Title: Water-Engineering & Management

Title: Water Environment Research

Full Journal Title: Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation (1960-1989, Vols. 32-61)

Full Journal Title: Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation (1989-1991, Vols. 61-63)

Full Journal Title: Water Environment Research (1992-2002, Vols. 64-74)

Full Journal Title: Water Environment Research; Water Environment Research; Water Environment Research

ISO Abbreviated Title: Water Environ. Res.

JCR Abbreviated Title: Water Environ Res

ISSN: 1061-4303

Issues/Year: 7

Journal Country/Territory: United States

Language: English

Publisher: Water Environment Federation

Publisher Address: 601 Wythe St, Alexandria, VA 22314-1994

Subject Categories:

Engineering, Environmental: Impact Factor 0.442, 20/36 (2000); Impact Factor 0.789, 18/35 (2004); Impact Factor 1.118, 17/37 (2007); Impact Factor 0.965, 30/42 (2009)

Environmental Sciences: Impact Factor 1.146, 39/126 (1999); Impact Factor 0.442, 97/127 (2000); Impact Factor 0.789, 89/134 (2004); Impact Factor 1.118, 96/160 (2007); Impact Factor 0.965, 136/181 (2009)

Limnology: Impact Factor 0.442, 8/12 (2000); Impact Factor 0.789, 7/14 (2004); Impact Factor 1.118, 9/19 (2007); Impact Factor 0.965, 13/18 (2009)

Water Resources: Impact Factor 0.442, 31/47 (2000); Impact Factor 0.789, 24/55 (2004); Impact Factor 1.118, 25/59 (2007); Impact Factor 0.965, 45/66 (2009)

James, B.R., Rabenhorst, M.C. and Frigon, G.A. (1992), Phosphorus sorption by peat and sand amended with iron oxides or steel wool. Water Environment Research, 64 (5), 699-705.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Env Res64, 699.pdf

Abstract: Efficient removal of nutrients from municipal sewage treatment plant wastewater is needed to protect surface waters from eu trophication, but artificial peat beds designed for this purpose have proved unsuccessful for phosphorus removal. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of adding iron oxides or steel wool to peat and sand to increase phosphate sorption. Langmuir-type batch isotherms and column leaching studies showed that preformed rust and untreated steel wool markedly increased phosphorus sorption by peat and sand, with the steel wool-peat combination removing the most phosphorus under realistic, leaching conditions. Estimated useful lives for the iron amended materials ranged from zero years for unamended sand to several years for steel wool-amended peat, depending on quantities of iron ma terial added. The results suggested that steel wool offers a low-cost, efficient amendment for peat and sand beds designed for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Water Environ. Res., 64, 699 (1992).

Keywords: Isotherms, Rust, Sorption, Tertiary Treatment, Wastewater, Wetlands

? Das, N.C. and Bandyopadhyay, M. (1992), Removal of copper(II) using vermiculite. Water Environment Research, 64 (7), 852-857.

Full Text: 1992\Wat Env Res64, 852.pdf

Abstract: Copper(II) removal efficiency by vermiculite has been investigated through laboratory experiments. The removal phenomenon appears to be consistent with an ion-exchange (exchange adsorption) process. The batch sorption equilibria follows Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The uptake of copper(II) is a function of the pH of the solution and increases with increasing pH. Increasing ionic strength and the presence of soluble complexing agents such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) decrease the sorption of copper(II). The presence of other divalent cations like calcium impede the uptake of copper(II). The presence of chloride ion has no significant effect on copper(II) removal. In a fixed bed vermiculite column, the removal efficiency of copper(II) from tap water is less than that from distilled water. Vermiculite can be regenerated with acid and can then be reused.

Keywords: Copper, Ion Exchange, Isotherm, Removal, Vermiculite, Heavy-Metals, Adsorption, Behavior, Soils, Oxide, Zinc

Wilczak, A. and Keinath, T.M. (1993), Kinetics of sorption and desorption of copper(II) and lead(II) on activated carbon. Water Environment Research, 65 (3), 238-244.

Full Text: 1993\Wat Env Res65, 238.pdf

Abstract: The rate of sorption of copper(II) and lead (II) onto activated carbons Nuchar SA and Filtrasorb 400 was observed to occur rapidly at the outset, followed by a slow and prolonged sorption. This indicates that previous sorption studies conducted for short equilibration periods likely underestimated the actual capacity of activated carbon for heavy metals. Although copper and lead ions desorbed from the activated carbon surface rapidly, the rate of desorption of lead was slower, prevailing over several days. Sorption of copper and lead ions on Nuchar SA was found to be fully reversible. Water Environ. Res., 65, 238 (1993).

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Copper, Desorption, Heavy Metals, Kinetics, Lead, Sorption

van Benschoten, J.E., Reed, B.E., Matsumoto, M.R. and Mcgarvey, P.J. (1994), Metal removal by soil washing for an iron oxide coated sandy soil. Water Environment Research, 66 (2), 168-174.

Full Text: 1994\Wat Env Res66, 168.pdf

Abstract: A contaminated, iron oxide coated (15.5% Fe₂O₃), sandy soil wasstudied to evaluate the effectiveness of conventional soil-washing extractants for metal removal. Metals of interestincluded As, Cu, Pb, Hg and Zn. The extractant solutions were HCl, HNO₃, H₂SO₄, EDTA and NH₂OH^.HCl. Experiments assesse deffects of extractant strength and contact time. Individualsoil size fractions were studied for the various extractants.Metal-binding mechanisms were evaluated using a sequential extraction procedure. Metals in all size classes were boundstrongly, presumably by an Fe oxide coating observed on thesandy soil. From an analysis of particle size fractions, contaminated soil metal concentration correlated approximatelywith the surface area/volume ratio of soil particles, suggesting that the metals were associated with soil surfaces. During soil washing, a typical rapid metal release in HCl occurred initially, followed by a much slower step. The fraction associated with the slow metal release correlated reasonably well with the residual metal fraction. Althoughsandy soils often are good candidates for soil washing, surfacecoatings may make metal extraction for even sandy soilsdifficult.

? Kindzierski, W.B. and Gabos, S. (1994), Health-effects associated with waste-water treatment, disposal, and reuse. Water Environment Research, 66 (4), 651-657.

Full Text: 1994\Wat Env Res66, 651.pdf

Keywords: Vibrio-Cholerae NON-01, Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis, Drinking-Water, Hepatitis-A, Microbiological Quality, Cryptosporidium-Parvum, Risk Assessment, Sewage Workers, Public-Health, Desert Soil

Neufeld, R.D., Niaki, S. and Badali, C. (1994), Activated biofilm removal of low concentrations of toluene. Water Environment Research, 66 (7), 899-904.

Full Text: 1994\Wat Env Res66, 899.pdf

Abstract: A two-step technique is presented for the biodegradation or transformation of low concentrations of benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene and xylene (BETX) hydrocarbons. Step 1 incorporates the batch growth and attachment of a lush biofilm onto plastic surfaces utilizing a preselected substrate capable of stimulating desired biological activity. Step 2 involves continuous upflow biodegradation of low concentration levels of target organics by the generated biofilm. Step 1-generated biofilms are predicted to deteriorate during protracted time periods, however, extended experimental runs on the order of four months were conducted with continued bioremovals. Target organic removals during Step 2 operations, quantified by a first-order removal constant, are shown to be linked to Step 1 operating methodology. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

? Marr, J.B. and Facey, R.M. (1995), Agricultural waste. Water Environment Research, 67 (4), 503-507.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Env Res67, 503.pdf

Keywords: Anaerobic-Digestion, Denitrification, Residues

Bahorsky, M.S. and Bryant, D.H. (1995), Textiles. Water Environment Research, 67 (4), 544-548.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Env Res67, 544.pdf

Abstract: A review of the 1994 literature on the treatment of wastes from the textile industry. In general, dye manufacturers are taking a proactive approach in relation to the environmental problem of dyes. The topics covered include biological treatment, physical and chemical treatment and recycling and recovery.

? Nelson, P.O. and Yang, M.Y. (1995), Equilibrium adsorption of chlorophenols on granular activated carbon. Water Environment Research, 67 (6), 892-898.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Env Res67, 892.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of chlorinated phenols from aqueous so lution on granular activated carbon was studied in batch reactors. Single component equilibrium adsorption data for the eight compounds in two concentration ranges at pH 7.0 and 30°C were fit well by both the Lang muir and the Freundlich equations. The adsorptive capacities at pH 7.0 increase from pentachlorophenol to trichlorophenols and are fairly con stant from trichlorophenols to monochlorophenols. Equilibrium mea surements were also conducted for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dichloro phenol, and 4-chlorophenol over a wide pH range. A surface complex ation model has been proposed to describe the effect of pH on adsorption equilibria of chlorophenols on activated carbon. Activated carbon surface functional sites are divided into acidic and basic groups with which mo lecular and ionized forms of chlorophenols interact, respectively, and form two neutral complexes. The simulations of the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Water Environ. Res., 67, 892 (1995).

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Isotherms, Chlorophenols, Chlorinated Phenols, Water Interface

Spinti, M., Zhuang, H. and Trujillo, E.M. (1995), Evaluation of immobilized biomass beads for removing heavy metals from wastewaters. Water Environment Research, 67 (6), 943-952.

Full Text: 1995\Wat Env Res67, 943.pdf

Abstract: Immobilized biomass beads, which consist of dried and ground sphagnum peat moss immobilized in a porous polysulfone matrix, effectively remove heavy metals from wastewaters under appropriate conditions. This paper examines the procedure for forming the beads and their performance in packed columns. The beads are produced by atomizing an organic dispersion into water, creating droplets that become solid through phase inversion. Increasing the relative biomass content gave slightly lower surface areas. Metal ion breakthrough curves were obtained for metal ions from two actual acid mine drainage wastewaters. The selectivity of the beads for various cations was Fe > Al > Pb > Cu > Cd, Zn > Ca > Mn > Mg > Na. Capacity increases with initial pH of the column after regeneration. Bead titration tests indicate that the immobilized biomass beads have heterogeneous ionogenic adsorption sites. Experimental results also indicate that most of the magnesium removed from water by the immobilized biomass beads is adsorbed and exchangeable with potassium. Under the conditions used here, the immobilized biomass beads have a lower capacity than two commercially available ion exchange resins.

Keywords: Biosorption, Acid Mine Drainage, Heavy Metals, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Accumulation Lead, Algal Biomass, Extraction, Sphagnaceae, Cadmium

Wasay, S.A., Haron, Md.J. and Tokunaga, S. (1996), Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate and arsenate ions on lanthanum-impregnated silica gel. Water Environment Research, 68 (3), 295-300.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Env Res68, 295.pdf

Abstract: A lanthanum-impregnated silica gel has been developed for the removal of fluoride, phosphate and arsenate ions by adsorption. The interaction between silica gel and lanthanum ion was maximum at a final pH of 6. The removal of fluoride and arsenate ions by adsorption on the lanthanum-impregnated silica gel was more than 99.9% at neutral pH from initial concentration of 0.55 and 0.2 mmol/L, respectively. The removal of phosphate ion was 95% at an initial concentration of 0.5 mmol/L at neutral pH. Arsenite ion was not adsorbed on the material. The rate of adsorption of the anions followed the first-order reaction and fit in the Lagergren equation. The adsorption of each anion followed the Langmuir isotherm. Other anions such as Cl^-Br^-, I^-, NO^3-and SO₄^2-did not interfere with the adsorption. A column study was conducted for the removal of these anions at a fixed flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at pH approximately 7. These anions were removed by more than 99.9% at initial first or second fraction and the column was regenerated at pH 8.5. The method was applied for the removal of these anions from synthetic and high-tech industrial wastewaters. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

Keywords: Adsorption, Arsenate, Fluoride, Lanthanum Impregnation, Phosphate, Regeneration, Silica Gel, Aqueous-Solution, Waste-Water, Removal, Phosphorus, Carbon

Matsumoto, M.R., Jensen, J.N., Reed, B.E. and Lin, W. (1996), Physicochemical processes. Water Environment Research, 68 (4), 431-450.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Env Res68, 431.pdf

? Lin, W. and Reed, B.E. (1996), Electronics and metal finishing and processing. Water Environment Research, 68 (4), 538-542.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Env Res68, 538.pdf

Reed, B.E., Jamil, M. and Thomas, B. (1996), Effect of pH, empty bed contact time and hydraulic loading rate on lead removal by granular activated carbon columns. Water Environment Research, 68 (5), 877-882.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Env Res68, 877.pdf

Abstract: Batch and column studies were performed to determine the effect of pH, empty bed contact time (EBCT) and hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on lead removal by granular activated carbon (GAC) columns. Lead removal increased with increasing pH and for the majority of the adsorbate: adsorbent ratios investigated, was 100 % at pH_s < pH_prec. Column pH was extremely important to lead removal in GAC columns. A simple acid-base regeneration procedure was found to be effective in desorbing/resolubilizing the carbon-bound lead and raising the pH for the subsequent treatment run. Regeneration efficiencies were often less than 100%, but column performance was not adversely affected. For 1 mg/L lead, the optimum EBCT was between 6 and 7 minutes, whereas for 10 mg/L lead it was less than 10 minutes. The effect of HLR (4.9 and 9.8 m/hr) on column performance was minimal for 1 mg/L lead, whereas at 10 mg/L lead column removal was slightly better at the higher HLR. Carbon usage rates were higher than those observed for wastewaters containing organic contaminants, especially at 10 mg/L lead. However, given the relatively simple regeneration scheme, the applicability of GAC columns for metal-bearing wastewaters appears to be technically feasible.

? Kuhlmeier, P.D. and Sherwood, S.P. (1996), Treatability of inorganic arsenic and organoarsenicals in groundwater. Water Environment Research, 68 (5), 946-951.

Full Text: 1996\Wat Env Res68, 946.pdf

Abstract: A 2-year three-phase study into methods for treatment of mixed inorganic and organic arsenic species to drinking water levels was conducted at a former pesticide facility in Houston, Tex. The species present include monomethylarsinic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenate, and arsenite. Phase One studies reported here included the evaluation of four adsorbents using bottle roll and column flow through techniques, oxidation through the application of Fenton’s reagent followed by coprecipitation, coprecipitation without oxidation, and ultraviolet (UV)/ozone tests. The four adsorbents tested were activated carbon, activated alumina, ferrous sulfide, and a strongly basic ion exchange resin. All adsorbents removed some arsenic, but none except ferrous sulfide was sufficiently effective to warrant follow-up studies. Two small ferrous sulfide column rests, run under different conditions, removed arsenic but not to the levels and loading capacities needed to make this method practical. Organic compound destruction was tested using Fenton’s reagent (a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron) before coprecipitation. Arsenic was reduced to 170 ppb in the treated liquor. Coprecipitation without oxidative pretreatment produced a liquor containing 260 ppb arsenic. A two-stage Fenton-type coprecipitation procedure produced a supernatant containing 110 ppb total arsenic. Preliminary tests with a second-stage oxidative process, using ozone and UV radiation, showed approximately 80% destruction of an organic-arsenic surrogate (cacodylic acid) in 1 hour.

Keywords: Arsenic, Arsenate, Arsenite, Monomethylarsinic Acid, Dimethylarsinic Acid, Wastewater, Groundwater, Treatment, Adsorption, Ion Exchange, Coprecipitation, Removal, Water

Baker, J.R., Mihelcic, J.R., Luehrs, D.C. and Hickey, J.P. (1997), Evaluation of estimation methods for organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients. Water Environment Research, 69 (2), 136-145.

Full Text: W\Wat Env Res69, 136.pdf

Abstract: A critically evaluated set of 94 soil water partition coefficients normalized to soil organic carbon content (K-oc) is presented for 11 classes of organic chemicals. This data set is used to develop and evaluate K-oc estimation methods using three different descriptors. The three types of descriptors used in predicting K-oc were octanol/water partition coefficient (K-ow), molecular connectivity ((m) chi(t)), and linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs). The best results were obtained estimating K-oc from K-ow, though a slight improvement in the correlation coefficient was obtained by using a two-parameter regression with K-ow and the third order difference term from (m) chi(t). Molecular connectivity correlations seemed to be best suited for use with specific chemical classes. The LSER provided a better fit than (m) chi(t) but not as good as the correlation with K-ow. The correlation to predict K-oc from K-ow was developed for 72 chemicals; log K-oc = 0.903* log K-ow + 0.094. This correlation accounts for 91% of the variability in the data for chemicals with log K-ow ranging from 1.7 to 7.0. The expression to determine the 95% confidence interval on the estimated K-oc is provided along with an example for two chemicals of different hydrophobicity showing the confidence interval of the retardation factor determined from the estimated K-oc. The data showed that K-oc is not likely to be applicable for chemicals with log K-ow < 1.7. Finally, the K-oc correlation developed using K-ow as a descriptor was compared with three nonclass-specific correlations and two ‘commonly used’ class-specific correlations to determine which method(s) are most suitable.

Keywords: Adsorption, Sorption, Partition Coefficient K-Oc, Groundwater, Molecular Connectivity, Lser, Qsar, Octanol-Water, Solvation Energy Relationships, Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons, Water Partition-Coefficients, Soil Sorption, Solvatochromic Parameters, Molecular Connectivity, Pollutant Sorption, Natural Sediments, Adsorption, Prediction

Singh, G. and Prasad, B. (1997), Removal of ammonia from coke-plant wastewater by using synthetic zeolite. Water Environment Research, 69 (2), 157-161.

Full Text: W\Wat Env Res69, 157.pdf

Abstract: Ammonia is discharged at significant concentrations in coke-plant effluents and can adversely impact freshwater-receiving streams. This article reports on the removal of ammonia from such wastewaters by using synthetic zeolites. Factors affecting the ammonium exchange capacity included the contact time, the concentration of ammonia in the solution, the particle size of the zeolites, the loading flow rates, and the number of regenerations of zeolite. The 13X molecular sieve has also been tested for its capacity to remove ammonia from coke-plant secondary wastewater. Results indicate that the ammonium adsorption rate increases with an increase in the contact time of zeolite with ammonia solution. Smaller particle size of the zeolite, increase in ammonium concentration, and lower loading flow rate elevate ammonium exchange capacity for the zeolite. Regeneration of the zeolite with NaCl solution reactivates the zeolite column, and repeated column regeneration is possible without loss of ammonium uptake capacity.

Keywords: Adsorption, Ammonia, Coke Plant, Treatment, Zeolite

Casson, L.W., Ritter, M.O.D., Cossentino, L.M. and Gupta, P. (1997), Survival and recovery of seeded HIV in water and wastewater. Water Environment Research, 69 (2), 174-179.

Full Text: W\Wat Env Res69, 174.pdf

Abstract: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the major public health concerns in the world today. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, has been isolated from blood, semen, and other body fluids as well as excretions from infected individuals as both free virions, cell-free virus, and as productively infected cells, cell-associated virus. These body fluids and excretions, when discharged into wastewater collection systems, may contribute to the presence of HIV in wastewater. This raw wastewater, which may contain HIV, passes through wastewater treatment systems and may pose a potential health threat to wastewater treatment plant workers. The objectives of this research were to develop a better understanding of the survival of cell-associated HN in wastewater and to develop reliable methods for the concentration and recovery of HIV from wastewater. Casson et al. (1992) reported survival of cell-free HIV in primary and secondary effluent less than or equal to 12 h followed by a reduction in titer 1-to 2-log in 24-48 hr. The infectivity of cell-associated HIV was observed to be reduced rapidly after exposure to distilled water. However, a subpopulation of cell-associated HIV was observed to remain stable through 48 h and remain infectious for less than or equal to 96 h in distilled water. Preliminary results indicate that cell-associated HIV infectivity in nonchlorinated secondary effluent was less stable than in distilled water. Using a bentonite adsorption-elution procedure, the authors have been able to recover HIV from distilled water and primary and secondary effluent at an efficiency of 30-50% to achieve an 8-to 10-fold concentration depending on the initial HIV concentration. The bentonite-adsorption elution procedure combined with RT-PCR amplification provided a highly sensitive procedure for the detection of HIV in water and wastewater as low as one HIV particle per 25 ml.

Keywords: Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus, Nucleic-Acids, Aids, Detection, Health, HIV, Survivability, Virus, Wastewater, Water

Sabbah, I. and Rebhun, M. (1997), Adsorption-desorption of trichlorophenol in water-soil systems. Water Environment Research,