action for defamation, the public figure must prove an additional element: that the statement was made with “actual malice.”

  2. Article 17 of the United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states:

  1. No one shall be subject to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honor and reputation.

  2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.



RELIGION__THBT_religions_should_not_be_exempt_from_taxation_Definition_/_Background'>RELIGION__THBT_religion_should_not_be_used_for_rehabilitation_in_prison_cells_Definition_/_Background'>RELIGION

THBT religion should not be used for rehabilitation in prison cells
Definition / Background
In free democratic nations, freedom of religion is one of the basic rights that every citizen has. This is not an exception in prisons that religious institutions are allowed to go into prisons for missionary works and providing religious services for believers. Such activities of religious institutions are usually encouraged in prisons.
Facts & Evidences


  1. Christian inmates are likely to have more self-control, have more respect and tolerance towards authorities and others leading to less violation of prison rules. They also are likely to be less aggressive compared to normal prisoners. [The Significance of Christianity in ‘Reforming’ Prisoners: Focusing on the Religious Experiences, Beliefs, Practices, And Needs of Christian Prisoners and Ex-prisoners in Victoria, Arthur James Bolkas]

  2. In England and Wales of the United Kingdom, Muslim prison population has increased from 8% in 2003 to 12% in 2008. [BBC News]

  3. In England and Wales of the United Kingdom, 69.4% of inmates in prison are religious. (2012) [House of Common Library]

  4. In Korea, 81.6% of prisoners are religious and most of them participate in various religious activities. (2008) [Effects of Prisoners' Religious Activities and Religiosity on Their Mental Health and Institutional Adjustment, 김안식]

  5. Inmates who received high-level support from participation in religious activities reported significantly less depression, recounted perpetrating fewer aggressive acts, and committed fewer serious institutional infractions than those who did not attend religious activities as well as those who attended but reported receiving low-level support… Results indicate that inmates who perceive that they are receiving personal support from religious activities are better adjusted to the challenges of prison. [The influence of religious participation on the adjustment of female inmates, Levitt L. / Loper AB]

RELIGION

THBT religions should not be exempt from taxation
Definition / Background
The governments of most countries exempt taxation for religious organizations. Usually, they are exempt from taxation as the governments automatically perceive them as charitable groups. This has also been true for Korea. But, in many countries including Korea and the United States, whether to continue tax exemption on religious organizations is very controversial.
Facts & Evidences


Government

Opposition




  1. In the United States, it is estimated that about 20~25% of land are owned by churches and other religious bodies. This represents a large amount of tax revenue for the government which can be used for funding schools, building and maintain infrastructure that religious organizations also depend on.

  2. The amount of wealth that Roman Catholic Church alone has exceeds assets five biggest American corporations have.

  3. Tens of billions of dollars are donated to churches in cash every year.

  4. In the United States, above family pay up $1,000 more in order to make up for tax exemption of religious organizations.

[All from about.com]




  1. In Korea, among all the priests belonged to protestant churches, only about 17% of priests have enough income to pay tax, and 33% of them live under the level of poverty. [YTN]

  2. Roman Catholic Church in the United States runs nonprofit health-care system including 637 hospitals, accounting for 17% of all U.S. hospital admissions. The Church also runs 122 home health-care agencies and nearly 700 other service providers, including assisted living, adult day care, and senior housing. The hospitals alone have annual expenses of $65 billion and account for 5% of U.S. health-care spending. [Bloomberg Business Week]


RELIGION

THW mandate all religions to allow the ordination of women
Facts & Evidences

  1. Buddhism

  1. Buddhism in Burma, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand does not officially ordain women.

  2. In Tibet, there is currently no bhikkhuni ordination.

  3. The bhikkhuni ordination of Buddhist nuns has always been practiced in East Asia.

  1. Christianity

  1. In traditions of Christianity including Roman Catholic, Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, and Anglicanism, ordination means narrowly by which a person is included in one of the orders of bishops, priests or deacons. Nuns and monks are basically open to both men and women.

  2. Anglican - Within Anglicanism, women are ordained as deacons and priests.

  3. Jehovah’s Witnesses - Witness deacons ("ministerial servants") and elders must be male, and only a baptized adult male may perform a Jehovah's Witness baptism, funeral, or wedding.

  4. Orthodox - The Orthodox Churches never allow ordination of women.

  5. Protestant – Most Protestant denominations require pastors, ministers, deacons, and elders to be formally ordained. These roles were mostly taken by male, but over the last century, the increasing number of denominations has allowed the ordination of women.

  6. Roman Catholic Church – Roman Catholic Church does not allow ordination of women. The Holy See issued a decree that an attempt to ordain a woman would automatically lead to excommunication of the woman and the priest who tried to ordain her. In 2010, the Holy See stated that the ordination of women is a "grave delict".

  7. Pope Paul VI said, “The Church holds that it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood, for very fundamental reasons. These reasons include: the example recorded in the Sacred Scriptures of Christ choosing his Apostles only from among men; the constant practice of the Church, which has imitated Christ in choosing only men; and her living teaching authority which has consistently held that the exclusion of women from the priesthood is in accordance with God's plan for his Church."

  1. Islam

  1. Muslims do not formally ordain religious leaders, but they have imam who serves as a spiritual leader and religious authority.

  2. There is a big controversy under which circumstances women should play a role as imam – that is, lead a congregation in salat (prayer).

  3. Three out of four Sunni schools and many Shia agree that may lead a congregation consisting of women alone in prayer.

  4. But, women are not usually allowed to play a role as imam when they have to lead a mixed gender congregation in prayer.


BUSINESS/ETHICS__THW_levy_a_sin_tax_on_video_games_in_the_republic_of_Korea_Definition_/_Background_A_SIN_TAX'>BUSINESS/ETHICS__THBT_corporations_that_run_sweatshops_should_be_forbidden_from_conducting_CSR_marketing_campaigns_Definition_/_Background_SWEATSHOP'>BUSINESS/ETHICS

THBT corporations that run sweatshops should be forbidden from conducting CSR marketing campaigns
Definition / Background
SWEATSHOP (or sweat factory) is a term for any working environment that is unacceptably difficult or hazardous. Sweatshop workers often work long hours for very low pay, regardless of laws mandating overtime pay or a minimum wage. Employees may be subject to employer abuse without an easy way, if any way, to protect themselves. Sweatshops are now almost extinct from developed nations, but are still prevalent in the third world.
Many criticize sweatshops based on the argument that minor gains made by employees of these institutions are outweighed by the negative costs such as lowered wages to increase profit margins, and that the institutions pay less than the daily expenses of their workers. They also point to the fact that sometimes local jobs offered higher wages before trade liberalization provided tax incentives to allow sweatshops to replace former local unionized jobs. On the other hand, there are also some proponents. Scholars such as Jeffrey Sachs assert that although wages and working conditions may appear inferior by the standards of developed nations, they are actually improvements over what the people in developing countries had before.
CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. CSR is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders.
Facts & Evidences


  1. TOPSHOP: In 2007 The Times found out that Topshop boss, Philip Green, had simply moved his sweatshop conditions abroad, employing hundreds of Sri Lankan, Indian and Bangladeshi workers in Mauritius where they labour for up to 12 hours a day for 30 pence an hour. Since then, Topshop has launched a recycled clothes line, asserting to be an ethical corporation. The line has proven a massive success.




  1. APPLE: Apple currently produces most of its products in factories in China. Workers in their factories work 16 hours a day, and are paid a maximum of 70 cents an hour. Simultaneously, it launches red ipods dedicated to fighting AIDS in third world countries and makes a handsome profit out of selling them.


BUSINESS/ETHICS

THW levy a sin tax on video games in the republic of Korea
Definition / Background
A SIN TAX is a tax levied on goods, services that have certain harms, but are condoned. Many governments place a sin tax on commodities like alcohol and cigarettes. The purpose of a sin tax is to reduce the transaction and consumption of a good that can have undesirable effects on society.
There have been attempts to levy a sin tax on video games in the United States, specifically in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania.
Facts & Evidences


  1. IMPACT OF SIN TAX ON SMOKING in the U.S. : The relationship between smoking rates and cigarette taxes is in fact very elastic; the greater the amount of the tax increase, the greater the proportion of smokers who stop smoking. This is especially prevalent amongst teenagers. For every ten percent increase in the price of a pack of cigarettes, youth smoking rates overall drop about seven percent. This rate is also true amongst minorities and low income population smokers. [Medical News today, 2009]




  1. GAME ADDICTION - A female game addict abandoned her newborn baby boy, after giving birth to him in a public bathroom while playing online games in an overnight session at a so-called "PC bang," or 24-hour Internet cafe, on March.25 2012. [Korea Times]




  1. EFFECTS OF SHUTDOWN – The number of monthly users given by the three leading game companies in the industry show a 4.5% decrease after the nighttime shutdown law has been enforced. This is insignificant compared to the expected decrease of 30% before the shutdown.


BUSINESS/ETHICS

THW actively shut down P2P file sharing networks and services
Definition / Background
P2P File Sharing: The practice of distributing or providing access to digitally stored information through the use of peer-to peer networking, where individual computers act as servers for other computers within a network, making no need for a central server, thus allowing information to be shared and transferred faster. Individual users can locate other users with the data they desire and transfer that data in segments to form a whole.
Starting with earlier cases such as Napster, Edonkey, p2p file-sharing rose to popularity as more people started using the internet in the late 90s and earlier 2000s. Primarily, it was known to users, and thus used as a source of exchanging digital information such as video, audio, text, and programs. Various programs have existed based on this protocol, often designed for specific file types, such as music, movies or games. As a result, these clients became the primary tool of the illegal exchange of copyrighted material over the internet, and led to the increased claim of rights and lawsuits against such providers and even users.
Developers of programs such as Napster or Morpheus suffered lawsuits or bankruptcy as a result of such actions, but programs continue to emerge and prevail. From 2004 onwards, such networks have become the largest contributor of network traffic on the Internet.
The latest protocol in P2P transfer is Bittorrent and Torrent Files, which allows users to join a "swarm" of hosts to download and upload from each other simultaneously. This means that as more people possess a certain file, transfer becomes faster and more people gain easier access to a certain file.
Facts & Evidences


  1. It is difficult for indiivual right-owners to charge individuals with such piracy crimes because so many people take part in it, and protocols such as torrent files heavily protect the information of individual users.

  2. Germany: Rapid share, a Swiss-German file hosting service, was declared to be “overwhelmingly used for the global exchange of illegal movies, music and other copyrighted works", alongside many others in 2010. It deletes any reported content and does not provide a search service for illegal material. The German higher regional court covered a lawsuit concerning them, but took their side.

  3. United States: In 2012, The United States department of justice seized and shut down Megaupload for their promotional nature based on protecting users who shared illegal materials.



POLITICS / ELECTIONS

THW ban smear campaigns in presidential elections
Definition / Background
A smear campaign is a metaphor for an intentional, premeditated activity that can harm an individual or group's reputation by conflation with a stigmatized group. More generally, smear is used to include any reputation-damaging activity.
Smear campaigns are most actively used by politicians during election periods. They are often based on information gleaned from opposition research conducted by paid political consultants. The information is sometimes inaccurate (making them libels or slanders), and can lead to legal disputes (defamation of character) in extreme cases.
The objects of smear campaigns are usually candidates themselves, but the smear can sometimes be extended to their families, friends or supporters.
Although distributing smear material to individuals is legally restricted in Korea, conducting smear campaigns on television debates or other mass media channels is permitted.
Facts & Evidences


  1. Korea: Smear campaigns are a prevalent method of election campaigns. The object of smear varies, from private property to the military duties of family members. Ex) Lee Myung Bak’s BBK scandal




  1. Philippines: In 2012, candidates took advantage of the Internet and mobile phones to smear their rivals. Among the worst examples, front runner Benigno Aquino had to deal with a hoax psychiatric report claiming he was mentally ill and took drugs, while his main opponent, Manny Villar, was accused of lying about his dead brother.




  1. U.S. : Towards the end of the 2008 presidential elections, McCain launched a series of smear campaigns against Barrack Obama. The accusations included doubts about his American Heritage, allegations of being a socialist and association with terrorists.


POLITICS / ELECTIONS

THW require incumbent politicians to send their children to public schools.
Definition / Background
The incumbent is the current holder of a political office. This term is usually used in reference to elections, in which candidates can often be divided into incumbents and non-incumbents.
A public school is a school funded with tax revenue and administered by a government or governmental agency, as opposed to a private enterprise.
Facts & Evidences


  1. Public education is declining in many countries, due to a dominance of the private sector in education and a lack of attention and resources. Politicians tend to avoid sending their children to public schools.




  1. South Korea: The incapability of public education is the center of debate, while school violence plagues public schools. According to a study by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(MEST), school violence cases were 3 times more prevalent in public schools that in private schools. Studies on Seoul National University admissions showed that 63% of new students in 2012 were from private schools, while private schools only take up 44% of all schools.




  1. President Lee Myung Bak sent all four of his children to private schools ever since elementary school. Jung Dong Young, the former leader of the Woori party, also sent his son to Daewon foreign language high school. Even Kwak No Hyun, the current minister of education, sends his son to a private foreign language high school in the Kyeongki province.



POLITICS / ELECTIONS

THW forbid professors from running in elections
Definition / Background
Traditionally, people of high academic positions have taken part in politics and have even helped Korea recover from difficult times through professional knowledge applied in political decision making.
However, there have been cases of professors neglecting their academic duties in favor of building their political careers, bringing in the concept of “Polifessors”. In such cases, professors take leave from their teachings to take part in politics, only to return to their academic positions which stand as insurance in the case that they fail to be elected.
Facts & Evidences


  1. AhnCheol-soo, renowned professor and Dean of SNU’s Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, is a man of considerable achievements and recognition, not only to the academic community but the Korean public. After gaining rising support for the presidential elections, he has officially shown interest in running.




  1. Kim Yeon-soo, Prof., Dept. of Physical Education at SNU, temporarily left her seat in academia to run for a parliamentary seat with the Grand National Party, only to fail. Upon attempting to return, she was met with protests from students and was asked to leave the school.




  1. Yu- Woo-Ik, former SNU professor and resigning Chief Presidential Secretary, was met with opposition from students as he expressed interests of returning to his former academic position. Oh Mi-kyung, president of the students' association of the college of humanities at SNU, said most students have negative opinions of the so-called ``polifessor'' as one who neglects academic studies but rather concentrate on advancing his or her political career.




  1. According to research done by the Seoul Daily and the Young Korean Academy (YKA) in February 2008, about 6% of the winners in the April election were professors. In addition, out of 101 professors who were nominated as candidates, only 10% of them were free from lecturing. 60% of these professors ran for candidate seats even though they had already opened courses for the upcoming semester.



MILITARY__This_House_would_ban_military_recruiting_that__specifically_targets_those_with_low_income._Definition_/_Background'>MILITARY__THW_create_security_tax_in_South_Korea_Definition_/_Background'>MILITARY

THW create security tax in South Korea
Definition / Background
Currently, South Korea is still technically at war against North Korea and maintains compulsory conscription for every man. This has caused a huge controversy as every South Korean citizen is constitutionally burdened an obligation to protect the country but only men must serve in the military. In 2010, the constitutional court of South Korea made a decision that current draft law is constitutional due to a physical difference between man and woman. Some South Korean men now argue that creating security tax burdened on those who are exempt from the conscription will solve this problem of fairness.
Facts & Evidences


  1. There are very few countries where women also have to serve in the military: Israel and Malaysia.




  1. During the debate taken place in constitutional court of South Korea in 2009 regarding the draft law, the judge Cho, Dae-hyun said, “How about creating security tax for those who have not served in the military?” [국민일보]



  1. The amount of compensation for soldiers on duty in South Korea are as follows:

  1. \81,700/month for a private (이등병)

  2. \88,300/month for a private first-class (일등병)

  3. \97,800/month for a corporal (상등병)

  4. \108,300/month for a sergeant (병장)

[헤럴드경제]


  1. South Korea allocated 2.6% of GDP on defense budget, \30 trillion in 2010. [2010 국방백서]


MILITARY

This House would ban military recruiting that

specifically targets those with low income.
Definition / Background
People with low income are more likely to apply for military personnel as they find it much more difficult finding decent jobs due to low education level. Recognizing this fact, nations that recruit military personnel with volunteer system, especially the United States, have usually advertised military recruitment targeting those with low income.
Facts & Evidences


  1. In the United States, schools that receive federal funding are required to release the names of students to Army recruiters. The federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 permitted recruiters access to the names, addresses and other personal contact information of prospective high school graduates. [ehow.com]




  1. In the United States, after linking the recruiting data to Zip codes and median incomes, it is found that low- and middle-income families are supplying far more Army recruits than families with incomes greater than $60,000 a year. [Washington Post]




  1. The Pentagon recruits a lot of military personnel from urban centers such as Los Angeles and New York. In New York, low-income students account for 51% of all high school enrollment and 71% are black or Latino. New York contains three of the nation’s top 32 counties for Army enlistment. In Los Angeles, 91% of the students are non-white and 75% are low-income. [Atlantic Free Press]



MILITARY

This House believes that commissioned officers

have a right to criticize their government
Definition / Background
In Korea, one of commissioned officers on duty, captain Lee, criticized the policies of current government on his Twitter and used some abusive languages mentioning Lee Myong Bak, the president. He was sued by military prosecutor for insulting a senior in rank and his trial is on progress. The president is commander-in-chief and is a senior in rank to every commissioned officer. He tried to commit suicide but failed. This event aroused controversy regarding how much of commissioned officer’s freedom of speech has to be secured.
Facts & Evidences


  1. In the United States, Article 88 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) prohibits commissioned officers from speaking or writing contemptuous words against the President, the Vice President, Congress, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of a military department, the Secretary of Transportation, or the Governor or legislature of any State, Territory, Commonwealth, or possession in which he is on duty or present.




  1. In 1999, Army Lieutenant Colonel Michael Davidson explained in a law review article that contemptuous “means insulting, rude, disdainful or otherwise disrespectfully attributing to another qualities of meanness, disreputableness, or worthlessness.” [Army Times]



  1. Article 134 of UCMJ makes criminal those acts of speech that are prejudicial to good order and discipline or that could bring discredit upon the Armed Forces.




  1. In South Korea, military law punishes an action of insulting or defaming a senior in rank. This regulation is called 상관모욕죄 in Korean.


DEVELOPMENT__THBT_child_labor_is_justifiable_in_developing_nations___Definition_/_Background___Child_labor'>DEVELOPMENT__THBT_human_rights_violations_are_an_inevitable_evil_at__early_stages_of_development_Definition_/_Background'>DEVELOPMENT

THBT human rights violations are an inevitable evil at

early stages of development
Definition / Background
When a country provides economic freedom it makes it easy for entrepreneurs to create opportunities, attract foreign capital to cure poverty. Politics or political freedom doesn’t create wealth; therefore it doesn’t matter whether it is a democratic government, dictatorship, or military government that would produce results unless there is a great measure of economic freedom.

Facts & Evidences



  1. Singapore: Singapore has been ruled by an authoritative one party government led by a dictator Lee Yew for 30 years since independence. Singapore is today one of the richest countries in the world, Singaporeans enjoy a per capita standard of living today that is higher than the United States. It is a magnet for global trade, capital and investment because of its free market and low taxation environment that encourages risk taking, innovation and competition. Serving as a vault for the wealthiest people in Asia, as well as the richest Americans and other nationals, Singapore is nicknamed “The Switzerland of Asia.” According to the World Bank and the Heritage Foundation, 16 out of every 100 households in Singapore have $1 million or more in net assets. Singapore is also ranked as the easiest place to do business in the world.




  1. South Korea: The Miracle of the Han River refers to South Korea’s highly accelerated export fueled economic growth during the period between 1953 and 1996. Under the dictatorial rule of Park Chung-hee, South Korea made a dramatic recovery in its economy with the 5-year Economic Development Plans. Yet, During Park’s authoritarian rule, there was a huge censorship in the press and media as well as disregard for human rights. South Korea currently has a market economy that ranks 14th in the world by nominal GDP and 12th by PPP. It is a member of the G-20 major economies as well as a member of the OECD.



DEVELOPMENT

THBT child labor is justifiable in developing nations


Definition / Background


Child labor is defined by the International Labor Organization and the United Nations’ Children’s Fund as any minor working more than a certain number of hours a week. The legal definition of child labor differs from country to country, but usually refers to minors who take up a permanent job, such as working in factories, fishing vessels, plantations, among others.

Facts & Evidences


Government

Opposition




  1. Research: Cartwright and Patrinos (1999) find that children in urban Bolivia contribute on average around 21% of family income. Usha and Devi (1997) find a similar figure (on average 20%) for child laborers from a village in Tamil Nadu (India); and Swaminathan (1998) reports that 40% of children in her sample (Gujarat, India) contributed between 10% and 20% to total household income.






  1. The second United Nations Millennium Development Goal is to Achieve Universal Primary Education: to “ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.”

  2. ILO Global Report on Child Labor: of children aged 5 to 17, 246 million children are involved in child labor. Furthermore, some 179 million children are still exposed to the worst forms of child labor which endanger the child’s physical, mental, or moral well being. Some 8.4 million children are caught in “unconditional” worst forms of child labor including slavery, trafficking, debt bondage, and other forms of forced labor, forced recruitment for armed conflict, prostitution, pornography, and other illicit activities.


DEVELOPMENT

THW cease all developmental aid programs
Definition / Background
Development aid or development cooperation is financial aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social, and political development of developing countries. It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than a short term response. Aid may be bilateral: given from one country directly to another; or it may be multilateral: given by the donor country to an international organization, which then distributes it among developing nations. According to OECD reports, the proportion is currently roughly 70% bilateral and 30% multilateral.
In 2002, more than 50 Heads of State and over 200 Ministers of Finance met in Monterrey, Mexico to participate in the United Nations International Conference for Financing and Development. They had “resolved to address the challenges of financing for development around the world, particularly developing (impoverished) countries.” The Monterrey Consensus stated that it was their goal to eradicate poverty, achieve sustained economic growth, and promote sustainable development. One of the key recommendations of the Consensus was that the rich world nations pledge to donate 0.7% of their annual Gross National Product to extremely poor countries as Official Development Assistance (ODA).
Facts & Evidences


  1. Among the 22 rich world countries, only five (Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) have succeeded in donating 0.7% of their GNP as ODA.

  2. OECD reports that in 2009 Africa received the largest amount of ODA, at $28 billion. Of that, $25 billion went to countries south of the Sahara. Asia received the second largest amount at $24 billion. The top ODA receiving countries in order were Afghanistan ($5.1 billion), Iraq ($2.6 billion), Vietnam ($2.1 billion), Sudan ($1.9 billion), Ethiopia ($1.8 billion).

  3. In real terms, the United States $28.83 billion as ODA in 2009, followed by France ($12.6 billion), Germany ($12.08 billion), and UK ($11.49 billion).

  4. The White Man’s Burden by William Easterly: “studies in Guinea, Cameroon, Uganda, and Tanzania estimate that 30 to 70 percent of government drugs disappeared into the black market rather than reaching the patients.”


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