Pest Risk Analysis for Stone Fruit from New Zealand into Western Australia
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Final Report Pest Risk Analysis for Stone Fruit from New Zealand into Western Australia
August 2006 © Commonwealth of Australia 2006 This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. Requests for further authorisation should be directed to the Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Intellectual Property Branch, Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts, GPO Box 2154, Canberra ACT 2601 or by email to commonwealth.copyright@dcita.gov.au.
Biosecurity Australia (2006). Final Report for the Pest Risk Analysis for Stone Fruit from New Zealand into Western Australia. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra, Australia. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided in this document is true and accurate at the time of publication. A number of factors may affect the accuracy or completeness of this information. These factors include changes in pest and disease status, scientific information, and material continuing to be reviewed by Biosecurity Australia or otherwise provided that is relevant to the final import risk assessment. Table of contents GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 9 SUMMARY 13 1 INTRODUCTION 15 2 PROPOSAL TO IMPORT STONE FRUIT FROM NEW ZEALAND INTO WESTERN AUSTRALIA 17 2.1 Background 17 2.2 Administration 17 2.2.1 Scope 17 2.2.2 Biological Control Agents 17 2.2.3 Contaminating pests 18 2.3 Australia’s Current Quarantine Policy for Stone Fruit 18 2.3.1 International Policy 18 2.3.2 Western Australia 18 2.4 Stonefruit Production in New Zealand 19 2.5 Stonefruit Production in Western Australia 20 3 METHOD FOR PEST RISK ANALYSIS 23 4 PEST RISK ANALYSIS 29 4.1 Stage 1: Initiation 29 4.2 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment 29 4.2.1 Pest categorisation 29 Coleoptera (beetles, weevils) 30 Hemiptera (aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids, scales, true bugs, whiteflies) 30 Lepidoptera (leafrollers, moths, butterflies) 30 Thysanoptera (thrips) 30 Bacteria 30 Fungi 30 4.2.2 Risk assessments for quarantine pests 30 4.2.2.1 Arthropod pests 31 4.2.2.1.1 Bronze beetle 31 4.2.2.1.2 Citrophilus mealybug 34 4.2.2.1.3 Oystershell scale 38 4.2.2.1.4 Codling moth 41 4.2.2.1.5 Guava moth 44 4.2.2.1.6 Leafrollers 47 4.2.2.1.7 Grey-brown cutworm 51 4.2.2.1.8 Oriental fruit moth 54 4.2.2.1.9 New Zealand flower thrips 57 4.2.2.1.10 Western flower thrips 61 4.2.2.2 Biological control agents 64 4.2.2.2.1 Phytoseiid mites 64 4.2.2.3 Pathogens 68 4.2.2.3.1 Bacterial decline 68 4.2.2.3.2 Powdery mildew 71 4.2.2.3.3 Plum pockets 75 4.2.3 Risk Assessment Conclusion 78 4.3 Stage 3: Pest Risk Management 81 4.3.1Risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures 82 4.3.1.1 Oriental fruit moth 82 Option 1: Sourcing fruit from pest free areas, pest free places of production or pest free production sites 82 Option 2: Sourcing fruit from areas of low pest prevalence 83 Option 3: Methyl bromide fumigation 84 4.3.1.2 Citrophilus mealybug, leafrollers, thrips and biological control agents 85 4.3.1.3 Operational systems for the maintenance and verification of phytosanitary status 85 4.3.1.3a Registration of export orchards 85 4.3.1.3b Phytosanitary system for oriental fruit moth 86 4.3.1.3c Registration of packinghouses and auditing of procedures 86 4.3.1.3d Packaging and labelling 86 4.3.1.3e Specific conditions for storage and movement 87 4.3.1.3f Phytosanitary inspection by NZ MAF 87 4.3.1.3g Phytosanitary certification by NZ MAF 88 4.3.1.3h Pre-clearance or on-arrival phytosanitary inspection by AQIS 88 4.3.2Action for non-complying lots 89 4.3.3Uncategorised pests 89 5 IMPORT CONDITIONS 91 5.1 Registration of Export Orchards 91 5.2 Registration of Packinghouses and Auditing of Procedures 91 5.3 Methyl bromide fumigation 92 5.4 Packing and Labelling 92 5.5 Specific Conditions for Storage and Movement of Produce 92 5.6 Pre-export Inspection by NZ MAF and Remedial Action 93 5.7 Phytosanitary Certification 93 5.8 Phytosanitary Inspection by AQIS 94 9.1Remedial action for produce inspected on arrival 95 9.2Documentation errors 95 5.9 Audit of Protocol 95 5.10 Review of Policy 95 6 CONCLUSIONS 97 7 REFERENCES 99 APPENDIX – 1: PEST CATEGORISATION 111 Appendix – 1a: Pest Categorisation for Stone Fruit from New Zealand – Presence/Absence 112 Appendix – 1b: Pest Categorisation for Stone Fruit from New Zealand – Pathway Association 132 Appendix – 1c: Potential for Establishment or Spread and Associated Consequences for Pests of Stone Fruit from New Zealand 153 References 160 APPENDIX – 2: DATA SHEETS FOR QUARANTINE PESTS 177 2.1 Arthropods 178 2.1.1 Bronze beetle 178 2.1.2 Citrophilus mealybug 179 2.1.3 Oystershell scale 181 2.1.4 Codling moth 183 2.1.5 Guava moth 185 2.1.6 Leafrollers 186 2.1.7 Grey-brown cutworm 189 2.1.8 Oriental fruit moth 189 2.1.9 New Zealand flower thrips 191 2.1.10 Western flower thrips 193 2.2 Biological control agents 195 2.2.1 Phytoseiid mites 195 2.3 Pathogens 200 2.3.1 Bacterial decline 200 2.3.2 Powdery mildew 201 2.3.3 Plum pockets 203 Directory: SiteCollectionDocuments SiteCollectionDocuments -> Emerging Transport Technologies SiteCollectionDocuments -> Lesson Plan What are smart goals? 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