Методическая разработка по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный перевод»
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Введение Основной целью курса «Профессионально-ориентированный перевод» в экономическом вузе является совершенствование знания иностранного языка посредством формирования переводческой компетенции, понимаемой как умение извлекать информацию из текста на одном языке и передавать ее путем создания текста на другом языке, и применения ее в различных видах профессиональной деятельности. Самостоятельная работа организуется следующим образом:
Самостоятельная работа по дисциплине предполагает чтение текстов по специальности. Студенты должны ознакомиться с содержанием текстов, с целью их полного понимания. В случае необходимости, тексты даются на письменный перевод с английского языка на русский. Кроме этого внеаудиторное чтение предполагает обязательное самостоятельное чтение аутентичной профессионально ориентированной литературы с целью поиска заданной информации, ее смысловой обработки и фиксации в виде аннотации. Это могут быть фрагменты научных монографий, статьи из периодических научных изданий (как печатных, так и Интернет-изданий). Такой вид работы контролируется преподавателям, сдается в строго отведенное время промежуточного контроля и оценивается в баллах. Объем текста (текстов) для самостоятельного чтения составляет 10 тысяч печатных знаков, и магистрант обязательно составляет глоссарий терминов. Первоисточники информации предоставляются в оригинальном виде или в виде ксерокопии с указанием выходных данных для печатных источников и печатного варианта, со ссылкой на Интернет ресурс для материалов, взятых из Интернет-изданий. При осуществлении данного вида самостоятельной работы необходимо следовать следующему плану работы:
Модуль 2 «Практические аспекты профессионально-ориентированного перевода» 2.1 Общие вопросы перевода. Слагаемые перевода.
Текст 1. A dearth of lending blights prospects for recovery in southern Europe Mar 9th 2013 |From the print edition AFTER the initial jolt of Italy’s inconclusive election last month financial markets have largely regained their poise. For now investors are putting their faith and their money in the pledge of the European Central Bank (ECB) to help countries under siege from the markets with unlimited purchases of bonds. But the risk of political shocks, not just in Italy but in other Mediterranean countries, will only increase as long as economies are stuck in recession. Fourth-quarter output across the euro zone fell by 0.6% compared with the third quarter. Although Germany suffered a similar decline, the economic reverse was much worse on the periphery of the euro area. GDP fell in Italy by 0.9% and in Portugal by 1.8%. Over the past year jobless rates in both countries have lurched up much more than in the euro area as a whole. Growth is likely to remain elusive because southern Europe is suffering not just from a surfeit of austerity but also from a shortfall of credit. There may be some relenting on harsh deficit-reduction targets for this year. But what is painfully lacking is an improvement in bank lending to accompany the revival of financial markets. The latest credit figures paint a dire picture for southern Europe. Lending to households in the euro area rose by 0.5% in the year to January, but fell by around 3.5% in Spain and Portugal. The position for non-financial companies was far worse (see chart). Lending to firms dropped by 2.5% in the euro area but that overall figure masks a wide dispersion. Whereas lending rose by 0.9% in Germany, it fell by 3.2% in Italy, by 6.6% in Portugal and by 11.4% in Spain (a fall exaggerated by the transfer of loans to the state-run “bad bank” in December; the underlying drop was 8%). The gap in the cost of corporate credit between Germany and the periphery remains wide, especially for smaller companies that cannot access capital markets. The average interest rate on new one-year business loans below €1m ($1.3m) is 2.8% in Germany but 4.4% in Italy, 5.1% in Spain and 6.7% in Portugal. The dearth of corporate lending—and its expense when it is provided—is a big worry because firms in Europe depend far more heavily on banks than their American counterparts. The good news is that banks’ funding constraints no longer bind as tightly as they once did. Strong lenders can now finance themselves in the markets. Their weaker brethren have been supported by the ECB’s lavish liquidity programmes. The bad news is that banks still have lots of reasons to lend less (even setting aside subdued demand). Under heavy regulatory pressure to raise their capital ratios, the obvious response for many lenders is to reduce their loan books. Rising amounts of bad debt make lenders more risk-averse. European state-aid rules mean that banks that have been bailed out have to slim down. Others can find it hard to fill the gap for practical reasons: big banks in Spain say that taking on customers of the cajas, the savings banks that are now being shrunk, is complicated by borrowers not having proper documentation. A recent paper by Luis Garicano and Claudia Steinwender of the London School of Economics looked at the impact of financial constraints in Spain. By comparing firms that are foreign-owned, and therefore have access to other forms of financing, with those that are domestic, and so rely on local banks, the authors can see what uncertainty about financial access did to their decision-making after the 2008 crisis. The Spanish-owned firms cut investment by 19% more than the foreign-owned companies, and reduced employment by 6% more. If the drought continues southern Europe will be hard-pressed to grow. The ECB’s council was due to meet on March 7th (after The Economist had gone to press). Easing the flow of credit—encouraging securitisation of loans to small firms, say, or providing cheap funding for banks that boost lending—ought to be a priority.
Mar 13th 2013, 13:25 by T.R. | BERLIN “ONCE a plan gets too complex, everything can go wrong,” says Walter Sobchack, a character in the comedy movie The Big Lebowski. This could also be the motto of Amen, an internet start-up based in Berlin. It has translated the idea of social media into a service even simpler than Twitter: instead of posting what is on their mind, users just say what they like, as in "Murphy’s is the best place for a Guinness in Berlin-Mitte“ or “Loving someone who loves you back is the best feeling ever”. And fellow users only have two options to comment: “Amen” or “Hell No”. This may sound simplistic, but the thinking behind Amen is anything but. What at first glance seems a strange game for extroverts to trumpet their preferences is in fact an intriguing way to come up with rankings of all sorts. If enough people post what they like and enough use the service’s good-or-bad voting system, Amen’s algorithms can put together relevant charts on everything its fans are interested in: steak-restaurants in the centre of Paris, the best mountain bikes for less than €1,000, all kinds of movie categories. According to the Amen community, The Big Lebowski is by far the best movie for quotes ever (114 amen). People love rankings—because they think these allow them to make better choices. Small wonder that Amen caused a stir in the tech press and elsewhere when it launched in summer 2011. It attracted prominent investors, including Ashton Kutcher, an American actor, and Index Ventures, one of Europe’s leading VC firms. Enthusiasts were amazed how “strangely addictive” it is to use the firm’s smartphone app. Others, however, considered Amen to be a huge waste of time—and doomed to fail. Nearly two years on, the jury is still out. Felix Petersen, one of the founders and Amen’s boss, is not much help to gauge the success of the service. “More than 3,5m posts” is the only number he is willing to reveal. Number of registered users? Daily activity? Growth rates? As most digital start-ups, the firm does not publish such statistics. The service does not seem a huge success, according to independent sources, such as AppData: it ranks the Amen app 154th in its chart of the most popular apps in Germany for the iPhone (the only platform for which Amen is available). Yet Amen can be very useful, for instance if one happens to look for a good bar somewhere in Berlin central district. Instead of trying to laboriously elicit an answer from Google or another search engine on their smartphone, users can get Amen to quickly serve up a list of places to go. And if its app knows where a user is, the service highlights the watering holes in walking distance. “Amen was always meant to be a search engine based on social data,” explains Mr Petersen. When it comes to making money, Amen’s plan is to mix the revenue models of Google and Twitter. At some point the firm intends to introduce advertising within its rankings—and may even allow users to vote on the companies that are paying their way into the charts. That could be a clever way to make advertising relevant for users. If the statement “Xyz has the best falafel ever” is not true, it will attract many a “hell no” and quickly disappear from the top of the list. Whether many advertisers will take the risk is another matter. Текст 3. Three meetings, many partings Fresh property curbs prompt couples to divorce Mar 9th 2013 | HONG KONG |From the print edition THEIR tea hot and fragrant, their pencils sharp and red, delegates assembled in Beijing this week for China’s lianghui or “two meetings”, the annual gathering of the country’s rubber-stamp parliament (the National People’s Congress) and its political advisory body (the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference). There they heard the outgoing prime minister, Wen Jiabao, declare the government’s economic targets and aspirations for the year ahead, including 7.5% growth. But the deliberations at these events were upstaged by an earlier, more arresting announcement. On March 1st the State Council, China’s cabinet, spelled out fresh curbs on property speculation, sending the housing market, the stockmarket and even the marriage market into a tizzy. The curbs impose higher down-payments and stiffer mortgage rates on people buying second homes in property hotspots. They also breathe new life into a pre-existing 20% capital-gains tax on second-home sales, which had been a dead letter until now. It is not clear when this measure will take effect or what its consequences will be. In the long run, it should curb speculative demand, helping to ease prices. In the shorter run, it may have the opposite effect, discouraging some sellers and prompting others to raise their asking price so as to pass on the tax to buyers. The immediate effect of the announcement was that China’s stockmarkets plunged, before regaining some ground (see chart). Homeowners rushed to complete sales before the tax arrived. The property office in Shanghai reportedly stayed open late into the night to cope. Marriage registrars were equally busy. Couples with multiple properties to their name hastened to divorce each other to dilute their tax bills. The tax does not apply to homes bought over five years ago as a sole residence. So married couples with two properties hoped to escape the charge by becoming singletons with one property each. According to Shanghai Daily, a local newspaper, a registrar in the Zhabei district of the city recorded 53 divorces on March 5th, surpassing the previous record of 42. There are better ways to quell China’s turbulent property market. An annual levy on the market value of a home would discourage owners from sitting on vacant flats in the hope of making speculative gains. By renting out their properties, these hoarders could pass the tax on to the tenant. Such a tax could both curb demand for home purchases and increase the supply of rental properties. The State Council promised last month to extend a pilot version of this tax, which is now confined to a handful of luxurious Chongqing and Shanghai homes. But it has been saying that for a while. Perhaps some of the bigwigs gathered in Beijing could pick up their pencils and urge them to hurry up. From the print edition: Finance and economics Текст 4. 18 March 2013 Last updated at 17:23 GMT Cyprus banks will stay closed until Thursday Banks in Cyprus will remain closed until at least Thursday while talks continue over controversial plans to put a levy on savers' deposits. The news that bank accounts face a one-off tax to help fund the country's bailout saw depositors rush to cash machines, which soon ran out of funds. Politicians want to finalise the bailout terms before banks re-open, as fears mount of a bank run. Plans for a levy unnerved investors, sending shares and the euro lower. Cyprus's banks were closed on Monday for a Bank Holiday, and the country's central bank said they would now remain shut until Thursday at least. On Saturday, the government, the European Union and International Monetary Fund agreed an outline deal for a levy on bank deposits in return for a bailout worth 10bn euros ($13bn; £8.6bn). Robert Peston: "This is an astonishing mess" The move sparked protests in Cyprus, and criticism from Russia, many of whose nationals hold large bank deposits on the island. Politicians in Cyprus are continuing talks in a bid to agree final details of levy, and there are reports that eurozone finance ministers are due to hold a teleconference later on Monday to review the bailout terms. News that Cyprus is to tax savers' money to help fund the bailout unsettled investors. The Spanish and Italian stock markets were down 2%, with bank shares the hardest hit. The euro lost 1% against both the pound and the dollar, leaving it at 85.6p and $1.295 respectively. Earlier, Japan's Nikkei 225 index fell 2.7%, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng and Australia's ASX 200 dipped 2%. Many major banks in Italy, France and Spain, some of the eurozone's most indebted countries, were down between 4% and 5%. In France, Credit Agricole and Societe Generale were the worst affected, losing about 4.5%, while Spain's BBVA lost a similar amount. In Germany, Deutsche Bank was down 3%, while Commerzbank was 1.3% lower. Some investors think the Cyprus plan could prompt depositors elsewhere, particularly in Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain, to withdraw their funds. "The unprecedented move is an extreme measure and in our view, it will spread some panic... we cannot rule out some capital outflows," said Annalisa Piazza of Newedge Strategy. But most investors thought the falls would not last long. Kevin Lilley, European equities fund manager at Old Mutual Asset Management, said he was sitting tight: "I am not doing anything about it. My initial thoughts are that this is a circumstance that is peculiar to Cyprus." He added that if he had surplus cash, he would probably be taking advantage of the price falls and buying. A number of other leading fund managers said they, too, were not changing their investment strategy. Текст 5. Should we be recording our phone calls? 22 January 2013 Last updated at 00:04 GMT By Matthew Wall Business reporter, BBC News Monkey business: Recording phone calls with tradesmen could protect you from broken promises New services that enable consumers and small businesses to record telephone calls, store them to "the cloud" and then read transcripts or carry out key-word searches of the audio database, are potentially revolutionising the way we treat the spoken word. Skype - the internet voice, video and text messaging giant - offers its customers a number of call recording apps from companies such as Amolto, Callnote and PrettyMay. Appetite for the service is clearly strong, as several such apps top the company's download charts. And Apple's iTunes store features an app, CallRec.me by MotionApps, allowing iPhone and iPad users to record and transcribe their phone conversations. But one award-winning UK startup, Calltrunk, is attracting particular attention for enabling its customers to record phone conversations made from any phone, anywhere, and make keyword searches of the audio database stored on its servers. Calltrunk hopes its ARGOsearch software will do for voice calls what Google did for text and image search. Listening back to phone calls with family helped Cindy Provost deal with breast cancer, she says The company has won three technology awards for the way its search engine indexes time-stamped keywords from audio files, then adds meta-data to create a richer search experience. Cindy Provost, 46, from Leominster, Massachusetts, a US Air Force professor of aerospace studies and commander of reserve officer training at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, uses Calltrunk on her iPhone and computer to replay messages and conversations with her nephews. "We move around a lot because we're in the military, so I don't get to see my family as often as I would like," she says. "Conversations with my nephews are really important to me. In fact, being able to listen to them again really helped me get through a recent bout of breast cancer treatment." Cindy also has two grandmothers, one aged 100 and the other turning 100 soon. "I've already taken to recording their oral history when I see them in person," she says, "but as they're three hours' drive away, I'm going to start recording their telephone conversations as well using the voice recording service." Calltrunk can be used on your PC or your mobile phone Calltrunk can record and store conversations made via any phone - fixed line or mobile - and has currently amassed more than 20,000 customers worldwide after just over a year of operation. Skype customers can record all their calls for $5 (£3.13) a month, otherwise calls routed via its service cost about 13 cents a minute. The search engine software shows users how often chosen keywords appear in a conversation and where in the timeline. Of course, there is nothing new about voice recording per se - call centres and helplines have been recording customer conversations for years "for training purposes", and financial institutions now have to record mobile phone calls as well for compliance reasons. The two biggest players in the US are Nice Systems and Verint Systems, both specialising in the collection and analysis of voice, video and text for surveillance purposes. Most of their clients are big businesses, however, and as disruptive technologies like Calltrunk's come along there is increasing pressure to reduce costs. This could be one reason why the two companies are reportedly in merger talks - a deal that could have antitrust regulators crawling all over it. Small packages But while big business is well served, there has been little around for consumers and small businesses. Richard Newton, Calltrunk's marketing director, says: "Companies record us, so why shouldn't we record them? If there's a dispute, they hold all the cards. We wanted to put power back into the hands of the consumer". But he argues the appeal of the service is much broader than a mere rebalancing of power for the purposes of dispute resolution. Livescribe pens let you create digital versions of your handwritten notes, as well as recording audio These days, wearable sensors, such as Fitbit and Nike fuel bands, record our movements and sleep patterns; digital photos uploaded to social networking sites record key moments in our lives; Livescribe pens translate our handwriting into digital text; and closed-circuit television cameras monitor us on the streets. "We see recording spoken conversations as just the next part of this journey," Mr Newton says. "ARGOsearch will help people turn hundreds of thousands of hours of unstructured conversational data into something useful and valuable."
1 March 2013 Last updated at 00:03 GMT Viewpoint Christopher Rees of Taylor Wessing and Prof Kevin Madders of Kings College London View from above: Mr Rees and Prof Madders are calling for a Geo-information Convention Most people realise that technology shapes our lives, but few appreciate how much it shapes our laws. Consider the flint that Stone Age man fashioned. He could hardly have imagined, as he was using it to light a fire or hack a carcass apart, that his descendants would one day promote that kind of inventive step through patents. So it is with the wonder of our age, the computer. We've scarcely started to grasp the scale of the changes information technology will bring this century. One application is to help analyse, map and collate features of our surroundings across the planet and keep track of activity on it. This geo-information has tremendous benefits and is gaining in sophistication and power all the time. Data sources to produce geo-information come from satellites, together with aerial and ground observation equipment around the world. They collect data from different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum or from probing with radar or with sonar in air or water. Their output can then be processed into multiple formats, depending on ultimate use, including images with layers of content added. The scale of the phenomenon and the quantities of data involved are barely imaginable, but the effect is for humanity to be endowed with new senses that can reach to the Earth's farthest corners. How this will affect our behaviour as individuals and societies will be one of the biggest questions of the Information Age. Only a few years ago it would have overwhelmed the emergency services, but thanks in part to satellite imagery, situation managers gained a strategic view of areas at risk and could deploy resources effectively. Quality warnings Yet, even with this kind of application of general public benefit, there are issues of access to data and the reliability of the resultant information as it is processed into services for users. But when geo-information supports surveillance of human activities, there is a point at which particular interests are going to be affected. While we may appreciate the sat-nav in our car or phone when it delivers us safely to some remote location we want to get to, we may find that a geo-location application known to the provider not to be very reliable for the purpose offered ought at least to carry a clear "quality" warning, similar to safety and health warnings for other things we use. That way, possibly widespread inconvenience, even disruption, might be avoided. Other, more disturbing questions arise when details of our daily commute are, to mention a recent example in the Netherlands, used to set speed traps without us being informed in some way of this potential use. Similar issues can arise with surveillance from the sky of cars' movements in and out of particular locations at particular times. Those watched - individuals and organisations - may wish to have some possibility of knowing who's watching, allowing for state's legitimate security needs. Again here, geo-information seems to have two faces, depending on whose interest it serves. But when the information processing for such applications is dispersed around the globe, how can issues like these be addressed? Regulating beyond boundaries It is the law's function to establish the rules which apply at this kind of intersection of technology and human interests. Since the issues are transnational, we've proposed the development of an international Geo-information Convention. Its aim is to be technology-neutral, so that it is future-proof enough also to cover new systems like hyper spectral sensors reminiscent of Star Trek and drones with privacy implications reminiscent of 1984. Directory: portal portal -> Is it possible to construct a canon of tv programmes? Immanent reading versus textual-historicism portal -> Between global market and international and regional cooperation portal -> Draft I film Screening portal -> Coral literature annotated bibliography Download 363.41 Kb. Share with your friends:
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