Notes on African-American History Since 1900

150 Ibid., p. 8

151 no information

152 Kant Worchester, C.L.R. James: A Political Biography [New York: State University of New York Press, 1966] p. 83

153 no footnote

154 no footnote

155 no footnote

156No footnote

157 No Footnote

158 ^{C. L. R. James, The Independence of the Black Struggle [Washington, D. C.: All African Peoples Revolutionary Party, November 1975], pp 2-3}

159^{Mark Naison, AThe Communist Party in Harlem in the Early Depression Years, Radical History Review, III (1976), pp.68-95.}

160^{Mark Naison, ABlack Agrarian Radicalism in the Great Depression: The Threads of a Lost Tradition, Journal of Ethnic Studies (Fall 1973), pp.49-68.}

161 ^{Jeff Henderson, AA. Philip Randolph and the Dilemmas of Socialism and Black Nationalism in the United States, 1917 -1941", Race and Class, XX, 2 (1978), pp.156.}

162 ^{Daryl Russe Grigsby, For the People: Black socialists in the United States, Africa and the Caribbean (San Diego: Asante Publications, 1987) p. 145}

163 ^{Ibid., p. 150}

164 ^{Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik: Autobiography of an Afro-Ameican Communist (Chicago: Liberator Press, 1978) p. 375}

165 ^{Op. cit. (Aryl Grigsby) p. 152}

166 ^{Op. Cit (Harry Haywood) p. 421}

167 ^{Ibid., p. 422}

168 ^{Ibid., p. 531-532}

169 ^{Ibid., p. 567-568}

170 ^{Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American left (Chicago: St. James Press, 1990) p. 298}

171^{Ibid., p. 581-582}

172 ^{Ibid., p. 587-589}

173 ^{Joe Williams Trotter Jr. The African American Experience Volume 11 From Reconstruction [Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001] p 512.}

174 ^{Muhammad Ahmad, “Toward Pan African Liberation”, The Black Scholar, Volume 5, Number 7, april 1974. pp. 24-31}

175^{Elizabeth Atkins, A400 Come Together to Share History, The Detroit News, Sunday, March 23, 1993.}

176 ^{Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African-American Experience, Volume II, From Reconstruction [Boston: Haughton Mifflin Company, 2001] pp. 548-549}

177 ^{David J. Garrow (ed), The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the women Who Started it, [Knoxville, Tennessee: The University of Tennnesee Press 1987], Roberta Hughes Wright, The Birth of the Montgmoery Bus Boycott [Southfield, Michigan: Charro Press, Inc. 1991], Rosa Parks with Jim Haskins, Rosa Parks: My Story [New York: Scholastic, Inc., 1992]}

178 ^{Martha Biondi, “The Rise of the Reparations Movement,” Radical History Review, Fall 2003/87 pp. 7}

179 ^{Queen Mother Audley A. Moore, Why Reparations? [Philadelphia, Pa: The Reparations Committee, 1962] pp. 2}

180 ^{Timothy B. Tyson, “Robert Franklin Williams: A Warrior for Freedom 1925-1996.” Southern Exposure. Winter 1996, p. 6.}

181 ^{Ibid., p. 5.}

182 ^{Darci McConnell, “The Father of Black Revolutionaries: White God Lay Sleeping, Robert F. Williams Changed Lives,” The Grand Rapids Press, Sunday, February 19, 1995, p. E2.}

183 ^{Ibid., p. E2.}

184 ^{Timothy B. Tyson, “Robert Franklin Williams: A Warrior for Freedom 1925-1996,” A Legacy of Resistance [Detroit, Michigan: Robert Williams Tribute committee, 1996], p. 47.}

185 ^{Stephanie Banchero, “Hero or Renegade?,” The Charlotte Observer, Sunday, February 26, 1995, p. 10A.}

186 ^Ibid.

187 ^{Interview with Robert F. Williams, Cleveland, Ohio, 1994.}

188 ^Ibid

189 ^{“Black Freedom Movement Loses Giant: Robert F. Williams of Monroe, N.C. Succumbs to Caner,” Justice Speaks. Volume 14, No. 3, p. 6.}

190 ^{“An Interview with Robert Williams, “Black News”, Volume 4, No. 7, May 1979, P. 16.}

191 ^{Conversation with Robert F. Williams, Baldwin, Michigan, 1995.}

192 ^{Ahon D. Morris, The Origins of The Civil Rights Movement [New York: The Free Press, 1984]}

193 ^{James McEvory & Abraham Miller (ed). Black Power and Student Rebellions [Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1969] pp.379.}

194 ^{Joanne Grant, Ella baker: Freedom Bound [New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998], Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker & The Black Freedom Movement [Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2003]}

195 ^{Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, A circle of Trust: Remembering SNCC [New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998], Clayborne Carosn In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960’s [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Howard University Press, 1981], Cleveland Sellers with Robert Terrell, The River of No Return Jackson: [University Press of Mississippi, 1990]}

196^{Clayborne Carson, In Struggle [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981] pp.58.}

197^{Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights: The 1960's Freedom Struggle [Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers, 1984] pp.74.}

198^{Jessie Carney Smith, Epic Lives [Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Pres, 1993] pp.377}

199 ^{John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss Jr., From Slavery to Freedom [New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.] pp.445}

200 ^{Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civili Rights Years, 1954-1965 [New York: Viking, 1987] pp. 202.}

201 ^{Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion [ Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1984] pp.76.}

202 ^{William Sales, Jr., From Civili Rights to Black Liberatino: Malxcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachuseets: South End Press, 1994] pp. 60-61.}

203 ^{Karl Evanz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm: [New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 15-16.}

204 ^{Spike Lee (Movie), also Malcolm X: New York Police Files}

205 ^{“30 years since the Assassination: How the System Killed Malcolm x, “Revolutionary Worker Number 794 (Volume 16, Number 41. February 19, 1995, pp. 7}

206 ^{Op. Cit, (Sales, From Civil Rights to Black Liberation), pp. 75}

207 ^{William S. Sales, Jr., From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity [Boston, Massachusetts:}

208 ^{Geroge Brietman (ed) Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965] pp. 38-41}

209 ^{Interview with Donald Freeman, Cleveland, Ohio 1994}

210 ^{Malcolm X, February 1965: “The Final Speeches” New York, Pathfinder Press, 1992, page 48.}

211 ^{Ibid, page 54}

212 ^{Ibid, page 79}

213 ^{William I. Robertson, A Theory of Global Capitalism: Production, Class and State in a Transnational World. [Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University press 2004]}

214 ^{Ibid, page 80 (“The Final speeches”)}

215 ^{Malcolm X: On Afro-American History [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1967] pp. 64}

216 ^{Victor Perlo, Econoics of Racism 2: The Roots of Inequality USA [ New York: International Publishers, 1966[ pp. 153}

217 ^{Malcolm X: On Afro-American History [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1967] pp. 64}

218 ^{Two speeches by Malcolm X [New York: Pathfinder Press 1965] pp 32}

219 ^{Ibid, (Two Speeches, pp. 33}

220 ^{George Beitman, Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove press, Inc., 1965] pp. 39}

221 ^{Malcolm X, The Autobiography of Malcolm X [New York: Grove press, Inc. 1965] pp. 377}

222 ^{Op Cit (Autobiography) pp. 364}

223 ^{Geroge Brietwan, The Last Year of Malcolm X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary [New York: Shocken Books, 1965] pp. 115}

224 ^{George Brietwan, (ed) By Any Means Necessary [New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970] pp. 102-104}

225 ^{Malcolm X, February 1965: The Final Speeches [New York: Pathfinder, 1992] p. 79}

226 ^{Op Cit (February 1965: Malcolm X, The Final Speeches) pp. 80}

227 ^{Ibid, pp. 49}

228 ^{Conversation with Malcolm, Harlem, NY, June 1964}

229 ^{George Brietman, Malcolm X Speaks [New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1965] pp. 77}

230 ^{Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X [New York: Thunder Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 257}

231 ^{John Henrik Clarke, Malxolm X: The Man and His Times [Toronto, Canada: Collier Book, 1969] pp. 245}

232 ^{Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [New York: Pantheon books, 1999] pp. 315}

233 ^{Op Cit Brietman (ed) Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary, pp. 91-92}

234 ^{Ibid, pp. 92}

235 ^{Op. Cit. (Breitman (ed) Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary) pp. 94}

236 ^{Ibid, pp. 50}

237 ^{Conversation with James Shabbaz, March, 1965, New York City}

238 ^{“Malcolum X, “Zionist Logics”, The Egyptian Gazzette-September 17, 1964, World-Wide African Anti-Zionist Fron (Reprint) [New York: A-APRP] pp. 3}

239 ^{Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad [New York: pantheon Books, 1999] pp. 314}

240 ^{Malcolm X, “Conversation With Max Stanford,” June 1964}

241 ^{Confession of McKinley Welch to Max Stanford, Spring 1967, Philadelphia, PA}

242 ^{Malcom X, “Conversatino with Max Stanford, June 1964}

243 ^{George Brietman, The Last Year of Malcom X: The Evolution of a Revolutionary [New York: Schocken Books, 1967] pp. 19}

244 ^{Karl Evanzz, Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X [New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1992] pp. 294-295}

245^{Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights: The 1950's Freedom Struggle [ New York:Twayne Publishers, 1984] pp.156.}

246^{Ibid , pp.156}

247 ^{Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960’s [Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1981] pp. 255-256.}

248 ^{Linda Burnham, A The Tillmon Legacy, Crossroads, February 1966, pp.14.}

249 ^{Jack Bass and Jack Nelson, The Orangeburg Massacre [ :Mercer University Press, 1984] pp. vii}

250^{Rhoda Lois Blumberg, Civil Rights: The 1960's Freedom Struggle [Boston, Massachusetts: G.K. Hall &Company, 1984] pp.157}

251^{Hanes Walton, Black Political Parties [New York: The Free Press, 1972] pp 80-130}

252 ^{Len Holt, The Summer that Didn’t End [New York: William Morrow & Co., 1965], Doug McAdam Freedom Summer [New York: Oxford University Press, 1988], Mildred Pitts Walter, Mississippi Challenge [New York: Aladdin Paperbacks, 1996].}

253 ^{William E. Nelson, Jr, and Phillip J. Meranto, Electing Black Mayors [Columbus: Ohio State University, 1977] pp. 67-332}

254 ^{Op. Cit., (Hanes Walton, Jr, Black Political Parties), pp 80-130.}

255^{Lois H. Masotti & Jerome R. Corsi, Shootout in Cleveland: Black Militants and the Police, 1968 [New York: Bantam Books, 1969] pp. 22-32.}

256 ^{James A. Geschwender, Class, Race & Worker Insurgency [London: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977] pp. 144.}

257 ^{Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: United States Senate Book 3, Washington, D. C. G.P.O., pp. 33-62}

258 ^Ibid

259 ^Ibid

260 ^{William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters, Harper Torch Books, New York, 1963, pg. 103.}

261 ^{Joyce Ross, J. E. Sprinuam and the Rise of the NAACP: New York, Athenaeum, 1972, Maj. Joel E. Springam to Churchill, June 18, 1918, Military Intelligence Bureau 10218-154-7 (National Archives).}

262 ^{Spat Watters and Stephen Gillers edited, Investigating the FBI, Ballantine Books, New York, 1973, p. 57.}

263 ^{Robert A. Hill, (ed) The Pan African Movement 1917-1957. A Documentary Record of the black Struggle: Unpublished Manuscript.}

264 ^{Victor Marchetti & John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf Co., 1974), p. 95}

265 ^{Allen Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), pp. 258-259, National Security Act of 1947, 50 U.S. C. 403.}

266 ^{Nelson Rockefeller, et al, Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities within the U.S. (Washington: G.P.O., 1975), p. 73: Marchetti & Marks, op cit. pp. 96-101}

267 ^{Rockefellter, op cit. p. 74; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 96097; Dulles, op cit. p. 158}

268 ^{Rockefeller, op cit. p. 72; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. p. 38.}

269 ^{Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 98 and 99.}

270 ^{Good Overview of Intelligence Community: John Hammer, “The U.S. Intelligence Community”, Skentic Margazine. No. 7, 1975; Marchetti and Marks, op cit. pp. 95 f.; all budget figures below are from these two sources.}

271 ^{David Kahn, The Code Breakers (New York: 1967, MacMillian), pp. 378-400.}

272 ^{David Wise & Thomas Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: 1964, Random house), p. 226-231; Lyman Kirkpatrick, The U. S. Intelligence Community (New York: 1973, Hill & Wang), p. 35; Charles H. Andregg, Managmeent of Defense Intelligence (Washington: 1968, Industrial College of the Armed Forces.}

273 ^{Department of the Army, Combat Intelligence (FM-30-5) (Washington: 1971, G.P. O.); Wise & Ross, op cit. pp. 212}

274 ^{Kirkpatrick, Op cit. p.35-36; Wise & Ross, Op Cit. pp 212 & 213}

275 ^{Department of the Air Force, Handbook for Air Intelligence Officers (Washington: 1954, G.P.O.); Wise Ross, op cit pp. 212 & 213}

276 ^{Wise & Ross, op cit p. 217}

277 ^{Wise & Ross, op cit. p. 214; Congressional Research Service, Internal Security Manual (Washington: 1974, G.P.O.), Summary of Internal Security Statues, Executive Orders, and Congressional Resolutions.}

278 ^{Wise & Ross, op cit. p. 214}

279 ^{Pat Watters and Stephen Gillers, Investigating the FBI, pg}

280 ^{Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, U.S. Senate, Was., 1976, p. 450}

281 ^{“FBI Harassed Civil Rights Movements”, Guardian – Vol. 30, No. 45, August 30, 1978, p. 3.}

282 ^{“FBI Harassed Civil Rights Movements”, Guardian – Vol. 30, No. 45, August 30, 1978, p. 3.}

283 ^{Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and Rights of Americans, U.S. Senate, Washington; Book III, 1976, pp. 81, 86, 87, 88.}

284 ^{Ibid, p. 82.}

285 ^{“More Revealed on Plot to Murder Dr. King”, Workers World, Vol. 20, No. 32, August 11, 1978, p. 3.}

286 ^{Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports On Intelligence Activities and Rights of Americans, U. S. Senate, Book III, Washington, D. C., 1976, p. 476}

287 ^{Ibid, p. 447.}

288 ^{Lyman Kirkpatrick, The U.S. Intelligence Community, New York: Hill & Wang, 1973, p. 35.}

289 ^{Malcolm X Autobiography of Malcolm X: New York, Grove Press, 1965.}

290 ^{George Brietman, Herman Porter & Baxter Smith, The Assassination of Malcolm X, Pathfinder Press, Inc., New York, 1976, pp. 52-54.}

291 ^{James Foreman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries (The Macmillian Company, New York, 1972, pp. 471 & 472).}

292 ^{Suppl. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 335, Ibid., p. 448.}

293 ^{Ibid., p. 448.}

294 ^{Supp. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, (Washington, D.C., 1976, p. 491).}

295^{Ibid., p. 791.}

296 ^{Ibid., p. 803.}

297 ^{Ibid., p. 798.}

298 ^{Ibid., pp. 798-801}

299 ^{Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., Adam by Adam: The Autobiography of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., (The Dial Press, New York, 1971, p. 243).}

300 ^{FBI Letter to Field Offices, (August 25, 1967)}

301 ^{“The FBI Plot Against Black Leaders” by Iris L. Washington, (Essence Magazine, October, 1978, Volume 9, Number 6, p. 70).}

302 ^{Suppl. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, op, cit., p. 253.}

303 ^{Ibid., p. 254.}

304 ^{Counter-Intelligence, Volume One, National Lawyers Guild Task Force on counter Intelligence and the Secret Police, (Chicago, Illinois, 1978, pp. 53 & 54).}

305 ^{Suppl. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, (Book III, Washington, D. C. 1976, p. 494}

306 ^{Louis Heath, Ed., Off the Pigs, (Scarecrow press, Inc., Metuchen, New Jersey, 1976.}

307 ^{“FBI Plotted to Eliminate BPP Leadership” (The Black Panther, Volume XVIII, Number 8, Saturday, March 11, 1978, p. 1)}

308 ^{“The FBI Plot Against Black Leaders”, (op cit., p. 98).}

309 ^{“The FBI Plot Against Black Leaders”, (op. cit., p. 98).}

310 ^{Suppl. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, (op. cit., p. 189).}

311 ^{“FBI Plotted to Eliminate BPP Leadership”, (op. cit. pg. 6).}

312 ^{“The FBI Plot Against Black Leaders”, (op. cit., p. 100).}

313 ^{Louis Heath, ed., Off the Pigs, (op cit., p. 137).}

314 ^{Suppl. Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, (op cit. p. 199).}

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