Name Foner Chapter 18 Outline Introduction
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- An urban age and consumer society
- Changing ideas of freedom
- The Politics of Progressivism
- The Progressive presidents
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Foner Chapter 18 Outline Introduction Progressive era Surge in production, consumption, urban growth Persistence of social problems Progressivism Broad-based elements Loosely defined meanings Varied and contradictory character New notions of American freedom An urban age and consumer society Early-twentieth-century economic explosion "Golden age" for agriculture Growth in number and size of cities Stark contrasts of opulence and poverty Popular attention to dynamism and ills of the city Painters and photographers Muckrakers Lewis Hine's photography Lincoln Steffens's The Shame of the Cities Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company Novelists Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie Upton Sinclair's The Jungle Immigration as a global process Height of "new immigration" from southern and eastern Europe Immigration from agrarian to industrial centers as a global process Volume and flows Causes Circumstances of immigrants Ellis Island Influx of Asian and Mexican immigrants in West Immigrant presence in industrial cities Aspirations of new immigrants Social and legal equality, freedom of conscience, economic opportunity, escape from poverty Means to acquire land back home Material prosperity as central to "freedom" Circumstances of new immigrants Close-knit "ethnic" neighborhoods Social institutions Preservation of native languages Churches Low pay, harsh working conditions Consumer freedom; the new mass-consumption society Outlets for consumer goods Department stores Neighborhood chain stores Retail mail order houses Expanding range and availability of consumer goods Leisure activities Amusement parks Dance halls Theaters; vaudeville Movies; "nickelodeons" The working woman Employment Racial and ethnic stratification Working woman as symbol of female emancipation; Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Women and Economics Leisure, entertainment The rise of "Fordism" Background on Henry Ford, Ford Motor Company Production innovations Standardized output Lower prices Assembly line Strategies to attract and discipline labor Five-dollar day Anti-union espionage Linking of mass production and mass consumption Impact of mass-consumption ideal Recasting of "American way of life" Economic "freedom" "Standard of living" Challenges to material inequalities Labor unionism Critique of corporate monopoly Doctrine of "a living wage"; Father John A. Ryan Changing ideas of freedom Varieties of Progressivism Industrial labor and the meanings of freedom Frederick W. Taylor's "scientific management" Principles of Mixed response to Favorable: as way to enhance efficiency Unfavorable: as threat to worker independence New talk of "industrial freedom," "industrial democracy" The Socialist presence High watermark of American socialism Membership Elected officials Newspapers Eugene V. Debs Program Immediate reforms Public ownership of railroads and factories Democratic control of economy Breadth of following Urban immigrant communities Western farming and mining regions Native-born intelligentsia Rising presence of socialism throughout Atlantic world Labor movement; AFL and IWW American Federation of Labor Surge of growth Boundaries of membership Skilled industrial and craft laborers White, male, and native-born Moderate ideology; ties with business Progressives National Civic Federation Collective bargaining for "responsible" unions Alternative strain of rigid employer anti-unionism Industrial Workers of the World Inclusion of workers from all stations and backgrounds Trade union militancy Advocate of workers' revolution William "Big Bill" Haywood Support and guidance for mass, multiethnic strikes High points of broad-based labor struggle Lawrence "Bread and Roses" textile strike; march of strikers' children New Orleans dock workers strike Paterson silk workers strike; Paterson pageant Colorado Fuel and Iron miners strike; Ludlow Massacre Suppression of labor radicalism and emergence of "civil liberties" issue The New feminism Appearance of the term feminism "Lyrical Left" New cultural "bohemia" Radical reassessments of politics, the arts, sexuality Rise of personal freedom Freudian psychology Free sexual expression and choice Pockets of open gay culture Birth control movement Emma Goldman Margaret Sanger The Politics of Progressivism Global scope of Progressive impulse Common strains arising from industrial and urban growth International networks of social reformers Influence of European "social legislation" on American reformers Shared premises Commitment to activist government View of freedom as a positive concept "Effective freedom"; "power to do things" John Dewey, Randolph Bourne Trans-Atlantic scope of Progressive impulse State and local reforms; progressivism in municipal and state politics Agendas Curbing of political machines Regulation of public utilities, railroads, and other business interests Taxation of property and corporate wealth Improvement and enhancement of public space Humanizing of working and living conditions Significant municipal and state Progressives Mayors Hazen Pingree (Detroit) and Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones (Toledo) Governors Hiram Johnson (California) and Robert M. La Follette (Wisconsin) Progressive democracy Expansion and empowerment of electorate Popular election of U.S. senators, judges Primary elections Initiatives, referendums, recalls Women's suffrage Contraction and curtailment of electorate Disfranchisement of southern blacks Spread of appointed city commissions or managers Narrowing of voting rights for the poor Preference for government by experts; Walter Lippmann's Drift and Mastery Women reformers Challenge to political exclusion Crusades to uplift condition of immigrant poor, women, and child laborers Settlement house movement Government measures to alleviate problems of housing, labor, health Racist aspect Leading figures Jane Addams (Hull House) Julie Lathrop (Children's Bureau) Florence Kelley (National Consumers' League) The campaign for woman suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association Scattered progress at state and local levels Gathering focus on constitutional amendment Ambiguities of "maternalist" reform Drive to improve conditions of working women while reconfirming their dependent status Mothers' pensions Maximum working hours for women (Muller v. Oregon; Brandeis brief) Stamping of gender inequality into foundation for welfare state Native American Progressivism Profile of Indian reformers Intellectuals Pan-Indian Society of American Indians Shared aims Highlight plight of Native Americans Promote justice for Native Americans Differing aims Endorsement of federal Indian policy Full citizenship rights Self-determination Carlos Montezuma The Progressive presidents Progressivism and the rise of the national state Theodore Roosevelt Succession to presidency; reelection in 1904 Limits on corporate power "Good trusts" and "bad trusts" Northern Securities case Mediation between labor and capital; 1902 coal strike arbitration Regulation of business Hepburn Act Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Mixed reaction from business Conservation movement Late-nineteenth-century antecedents Early national parks Sierra Club; John Muir Wildlife preserves and national parks Balance between development and conservation; Gifford Pinchot Water as a key point of contention William Howard Taft Anointment as successor by Roosevelt; electoral victory over Bryan Partial continuation of Progressive agenda Antitrust initiatives Standard Oil case American Tobacco case Upholding of "good trust"/"bad trust" distinction by Supreme Court Support for graduated income tax (Sixteenth Amendment) Conservative drift; Pinchot-Ballinger affair Election of 1912 Distinctive outlooks on political and economic freedom Woodrow Wilson (Democrat; "New Freedom") Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive; "New Nationalism") William Howard Taft (Republican; conservative wing) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) Wilson victory Wilson's first-term program Underwood tariff Labor Clayton Act Keating-Owen Act Adamson Act Farmers: Warehouse Act Supervision of economy—expanding role of government Federal Reserve System Federal Trade Commission Download 68.15 Kb. Share with your friends:
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