| NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
PADM-GP Politics of International Development Fall 2012 (TAKE 1)
Instructor: John Gershman john.gershman@nyu.edu
Tuesday 2:00-4:00 Bobst LL1-38
Office: #3018, Puck Building
Telephone: 212.992.9888
Office Hours: Mondays, 4:00-6:00 and by appointment
INTRODUCTION
The study of the politics of development is more than an academic exercise. Following World War II, “development” largely supplanted 19th century ideas of “progress,” at least as far as the poor countries of the “Third World” were concerned. Increasing the “Gross National Product” – the overall output of goods and services as valued by the market – was the standard proxy for progress and increased well-being. This solved a number of problems, both intellectual and practical. Intellectually, it avoided trying to define progress in terms of some kind aggregation of utility or happiness. Practically, by equating accumulation with universal increases in well-being, it ratified the hegemony of the existing structure of economic power. Nonetheless, it was still an uncomfortable syllogism. In the 1980s and 1990s, the “Washington Consensus” was widely viewed as the dominant paradigm, although its hegemony was challenged by a series of major financial crises among its putative “stars” (Mexico in 1994, Asian Crisis in 1997-98, Argentina in early 2000s) as well as sustained rapid growth in China which did not pursue a Washington Consensus development strategy. These developments gave rise to ruminations on a “Post-Washington Consensus” which continue to the present.
Until the terrorist attacks of 9/11, globalization had seemed to be displacing development as an overarching framework at least among powerful policy elites, but at least since 9/11 the notion of globalization as an inevitable historical force, and the virtues of weakening nation-states, have been dealt a blow. This process has only deepened since the financial crisis that began in 2008. Globalization has been exposed as a political project – as opposed to a technical or “natural” tendency. The parallel development of the Davos Forum and the World Social Forum have created two different poles on the debate over globalization and development in the broader business and activist communities. The financial crises of the 1990s and 2008 through the present challenged many of the orthodoxies relating to development, and in particular to the finance-driven Anglo-American model of development.
In the present context much debate over development has focused on Africa and on the Millenium Development Goals. But too much of the development debate focuses on aid as opposed to the myriad of other issues that influence and shape “development” in countries, whether recipients of aid or not. A number of policies (“free” markets), or programs such as microfinance, new technologies ($100 laptops) or others have been promoted as panaceas (although more by the development industry than by their most informed and reflective practitioners or advocates). These programs all have their place, but none of them are, or can be, the magic solution for development. No such magic key exists.
The development debate needs to be enlivened. Alternative propositions must be grounded in analysis of past dynamics of socioeconomic and political change, but they must also reflect the ways in which the current global political economy creates obstacles and opportunities different from those encountered in the past. This course tries to explore possibilities for the kind of redefinition of the politics of development that “anti-development” theorists feel is impossible and neoliberal triumphalists feel is not only unnecessary but hazardous to global well-being.
A central theme to this discussion is the relationship between what is sometime referred to as “global justice” and the more conventional issues associated with “development” such as growth, equity, vulnerability, and empowerment.
Learning Objectives:
By the end of this course students should be able to:
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Craft and defend a definition of “development” or some other goal/objective (eg, well-being, prosperity, human development, sustainable development, global justice, etc.) as a goal of policies aimed at reducing global poverty and an ethical stance for a public service practitioner towards that definition
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Describe the major competing approaches that aim to explain why some countries/individuals within countries are wealthier and/or have better human development outcomes than others
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Discuss the role of politics in these processes and identify ways in which the politics and policy of development incorporates concerns about equity, efficiency, and effectiveness in the allocation of opportunities, resources, and rights
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Explain the role of power in the political process and how interests, institutions, ideas, and individuals interact to create and transform power relations in the context of the politics of development
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Identify the major lessons learned from successful interventions and the challenges to scaling up effective interventions
Outline of Class: Classes will initially involve roughly 60-80 minutes of lecture, followed by 30-40 minutes- of discussion. Finally, 10-15 minutes of concluding remarks will pull together some of the key points, highlight ongoing areas of empirical and theoretical debate, and frame the readings for the subsequent class. Lectures will NOT summarize what is in the readings. Class participation will constitute a significant percentage of the final grade. Over the course of the semester we may alter the proportion of lecture and discussion time. My lectures are typically interactive and I have the right to call on anyone during class. If for some reason you have not been able to do the readings or do not feel able to respond to being called on in a specific class, please let me know. It is understandable that on a rare occasion this will be the case. If it becomes a regular event, it will severely affect your participation grade.
Syllabus: The syllabus is large in order to provide students with a semi-annotated bibliography of key materials and resources in the field. This may be helpful if you are interested in a particular topic and would like to explore it in more depth, as an initial starting point for papers, or simply as a reference for things you should get around to reading in your career.
GRADES
There is no curve in this course. Everyone may receive an A or everyone may receive an F.
This course will abide by the Wagner School’s general policy guidelines on incomplete grades, academic honesty, and plagiarism. It is the student’s responsibility to become familiar with these policies. All students are expected to pursue and meet the highest standards of academic excellence and integrity.
Incomplete Grades: http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/current/pol5.html
Academic Honesty: http://www.nyu.edu/wagner/current/pol3.html
Course Requirements:
1. Class Participation: (30%) The course depends on active and ongoing participation by all class participants. This will occur in three ways:
a). Weekly Participation (20%): Participation begins with effective reading and listening. Class participants are expected to read and discuss the readings on a weekly basis. That means coming prepared to engage the class, with questions and/or comments with respect to the reading. You will be expected to have completed all the required readings before class to the point where you can be called on to critique or discuss any reading.
Before approaching each reading think about what the key questions are for the week and about how the questions from this week relate to what you know from previous weeks. Then skim over the reading to get a sense of the themes it covers, and, before reading further, jot down what questions you hope the reading will be able to answer for you. Next, read the introduction and conclusion. This (usually) gives you a sense of the big picture of the piece. Ask yourself: Are the claims in the text surprising? Do you believe them? Can you think of examples that do not seem consistent with the logic of the argument? Is the reading answering the questions you hoped it would answer? If not, is it answering more or less interesting questions than you had thought of? Next ask yourself: What types of evidence or arguments would you need to see in order to be convinced of the results? Now read through the whole text, checking as you go through how the arguments used support the claims of the author. It is rare to find a piece of writing that you agree with entirely. So, as you come across issues that you are not convinced by, write them down and bring them along to class for discussion. Also note when you are pleasantly (or unpleasantly) surprised or when the author produced a convincing argument that you had not thought of.
In class itself, the key to quality participation is listening. Asking good questions is the second key element. What did you mean by that? How do you/we know? What’s the evidence for that claim? This is not a license for snarkiness, but for reflective, thoughtful, dialogic engagement with the ideas of others in the class. Don’t be shy. Share your thoughts and reactions in ways that promote critical engagement with them. Quality and quantity of participation can be, but are not necessarily, closely correlated.
b). Précis/Response Papers: (5% X2) Each week 2-3 people will take responsibility for preparing response papers to one or more of the readings. This includes writing a 3-5 page précis of the reading that a) lays out the main argument(s), b) indicates what you found provocative and/or mundane, and c) poses 3-4 questions for class discussion. These handouts will be distributed via email to the rest of the class by Sunday at 8 PM (using the course website). Everyone will prepare two précis over the course of the semester. Everyone who prepares a précis for the week should be prepared to provide a brief (2-3 minute) outline of their reaction to the readings as a contribution to discussion.
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Op-Ed (15%) One op-ed length (700-750 words) on an important current issue relating to development [for guidance see the resource under “Writing Materials” section of the Sakai site]. This is due September 23 via Sakai. PLEASE PUT YOUR NAME AND WAGNER MAILBOX # IF YOU HAVE ONE ON THE OP-ED. PLEASE LABEL YOUR ATTACHED FILE “Yournamedevelopmentoped.”
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Policy Analysis Exercise including Statement of Focus, Stakeholder Analysis, Background Memo, and Strategy Memo (see the PAE folder on Sakai for more details). This counts for 55% of your grade. (20% background memo, 25% for strategy memo, 5% for stakeholder analysis).
Late Policy. Extensions will be granted only in case of emergency. This is out of respect to those who have abided by deadlines, despite equally hectic schedules. Papers handed in late without extensions will be penalized one-third of a grade per day.
Grading Breakdown: Class participation (30%, includes general participation and précis) Op-ed (15%), Policy Analysis Exercise (55%).
Prerequisites: “Introduction to Public Policy” (P11.1022) or “History and Theory of Urban Planning”(P11.2600) or equivalent, Microeconomics, and “Institutions, Governance, and Development” (P11.2214). [Lacking these, permission of the Instructor is required]. A prior course in the politics/sociology/economics/management of development would be helpful but is not required.
Required Books (available at the Professional Bookstore):
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Norton)
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power (Berkeley: UC Press)
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion (Cambridge: Cambridge U Press, 2007)
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power (Oxfam 2009)
Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy (recommended) (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State (recommended) (New Haven: Yale University Press).
Additional readings will made available either online or in class.OVERVIEW OF SEMESTER
WEEK 1 September 4 INTRO: WHY A POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT?
WEEK 2 September 11 THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
WEEK 3 September 18 POLITICS, POWER, AND LEARNING
WEEK 4 September 25 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
WEEK 5 October 2 CULTURE
WEEK 6 October 9 STATE-BUILDING
OCTOBER 16 NO CLASS
WEEK 7 October 23 POLITICS OF EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES: MARKETS, COMMODITY CHAINS, INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 8 October 30 ENGENDERING DEVELOPMENT: SEX, GENDER, POLITICS, AND DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 9 November 6 POLITICS OF GLOBAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION: WHAT IS FAIR AND FEASIBLE IN THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT SPACE
WEEK 10 November 13 DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 11 November 20 EMPOWERMENT: SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND RIGHTS-BASED APPROACHES TO DEVELOPMENT
WEEK 12 November 27 POLITICS OF SANITATION
WEEK 13 December 4 VULNERABILITY AND THE POLITICS OF MANAGING RISK AND RESOURCES
WEEK 14 December 11 INEQUALITY, REDISTRIBUTION, AND AGRARIAN REFORM PLUS WRAP-UP
I: INTRODUCTION
WEEK 2: INTRODUCTION: WHY A POLITICS OF DEVELOPMENT?
Ross Coggins, The Development Set [Sakai]
Binyavanga Wainaina, “How to write about Africa,” Granta 92: The View
from Africa
www.granta.com/extracts/2615
Christian Science Monitor, Five Myths About Africa
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2011/0806/Five-myths-about-Africa
Nicholas Kristof, DIY Foreign Aid Revolution
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/magazine/24volunteerism-t.html?pagewanted=all
Pranab Bardhan, “Who Represents the Poor?” Boston Review
http://www.bostonreview.net/BR36.4/pranab_bardhan_who_represents_the_poor.php
Samantha Power, “The Enforcer,” New Yorker, January 19, 2009. [Sakai]
Kent Annan, “Poverty Tourism Can Make Us So Thankful”
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kent-annan/poverty-tourism-can-make-_b_803872.html
Ivan Illich, “To Hell With Good Intentions” [Sakai]
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, Preface by Amartya Sen, Preface to Paperback Edition, and Introduction (pp. xi-22)
Peter Singer, “Singer Solution to World Poverty” [Sakai]
Dale Jamieson, Duties to the Distant [Sakai]
Thomas Pogge, Poverty and Human Rights (2007), Expert Comment for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, [Sakai]
Recommended:
Global Ethics Corner, Am I My Brother’s Keeper?
http://www.cceia.org/resources/audio/data/000421
If you have time and want to see Peter Singer discuss his latest book,
The Life You Can Save
http://www.cceia.org/resources/video/data/000231
Discussion Questions:
What Do We Mean By Development? How is Development Different (is it) than Growth? Progress? Modernization? Global Justice?
What Ethical Issues Frame the Development Debate?
How do we conceive our roles as development policy analysts, practitioners, and/or citizens in the context of deep inequalities of income, power, and privilege?
For further reading:
Some of the issues are grounded in Paolo Freire’s classic Pedagogy of the Oppressed and various works on the theology of liberation, by Gustavo Guttierez, Leonardo Boff, Karl Gaspar, Edicio dela Torre, among others. For a discussion of one attempt to apply this framework to Northerners, see Alice Frazer Evans, Robert A. Evans and William Bean Kennedy, Pedagogies for the Non-Poor by, Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books (1987). For more philosophical discussion see the symposium on World Poverty and Human Rights in Ethics and International Affairs 19:1 (2005), and work by Thomas Pogge, Peter Singer One World, Peter Unger Living High and Letting Die. (If you have time and want to see Peter Singer discuss his latest book, Peter Singer, The Life You Can Save http://www.cceia.org/resources/video/data/000231 Also see work by Iris Marion Young, Matthias Risse, Des Gaspar, Jon Mandle, among others for work on global justice and its relationship to development.
WEEK 2: THE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 1
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 1 (pp. 2-16)
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Introduction and Chapter 2
Gilbert Rist “Development” in Development in Practice [Sakai]
Nancy Birdsall, Reframing the Development Project for the Twenty-First
Century [Sakai]
Nancy Birdsall, Ten Zero-Cost Ideas for Development Progress in 2011
http://blogs.cgdev.org/globaldevelopment/2011/01/10-zero-cost-ideas-for-development-progress-in-2011.php
Discussion Questions:
Is there anything worth rescuing in the concept of development? How do we know?
Is development about outcomes or processes? What are the costs or benefits in focusing on one or the other? What indicators would we use? Is there a difference in the politics of development if we focus on either outcomes or processes? Or on the importance of both?
What is the scale at which “development” is an important phenomenon? Individuals? Communities? Countries? Regions? The global economy? Humanity? What are the political implications of choosing to privilege one of these over the other?
What about the agents of development? Are they different than the objects of ethical concern in development?
For further reading:
If you want to follow up on the “post-development” perspective, see Wolfgang Sachs, Development: The Rise and Decline of an Ideal Wuppertal Institute Paper #108 (August 2000) http://www.wupperinst.org/Publikationen/WP/WP108.pdf
Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995); Jan Nederveen Pieterse, “Twenty-first Century Globalization, Paradigm Shifts in Development” in Doing Good or Doing Better, pp. 20-46. Gustavo Esteva. “Development” pp. 6-25 in Wolfgang Sachs (ed.) The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power. (London: ZED Books, 1992, second edition); James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: Development, Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho. (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1994); Arun Agrawal, “Poststructuralist Approaches to Development: Some Critical Reflections” in Peace and Change 24(4) [October, 1996]:464-477; Michael Watts “Development I: Power, knowledge, discursive practice” in Progress in Human Geography 17(2):257-72 and his Liberation Ecologies: Environment, development, social movements (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), which also contains a nice selection of articles by Escobar and others. Edward Said’s Orientalism (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978) was one of the earliest influential critiques of Western discourse on the Third World. See also The Post-Development Reader.
For the Millenium Villages Program see Kent Buse, Eva Ludi and Marcella Vigneri, ODI, Sustaining and scaling up Millennium Villages: Beyond rural investments [Sakai] and Sam Rich, “Africa’s Village of Dreams,” Wilson Quarterly Spring 2007 pp. 14-23 and Victoria Schlesinger, “The Continuation of Poverty: Rebranding Foreign Aid in Kenya,” Harper’s Magazine May 2007 pp. 58-66. Also see McCulloch and Sumner, “Will the Global Financial Crisis Change the Development Paradigm?” [Sakai] and Forrest Colburn, “Good-Bye to the Third World,” Dissent, June 2006
http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=446 and
WEEK 3: POLITICS, POWER, AND LEARNING
Owen Barder, The Implications of Complexity for Development
http://www.cgdev.org/content/multimedia/detail/1426397/
This American Life, Gossip
http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/444/gossip
Listen to the whole thing if you’d like, but the assignment is Act One on the Malawi Journals Project.
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 2 and Annex
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, pp. 23-50.
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion Chapter 4 “Bad Governance in a Small Country”
David Damberger, Engineers Without Borders, What Happens When an NGO admits failure?
http://www.ted.com/talks/david_damberger_what_happens_when_an_ngo_admits_failure.html
Engineers Without Borders, 2011 Failure Report
http://legacy.ewb.ca/en/whoweare/accountable/failure.html
Ian Smillie
http://www.admittingfailure.com/2011/01/ian-smillie-failing-to-learn-from-failure/
Global Giving
http://www.admittingfailure.com/2011/01/global-giving-detecting-and-learning-from-failure/
WEEK 4: HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY
Review from IGID: Mick Moore, “Political Underdevelopment: What Causes Bad Governance?” Public Management Review, Vol. 3 (2001), No. 3, pp. 385-418 from Institutions Class. [Sakai]
Development outcomes may be shaped by long-term structural factors as well as by more short-term policies. If politics is the art of the possible, then understanding the constraints and opportunities created by long-term structural factors gives us insight into how large the realm of that possible is. What are the implications for development politics and policy at the national and global levels? What are the ethical implications if people are born in countries whose economies may not do well because of the disadvantages of geography and the legacy of colonial boundaries and institutions, even if they have good leaders and work hard?
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel [Sakai]
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 3 “Natural Resource Trap” and Chapter 4 “Landlocked with Bad Neighbors”
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 9
Easterly and Alesina, “Artificial States” [Sakai]
For further reading:
For more on climate see: Bryan Walsh, Green is the New Red, White and Blue http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1730759_1731383_1731363,00.html, Oxfam GB, adapting to Climate Change who pays http://www.oxfam.org/en/files/bp104_climate_change_0705.pdf/download and
Greenpeace India Hiding behind the Poor
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/india/press/reports/hiding-behind-the-poor.pdf and Action Aid , We Know What We Need: South Asian Women Speak Out on Climate Change and The debt of nations and the distribution of ecological impacts from human activities http://www.ecoequity.org/docs/TheDebtOfNations.pdf.
See the follow up by Diamond, Collapse and the overview in Andrew Rosser, “Political Economy of the Resource Curse,” IDS Working Paper #268 http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp268.pdf and also see David Landes, The Wealth of Nations.
WEEK 5: CULTURE
We explore the issue of culture with respect to the practice of female genital mutilation and the efforts of grassroots groups in sub-Saharan Africa to eradicate the practice as well as that of corruption.
Chapter Lawrence Harrison, “Culture Matters,” The National Interest (Summer 2000), pp. 55-65.
[Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 1 [Sakai]
David Landes, “Culture Makes Almost All the Difference,” The Wealth and Poverty of Nations [Sakai]
Ha Joon Chang, “Lazy Japanese and Thieving Germans” in Bad Samaritans [Sakai]
Raymond Fisman and Ted Miguel, “Nature or Nurture: Understanding the Culture of Corruption,” and selection on Witch Killings in Economic Gangsters [Both on BB]
Peter Easton, Karen Monkman, and Rebecca Miles, “Social policy from the bottom up: Abandoing FGC in sub-Saharan Africa,” Development in Practice 13(5) November 2003, pp. 445-458.
Kwame Anthony Appiah, “The Art of Social Change,” New York Times October 24, 2010
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/magazine/24FOB-Footbinding-t.html
For further reading:
For a classic culturalist modernization view see Lawrence E. Harrison. Underdevelopment is a State of Mind: the Latin American case (CFIA, Harvard University and University Press of America, 1995), pp. 1-9; also Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work and Bowling Alone who kick-started the contemporary social capital debate in the U.S. Also see Robert Kaplan, “The Coming Anarchy,” Atlantic Monthly 44-76. For a post-colonial, post-structuralist view see Sarah Radcliffe and Nina Laurie, “Culture and Development: Taking culture seriously in development for Andean indigenous people,” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24, pp. 231-248 (2005). See also James C Scott, Seeing Like a State, Chapter 3. For something on the relationship between science, technology and cultural practices see Burkhard Bilger, “Hearth Surgery,” New Yorker, (December 21 & 28, 2009) pp. 84-97 and Philip Gourevitch, “The Monkey and the Fish,” New Yorker, (December 21 & 28, 2009) pp. 98-111. See also Peter Evans, “Collective capabilities, culture, and Amartya Sen’s Development as Freedom
Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), 2002, Volume 37, Number 2, Pages 54-60. [Sakai]
WEEK 6: STATE BUILDING
We explore the processes of state-building by looking first at the European experience, where the first nation-states (not the first states) were forged after years of conflict. Then we look at the export of these types of states elsewhere and explore the issues associated with building effective political institutions. Should all countries have nation-states, or should we enable the creation of other types of states?
Charles Tilly, Capital, Cities, and Coercion. [Sakai]
Jeff Herbst, States and Power in Africa [Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 11
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion (Chapter 2 “The Conflict Trap” and Chapter 8 “Military Intervention”)
Somaliland Case [Sakai]
Alex De Waal Fixing the Political Marketplace [Sakai]
For further reading:
Tilly’s other work is exceptional, such as “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Evans, Rueschemeyer and Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, pp. 169-189. Also Charles Tilly. "Violence, Terror, and Politics as Usual." Boston Review (Summer 2002): 21-4 http://www.bostonreview.net/BR27.3/tilly.html See also Francis Fukuyama, "The Imperative of State-Building," Journal of Democracy 15 no. 2, April 2004 and Georg Sørensen, “War and state making—why doesn’t it work in the Third World?” Failed States Conference, Purdue, 2001.[ http://www.ippu.purdue.edu/failed_states/2001/papers/Sørensen.pdf] and Ann Leander, “Wars and the Un-Making of States: Taking Tilly Seriously in the Contemporary World” http://www.copri.dk/publications/Wp/WP%202002/34-2002.pdf. Stephen Krasner, “Shared Sovereignty,” Journal of Democracy (Jan 2005) [Sakai]; also Fearon and Laitin in International Security. See also Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). Joel Migdal, State in Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). Also David Leonard, “‘Pockets’ Of Effective Agencies In Weak Governance States: Where Are They Likely And Why Does It Matter?” Public Administration and Development 30, 91–101 (2010). See also, L. Pritchett; F. de Weijer, Fragile States: Stuck in a Capability Trap (Background Paper for WDR 2011).
WEEK 7: MARKETS, COMMODITY CHAINS, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION
Recall from Institutions…
Dani Rodrik, Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank’s Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform" Journal of Economic Literature XLIV (December 2006): 969-83. http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/3509
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 3 (pp. 107-196)
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, Chapter 6 “On Missing the Boat” and Chapter 10 “Trade Policy for Reversing Marginalization”
Peter Evans, Developmental State for the 21st Century
Optional: For more, see Peter Evans, chapter in Haggard and Kaufman, [Sakai] and for a full treatment see Evans’ Embedded Autonomy, chapters. 1-3, pp. 3-73; then skim chpts. 5-7, pp. 99-180.]
Rodrik and Haussman, Industrial Policy (May 2008) (pp. 1-17 only)
[Sakai]
Why Nations Fail, Chapter 3 [Sakai]
Ha Joon Chang, Bad Samaritans (Sakai)
Classroom Exercise: The Banana Game
For further reading:
On institutions, see Adam Przeworski, “The Last Instance: Are Institutions the Primary Cause of Economic Development?” Archives of european sociology 2004 XLV(2): 165-188. Dani Rodrik, “Getting Institutions Right” (April 2004)
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/ifo-institutions%20article%20_April%202004_.pdf and Pranab Bardhan, “Institutions and Development”
http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/macarthur/inequality/papers/BardhanInstitutionsandDev.pdf; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State, pp. 309-319, 328-341 and Conclusion. Also Douglas C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change Chapters 8 and 9 required, chapter 7 recommended [Sakai]. See Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 5.
Allen J. Scott and Michael Storper, “Regions, Globalization, and Development,” Regional Studies 37(6&7): 579-593. For some classics on comparative development of Europe try Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962). Barrington Moore's Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966) is probably the single most influential book in the comparative historical tradition. Charles Tilly's The Vendee (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964) is also a classic. Gordon White, “Constructing a Democratic Developmental State,” in Mark Robinson and Gordon White (eds) The Democratic Developmental State (NY: Oxford University Press, 1998) is valuable, as are other classics with contemporary relevance include, Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation. Also see Geoffrey Underhill and Xiaoke Zhang, “The Changing State–Market Condominium in East Asia: Rethinking the Political Underpinnings of Development,” New Political Economy March 2005. Current works include Alice Amsden The Rise of the Rest (Oxford, 2001) and Ha-Joon Chang, “Kicking Away the Ladder: – The “Real” History of Free Trade,” available online at http://www.newschool.edu/cepa/papers/workshop/chang_030419.doc and Mick Moore, Political Underdevelopment, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/govern/pdfs/PolUnderdevel(refs).pdf. For some other resources see the papers and discussions at http://www.othercanon.org. Also see Robert Bates, “The Developmental State” http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidpeople/bates/Weingast_Essay.pdf. John Williamson, “What Should the World Bank Think About the Washington Consensus,” World Bank Research Observer (August 2000) http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsaug00/pdf/(6)Williamson.pdf
There is a monstrous literature on the Washington Consensus and Structural Adjustment. For starters, the World Bank’s own reviews of adjustment by the OED. Also Joseph Stiglitz, More Instruments and Broader Goals: Moving Toward the Post-Washington Consensus The 1998 WIDER Annual Lecture available online at http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/extme/js-010798/wider.htm. See also Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents. William Easterly, “What did structural adjustment adjust? The association of policies and growth with repeated IMF and World Bank adjustment loans,” CGD WORKING PAPER NUMBER11 October 2002 http://www.cgdev.org/pubs/workingpapers.html (select either pdf or word formats). See also Beeson and Islam, Neoliberalism and East Asia [Sakai]. See also Dani Rodrik, “How to Make the Trade Regime Work for Development” (February 2004)
http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~drodrik/How%20to%20Make%20Trade%20Work.pdf and See World Bank, Learning from a Decade of Reform Chapters 1, 8, 9, http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/. Also, Gavin Williams et al, Development Policy Review (2009), Politics and Growth [Sakai]
WEEK 8: ENGENDERING DEVELOPMENT: SEX, GENDER, POLITICS, AND DEVELOPMENT
Whereas the previous week explored the national dynamics of access to and control over natural resource revenue, this week explores the community-level dynamics associated with unequal patterns of control over land and water resources along gender lines.
For reference:
Women in Parliaments, Inter-parliamentary Union [no précis]
World and regional data: http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
National data: http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm
Regular Reading
Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris, “The True Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Policy (March/April 2003) [Sakai]
Jane S. Jaquette and Katherine Staudt, “Women, Gender, and Development,” in Jane S. Jaquette and Gale Summerfirld (eds) Women and Gender Equity in Development Theory and Practice (Duke University Press, 2006) [Sakai]
Sylvia Chant, “Feminization of Poverty…” [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 8
Oxfam GB, The Effects of Socialization on Gender Discrimination and Violence A Case Study from Lebanon
Naila Kabeer, TBD
Recommended:
The literature is vast, but good overviews include: Shahrashoub, Razavi and Carol Miller. 1995. From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. The classics include Ester Boserup (1970) Women’s Role in Economic Development, Caroline O. Moser, Gender Planning and Development. (New York: Routledge, 1993)., Gita Sen and Garen Grown, Development, Crises and Alternative Visions. (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1987). Also Diane Elson. 1991. "Male Bias in the Development Process: An Overview" In Male Bias in the Development Process. Edited by Diane Elson Manchester, England: Manchester University Press and Amy Lind, “Gender and Urban Social Movements,” World Development [Sakai].
Also see the Eldis Gender Resource Guide (http://www.eldis.org/gender/index.htm), the Association for Women’s Rights in Development (www.awid.org), IFPRI’s Gender Toolbox (http://www.ifpri.org/themes/gender/gendertools.asp) and BRIDGE (http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/). See also Millie Thayer, “Traveling Feminisms: From Embodied Women to Gendered Citizenship,” in Michael Burawoy et al (eds) Global Ethnography or Mille Thayer Feminists and Funding. Sylvia Chant and Matthew C. Gutmann, “‘Men-streaming’ gender? Questions for gender and development policy in the twenty-first century,” Progress in Development Studies 2,4 (2002) pp. 269–282 [Sakai] and Andrea Cornwall, “Whose Voices? Whose Choices?” World Development [Sakai]
WEEK 9 POLITICS OF GLOBAL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION: WHAT IS FAIR AND FEASIBLE IN THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT SPACE
Alex Evans, “Resource scarcity, fair shares, and development, Oxfam/WWF Discussion Paper (2011) [Sakai]
Peter Singer and Bjorn Lomborg Debate in Wall Street Journal (hand-out)
“Does Helping the Planet Hurt the Poor?”
Ecoequity and Christian Aid, Greenhouse Development Rights
http://gdrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/gdrs_nairobi.pdf
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 5 (pp. 197-290).
Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion, pp. 140-146.
WEEK 10: DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT
There is a long-standing argument that there is a trade0off between development democracy, at least at low levels of per capita income and in the early stages of industrialization. We will examine efforts to answer that question and also explore issues associated with understanding the effects of regime type on growth, human development, and equality.
Tom Carothers, TBA
Jonathan Fox, Semi-Clientelism [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 6
John Harriss (2005a):”Political Participation, Representation and the Urban Poor. Findings from a Research in Delhi” in Economic and Political Weekly, March 12: 1041-1054.
Mariz Tadro, Working Politically Behind Red Lines:
Structure and agency in a comparative study of women’s coalitions in Egypt and Jordan [Sakai]
For further reading:
See Peter Evans, “Development as Institutional Change: The Pitfalls of Monocropping and the Potentials of Deliberation,” Studies in Comparative and International Development (Winter 2004, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 30-52). Larry Diamond, “Universal Democracy” Policy Review, June 2003 [http://www.policyreview.org/jun03/diamond_print.html], Thomas Carothers, “The End of the Transition Paradigm,” Journal of Democracy 13.1 (2002) 5-21 available online at http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/13.1carothers.html and responses to Carothers piece in the July 2002 issue of the Journal of Democracy, Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, “What Democracy Is...and Is Not,” Journal of Democracy (Summer 1991) also Amartya Sen, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy1 0.3 (1999) 3-17 http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/jod/10.3sen.html , Samuel Huntington, “Democracy’s Third Wave,” Journal of Democracy ( Spring 1991) and “After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave Journal of Democracy (October 1997) Classic statements also include Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, and the numerous works of Robert Dahl. Other classic pieces include Francis Fukuyama, “The End of History,” The National Interest Summer (1989) pp. 3-18. Also see Ashutosh Varshney (1999): “Democracy and Poverty”. Paper for the Conference on World Development Report 2000. The World Bank. [http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/dfid/varshney.pdf]. Also, Larry Diamond, “Can the Whole World Become Democratic? Democracy, Development, and International Policies” Hoover Institution, Stanford University http://repositories.cdlib.org/csd/03-05/ (a longer version of the piece above). Also valuable is Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper LESSONS FROM THE PAST: The American Record of Nation Building available online at http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/Policybrief24.pdf. Thomas Carothers, Is Gradualism Possible? Promoting Democracy in the Middle East available online at http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/wp39.pdf -- and Tom Carothers, Promoting the Rule of Law Abroad, http://www.ceip.org/files/pdf/wp34.pdf. Ballard, R. Social movements: Unoffical opposition or voice of the poor? In Jones, P. and Stokke, K.(2005): Democratising development: The politics of socio-economic rights. Adam Przeworski and Fernando Limongi, “Modernization: Theories and Facts,” World Politics 49, pp. 155-184. [Sakai] Carles Boix and Susan Stokes, “Endogenous Democratization,” World Politics 55 (July 2003): 517-549. [Sakai]. For other approaches see UNDP, Human Development Report, Chapters 1 and 2, available online at http://www.undp.org/hdr2002/ and John Gerring et al, Democracy and Economic Growth: A Historical Perspective for a critique of Limongi and Przeworksi among others on conceptual and methodological grounds [http://archive.allacademic.com/publication/docs/apsa_proceeding/2003-08-26/947/apsa_proceeding_947.PDF] and supporting materials http://archive.allacademic.com/publication/supporting_docs/apsa_supporting_proceeding/2003-08-26/184/apsa_supporting_proceeding_184.PDF. See also World Bank, Learning from a Decade of Reform, Chapter 10 http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/lessons1990s/ and Fareed Zakaria, Illiberal Democracy, Foreign Affairs November/December 1997 [http://www.fareedzakaria.com/articles/other/democracy.html] and Jean Dreze, Democracy and the Right to Food [Sakai].
WEEK 11: EMPOWERMENT AND Rights-Based Approaches to Development
Rights-based approaches to development have been increasingly promoted as the solution to move beyond development as a series of hand outs and to address the need to create accountable political and economic institutions as the foundations of development while expanding the respect for and promotion of internationally recognized human rights standards. What are the key elements of rights-based approach(es)? What evidence do we have that rights-based approaches are effective at achieving their objectives? What are the trade-offs associated with a rights-based approach? Do they effectively incorporate concerns for justice with concerns for economic growth?
World Bank, WDR 2000/2001, Empowerment
Banerjee and Duflo, Mandated Empowerment [Sakai]
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Chapter 4
Ravi Kanbur, 2007. ‘Attacking Poverty: What is the Value Added of a Human Rights Approach?’ [Sakai]
Paul Farmer, Pathologies of Power, Chapter on Health and Human Rights
Peter Uvin, TBA [Sakai]
Rights-Based Development: Bangladesh Case [Sakai]
Aryeh Neier, Economic Rights [Sakai]
Recommended:
Hertel, Shareen and Minkler, Lanse. 2007 ‘Economic Rights: The Terrain’
Chapter 1 in Hertel and Minkler, eds. Economic Rights: Conceptual, Measurement and Policy Issues. Cambridge University Press. New York. Also Mutua, Makau. 2001. “Savages, Victims and Saviors: The Metaphor of Human Rights” Harvard International Law Review and Mountains of stuff available. For a quick overview see Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi, Ruhi Saith and Frances Stewart, “Does it matter that we don't agree on the definition of poverty? A comparison of four approaches,” Oxford Development Studies (September 2003) 31(3): 243-274. Also see Naomi Hossain & Mick Moore (2002): “Arguing for the Poor: Elites and Poverty in Developing Countries”, IDS Working Paper, No. 148. [http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp148.pdf]
For interesting post-development examples see Karen Brock, Andrea Cornwall, and John Gaventa, Power, Knowledge, and Political spaces in the Framing of Poverty Policy, IDS Working paper 143, http://www.ids.ac.uk/ids/bookshop/wp/wp143.pdf and Andrea Cornwall and Karen Brock, “What do Buzzwords do for Development Policy? A critical look at ‘participation’, ‘empowerment’ and ‘poverty reduction’,” Third World Quarterly 2005 26(7): 1043 – 1060. [Sakai]. For a critique of the 2000/2001 WDR focus on empowerment see Mick Moore, “Empowerment at Last?” Journal of International Development 13 (2001): 321-329. For others see UNDP, Human Development Report 2003, and Judith Tendler, “Whatever Happened to Poverty Alleviation?” World Development, 17:7 (1989): 1033-1044. For a critique of the “best practice” model, see Lant Pritchett and Michael Woolcock, “Solutions when the Solution is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development,” World Development 2003. Shantayanan Devarajan and Ravi Kanbur, “A Framework for Scaling Up Poverty Reduction, With Illustrations from South Asia,” (August 2005) http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/DevarajanKanburAug05.pdf and Sakai. Jonathan Fox, “Empowerment and Institutional Change: Mapping “Virtuous Circles” of State-Society Interaction,” in Power, Rights and Poverty, (World bank, 2004) pp. 68-92.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/PPFinalText.pdf
See also Fukuda-Parr, 2007, ‘Human Rights Based Approach to Development – Is it a
Rhetorical Repackaging or a New Paradigm?’ HD Insights 2007, Issue 7.
http://hdr.undp.org/docs/nhdr/insights/HDInsights_Apr2007.pdf and Livelihoods and Security (ODI Natural Resource Policy Paper) Human Rights and Poverty reduction, especially the chapters Labeled Meeting 2 and Meeting 7.
WEEK 12: POLITICS OF SANITATION
Susan E. Chaplin, “Indian cities, sanitation, and the state: the politics of the failure to provide,” Environment and Urbanization 23, pp. 57-70 [Sakai].
Layla Mehta, Shit Matters, (TBA)
Crook, Richard and Joseph Ayee, “Urban Service Partnerships: ‘Street-Level Bureaucrats’ and Environmental Sanitation in Kumasi and Accra, Ghana: Coping with Organizational Change in Public Bureaucracy,” Development Policy Review, Vol. 24 (2006), No.1.
Community Led Total Sanitation cases
WEEK 13: VULNERABILITY AND THE POLITICS OF MANAGING RISK AND RESOURCES
Naomi Hossain, Rude Accountability [Sakai]
Duncan Green, From Poverty to Power, Part 4, Vulnerability.
John-Andrew McNeis, “Rethinking Resource Conflict”, Background Paper to the WDR 2011 on Conflict, Security, and Development [Sakai]
Elinor Ostrom et al on Managing the Commons, Science [Sakai]
Ruth Meinzen-Dick et al, Legal pluralism.. [Sakai]
WEEK 14: INEQUALITY, REDISTRIBUTION AND AGRARIAN REFORM
While the distribution of calories is much more equal than the distribution of land, inequalities in the ownership of land and other productive assets is both influenced by political power and influences politics. Is it possible to pursue a redistributive policy under democracy that results in a real transfer of productive resources? What are the examples of effective redistributive programs and what are the coalitional and institutional conditions that make such efforts more likely?
Wade, Global Inequality
Roy Prosterman, Land reform [Sakai]
Ronald Herring, “Beyond the Political Impossibility Theorem of Agrarian Reform,” http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/Papers/herring_beyond_polit_impos_theorem.pdf
Bina Agarwal, Land Reform [Sakai]
Wendy Wolford, MST [Sakai]
For more reading:
James Putzel “Land Reforms in Asia: Lessons from the Past for the 21st Century”, Working Papers, LSE Development Studies Institute, No. 004 (January 2000) available online at http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/destin/workpapers/asiasubmission.pdf, or Anthony Bebbington et al, “Practice, Power, and Meaning: Frameworks for Studying Organizational Culture in Multi-Agency Rural Development Projects,” Journal of International Development 15 541-557 (2003). Selections from WDR 2005/2006 on Equity, [Sakai] Caroline Ashley and Simon Maxwell, “Rethinking Rural Development,” Development Policy Review19:4 (2001): 395-425.
WEEK 14: Wrap-Up Revisiting the Development - Global Justice debate
Readings based on suggestions from class and TBD
Final Papers Due – Due 5 PM May 10
via Sakai
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