Name: Chapter 14, Section 1: The War in Europe and North Africa



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Chapter 14, Section 1: The War in Europe and North Africa


  1. Describe the hidden dangers of crossing the Atlantic.

    1. The hidden dangers were the German submarines (or U-boats) lurking in the water

    2. The people on the ships crossing the Atlantic always lived in fear, not knowing if they would be attacked

    3. What happened to the USS Reuben James and its crew members in October 1941?

      1. At this point, the US was not in the war, but some of our ships were being used as escorts to the convoys carrying goods from the US to Britain

      2. It was hit by a German torpedo, the ships ammunition exploded, and almost everyone died

      3. This story would be repeated time and time again

  2. It was said that the first battles the US fought were not on land, but rather on the high seas. Why was this important for the Allies?

    1. If the Allies wanted to defeat the Axis powers, they had to have control of the seas

    2. This was the only way to deliver troops and war supplies

  3. Describe Germany’s navy prior to the start of WWII.

    1. It was powerful

    2. Had many new ships

    3. Bismarck was the pride of the German fleet

    4. They also started to rely on U-boats

  4. What did the Allies learn about U-boat attacks during WWI and what was the problem now?

    1. They needed to form convoys to protect their ships

    2. Now, they didn’t have enough boats to form effective convoys

      1. So, this made it easier for the Germans to attack

  5. Describe some of the new tactics the Germans used for U-boat effectiveness.

    1. The U-boats hunted in groups (called a wolf pack) and usually at night

    2. What did the ‘happy time’ refer to?

      1. Between 1940 and 1941, the U-boats destroyed many ships and tons of supplies

  6. What happened with U-boat attacks once Germany declared war on the US?

    1. U-boat attacks on American ships increased

    2. The Germans even patrolled near the US and tried to attack before effective convoys could be made

  7. How did America’s entry into the war help turn the tide in the Battle of the Atlantic?

    1. Though facing some losses, the US helped turn the tide in this battle

    2. Our shipyards were producing new ships at a very fast rate

    3. We were able to make larger, better-equipped convoys

    4. Describe some other Allied successes in relation to the Battle of the Atlantic.

      1. Allied aircraft protected the convoys from the air

      2. Aircraft and escort ships used radar to find and destroy the U-boats

      3. The Allies were able to figure out the German code (called Enigma) and find out the locations of other U-boat plans and locations

      4. All of these factors helped the Allies in the Atlantic…many German subs were destroyed

  8. What happened in the summer of 1941?

    1. Hitler broke the non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union…the USSR was now on the Allies’ side

    2. Hitler used tanks, planes, and troops to storm their countryside

    3. The USSR was unable to stop the Germans

  9. It looked as though the Soviets would be defeated, but they weren’t. Why?

    1. The fall came and it turned into winter

    2. The bitter cold winter helped the Soviets

    3. The Germans could not handle the frigid temperatures and their equipment did not work properly

    4. The German invasion slowed down

  10. What happened at Leningrad?

    1. At this point, the Germans occupied a lot of the western Soviet Union

    2. They surrounded and overwhelmed the city

    3. The people were suffering: little food and fuel

    4. 200,000 residents died

  11. Explain the Battle of Stalingrad. Why was Stalingrad (the city) important? What happened as a result?

    1. The Germans renewed their assault once the springtime came

    2. Stalingrad was a major target because it was a major industrial center

    3. August, 1942

    4. Some of the bloodiest fighting ever in warfare

    5. The Soviets refused to let this city (named after its leader) fall to the Germans

    6. The Soviets counterattacked and trapped the Axis forces

    7. The Axis were forced to surrender here…Hitler was defeated

    8. This marked the beginning of Germany’s collapse in the USSR

    9. Soviet forces now started to push the Germans back

    10. Very costly in terms of death: Germans-2 million, Soviets-12 million, civilians-millions

    11. Finally, the siege in Leningrad was lifted in January 1944

    12. The USSR was successful

  12. Why was North Africa important to the British/Allies?

    1. If Britain controlled this region, they could protect shipping on the Mediterranean Sea and avoid Italian attack

    2. The shipping was vital because Britain could get oil from the Middle East and obtain it through the Suez Canal

    3. Britain needed the oil to defend itself and to defeat the Axis Powers

  13. Describe the early fighting between the Italian forces and British forces. Identify Erwin Rommel. What happened at El Alamein?

    1. The Italians (in Libya) tried to get the British out of Egypt, but they were unsuccessful and driven backwards

    2. Hitler was forced to send in troops to help support the Italians

    3. Erwin Rommel:

      1. The famous German general

      2. His forces fought back-and-forth with the British for a while

      3. Though Rommel was a good military leader (and earned the name Desert Fox), the British gained control of North Africa

    4. El Alamein: This was fought at about the same time as the Battle of Stalingrad. The British defeated the Germans

  14. What did Stalin want the Allies to do and why? What was the outcome?

    1. Now that the US was involved, FDR wanted to play a large role

    2. Stalin wanted the US to begin in Europe to divide Hitler’s attention

      1. Not in the book: Stalin wanted the US to open a second front in western Europe to alleviate some pressure from their fighting in the USSR

    3. The Allies did not want to go there unprepared and so they thought the most logical place to enter the war was in North Africa

  15. Describe Operation Torch (details and results). Who was its leader?

    1. US Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower led this operation

    2. The US would invade North Africa: Morocco and Algeria

    3. The US/Allies met little resistance because there were French there (They controlled the region until the fall of France. Then the Vichy government controlled the region.)

    4. After they landed there, the US/Allies moved east

    5. Battle of Kasserine Pass: the US gained valuable fighting experience

    6. The US lost about 20,000 men, but they stopped Rommel’s forces

    7. Allied leaders were then starting to talk more war strategy

      1. Stalin, again, wanted a European invasion

        1. They decided that a major invasion would come in France, though it was still a ways off

  16. What was the Allies’ next move? What did FDR and Churchill do? What was the result?

    1. They invaded Sicily in July 1943

    2. FDR and Churchill sent a message to the Italians asking if they wanted to live and be civilized with them or die with the dictators

    3. The Italians chose the Allied side and turned on Mussolini…he was forced from power

    4. The Allies took Sicily within a few weeks

    5. The Allies, next, wanted to move up the Italian peninsula

  17. How did Hitler react? Identify the Tuskegee Airmen.

    1. Hitler would not permit the Allies to just take over all of Italy and go further into Europe

    2. German forces rushed to stop them

    3. Though the Germans resisted the Allies a bit, they Allies were making progress

    4. Tuskegee Airmen: they were a segregated unit of African Americans, the first ever to receive training as pilots in the military

      1. They were noted for their outstanding performance and extraordinary heroism

  18. Describe the events at Anzio.

    1. As the Allies moved northward, they planned to land troops behind enemy lines

    2. Anzio was a seafront resort in Italy

    3. Jan. 1944

    4. 100,000 Allied soldiers landed there

    5. Fighting lasted about 4 months

    6. The Allies were having a difficult time, but soldiers from the south helped relieve them

    7. Though the fighting raged on for months, it is seen as an Allied victory

    8. Times were difficult for the Allies because they couldn’t devote all of their resources here because they were training for the invasion of France

  19. What was Operation Overlord? Discuss the planning of this event.

    1. Operation Overlord: the invasion of France

    2. The Allies wanted to end the war quickly

    3. They decided on a major invasion in mainland Europe

    4. For months, they tried to find the perfect spot for the invasion

    5. They chose the beaches of Normandy (northern France)

    6. During WWII, General George C. Marshall chose Eisenhower to be the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (because of his logical mind, his organization skills, and his good attitude)

    7. Eisenhower commanded the mission and chose General Omar Bradley to lead the troops

    8. Speed (along with careful planning) was also important because the Allies expected the Germans to introduce some new weaponry and we needed to stay ahead

  20. Explain the landing at Normandy.

    1. June 6, 1944: D-Day

    2. 3.5 million Allied soldiers took part in this

    3. They knew they needed to be successful as they would meet a powerful German force

    4. There was a short delay because of weather

    5. Soldiers parachuted behind German lines

    6. Ships off shore shot off shells to destroy the German defenses

    7. Allied aircraft provided cover for the incoming troops

    8. Amphibious craft brought supplies and troops to the beaches

    9. The major component of this was the courage of the individual soldiers who went ashore

      1. They waded through the water, faced obstacles and gunfire

    10. A lot of chaos and confusion

    11. The initial plans were not completely followed, but the soldiers still did what they were set out to do

  21. What was the result of the Normandy invasion?

    1. The Germans were slow to respond

      1. This could be due to Allied deception

        1. He thought the attack there was a ploy, but really thought an attack would happen elsewhere

    2. The Germans delayed with getting their defenses together there and once they realized what they needed to do, the Allies already had a stronghold in the area

    3. Despite thousands of deaths, D-Day was a success for the Allies

    4. More troops and equipment landed there

    5. The area was secure now for the WAC to come in to support the troops before they went on to continue fighting

    6. The Allies were now on the march in France

    7. Paris was put back into Allied hands

    8. Hitler’s once powerful military was now on the retreat

  22. What was the premature judgment the Allies had made? Describe the Battle of the Bulge and its results.

    1. Throughout the fall of 1944, the Allies continued moving east

    2. The Germans had some success in various areas, but overall did not appear to be strong

    3. One of Eisenhower’s advisers stated that “the battle is over and the German army has had it.”

      1. This assertion was inaccurate because the Germans launched a surprise attack

    4. Battle of the Bulge:

      1. Dec. 1944

      2. The Germans put a ‘bulge’ in the Allied battle lines

      3. For days, Hitler’s army threatened to take back land

      4. They key moment happened in Bastogne, Belgium

        1. All of the troops were determined, yet the temperature was freezing

        2. The Germans were low on supplies

        3. Then, US General George S. Patton provided relief to the US forces there

        4. This helped make another Allied victory…showing the determination on our part!

      5. The ‘bulge’ had been rolled back and the Allies now wanted to go into Germany

      6. Victory was near for the Allies


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