METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR OBSERVATION Working paper Nr.l4 1st Revision Dr.T. Darnhofer Agrometeorologist August 1985
2 METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR OBSERVATION Page 1. GENERAL 3 1.1. 1.2. 1.4. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. Basic Aspects Meteorological Stations Meteorological observation times MEASUREMENT OF METEOROLOGICAL Temperature and heat flux Humidity of the air Sunshine and Radiation Precipitation Wind Evaporation Atmospheric pressure Soil moisture ELEMENTS RECORDING OF METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS General Calibration of Meteorological Instruments Manual recording Mechanical recording Electrical recording Electronic Measurement and Recording Devices REFERENCES ANNEX : LIST OF SUPPLIERES 3 3 4 5 5 8 11 14 17 21 23 23 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 33 34-40
3 1• GENERAL 1.1. Basic Aspects 1.1.1 Observations of the biophysical environment are essential in agricultural research, including forestry and livestock. The physical elements of climate are observed in order to assist in the evaluation of actual and future land use potentials and of such constraints in agriculture as are caused by the environment. To meet these requirements, agricultural meteorology needs reliable, quantitative data on the relevant climatic elements. 1.12 Indispensable climatic elements in agricultural meteorology include those pertaining to geographical climatology and especially those permitting interpretation of physical processes in the lower layers of the atmosphere and the upper soil layers. Elements pertaining to energy and water balance are thus very important, as well as other related phenomena,
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