Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art
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Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art Edited by: Laurent Dobuzinskis (dobuzins@sfu.ca) Michael Howlett (howlett@sfu.ca) David Laycock (laycock@sfu.ca) Department of Political Science Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
V5A 1S6 Manuscript prepared for the University of Toronto Press Complete Final Draft 2 February 24, 2005 Table of ContentsTable of Contents ii Table of Tables (Heading 9) ix Table of Figures (Heading 8) xi Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 2 Introduction Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art 2 THE EDITORS 2 Introduction 2 Knowledge Utilization and Policy Analysis: The 3rd Community 2 Knowledge Brokers and Policy Analysis 5 Ongoing Research Questions in the Study of Canadian Policy Analysis 8 The Origins and Purposes of the Book 12 Section by Section Summary 13 References 16 PART ONE 23 Overview 23 CHAPTER 2 24 The Policy Analysis Movement 24 The Evolving Demand for Policy Analysis 26 The Evolving Supply of Policy Analysis 33 Prospects for the Policy Analysis Movement 41 References 45 CHAPTER 3 49 The Policy Analysis Profession in Canada 49 STEPHEN BROOKS 49 Introduction 49 Perspectives on the Policy Analysis Profession 52 The Formative Period 1913-1945 57 Consolidating its Influence, 1945-1968 64 Policy Analysis in the Age of Scientism: 1968 Onward 73 Conclusion 82 CHAPTER 4 86 Policy Analysis Methods in Canada 86 AIDAN R. VINING AND ANTHONY E. BOARDMAN 86 Introduction: The Problem of Policy Choice 86 A Metachoice Framework 89 Goals 90
Monetization 95 The Four Choice Method Classes 97 (Comprehensive) Cost-Benefit Analysis 97 Efficiency Analysis 100 Embedded Cost-Benefit Analysis 109 Multi-Goal Analysis 113 Conclusion 117 References 120 CHAPTER 5 145 Beyond Formal Policy Analysis: Governance Context and Analytical Styles in Canada 145 MICHAEL HOWLETT AND EVERT LINDQUIST 145 Introduction 145 Parsing Out Policy Analysis 148 Modes of Policy Analysis 149 Differential Policy Skills and Analytical Capacities 150 Differential Values and Politics 152 Differential Governance Contexts: National, Sectoral, and Agency Variations 153 Patterns and Trends in Canadian Policy Analytic Styles 160 National Level: Westminster Traditions, Competitive Federalism 160 Policy Sectors: Dispersed Expertise, Selective Consultation, Power Asymmetries 163 The Agency Level: Analytic Capacity Varies by Jurisdiction and Sector 167 Concluding Remarks: Canada’s Policy Analytic Style 169 Notes 172 References 173 CHAPTER 6 187 Canadian Public Policy Analysis and Public Policy Programs in Comparative Perspective 187 IRIS GEVA-MAY AND ALLAN MASLOVE 187 Public Policy Analysis: Trends and Developments 187 The Policy Analysis Profession: Characteristics and Needs 188 The Development of the Profession 192 Institutional Developments in Canada, U.S. and Europe 198 Policy Analysis in Canadian Universities 198 Policy Analysis in American Universities 204 Policy Analysis in European Universities 209 Conclusions: Canada in a Comparative Perspective 215 Notes 219 References 219 Part II 225 The Core 225 CHAPTER 7 226 Soft Craft, Hard Choices, Altered Context: Reflections On 25 Years of Policy Advice in Canada 226 MICHAEL J. PRINCE 226 Policy Advice as Public Sector Work: The Soft Craft of Hard Choices 228 A Changing Context of Policy Advice in Canada 235 Speaking Truth to Power as a Model of Policy Advising 236 A New Model of Policy Advising: Many Actors Sharing Many Truths 240 Concluding Reflections 246 Notes 253 References 254 CHAPTER 8 259 Policy Analysis and Bureaucratic Capacity: Context, Competencies, and Strategies 259 EVERT A. LINDQUIST AND JAMES A. DESVEAUX 259 Introduction 259 The Institutional Setting for Policy Analysis 262 The Demand for Policy Expertise 262 The Supply of Policy Expertise 264 Competencies for Well-Performing Policy Units 267 Mobilizing Policy Expertise: Three Modal Strategies 272 Evaluating Strategies for Mobilizing Policy Capacity 276 Policy Mobilization Strategies in Perspective 281 Conclusion: Implications for Management, Reform and Research 285 Lessons for Management 286 Implications for Institutional Design 288 A New Research Agenda 290 291 CHAPTER 9 292 Policy Analysis in the Federal Government: Building the Forward-looking Policy Research Capacity 292 JEAN-PIERRE VOYER 292 Introduction 292 The Fellegi Report 294 The Policy Research Initiative 296 Reaching Out to the External Policy Analysis Community 300 Departmental Policy Research Capacity 304 The Leaders 304 The B Pool 307 Analytic Tools and Methods 310 Does All This Make a Difference? 313 Conclusion: Looking Ahead 314 Notes 315 References 316 CHAPTER 10 320 Observations on Policy-Making in Provincial Governments in Canada 320 DOUG MCARTHUR 320 Introduction 320 Policy Analysis and Politics 321 What Happens in the Policy Process? 326 Organizing Deliberations in Government 330 Analysis and Public Policy Development within the Bureaucracy 338 Program Reviews and Policy Analysis 340 New Public Management 345 Policy Negotiations 352 The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly 360 Conclusion 365 References 367 CHAPTER 11 369 Policy Analysis for Whom? Institutional Inadequacy and the Potential for Democratic Policy-Making Deviation in Eight Canadian Cities. 369 PATRICK J. SMITH AND KENNEDY STEWART 369 Introduction 369 Exploring Democratic Policy-Making in Canadian Cities 369 Institutional Standards for Democratic Policy Making 373 Electoral Stage Institutions 374 Legislative Stage Institutions 379 Administrative Stage Institutions 382 The State of Canadian Local Democratic Policy-Making Institutions. 385 Electoral Stage Institutions 386 Legislative Stage Institutions 389 Administrative Stage Institutions 393 Conclusion: Assessing Potential for Deviation 396 Notes 399 Reference 400 Part III 405 Insiders 405 CHAPTER 12 406 Back to the Future? Is There a Case for Re-establishing the Economic Council and/or the Science Council? 406 LAURENT DOBUZINSKIS 406 Historical Background 407 The Economic Council 408 The Science Council 413 The Evolution of Policy the Councils’ Research Agendas 419 Canadian Policy Research Networks: The Economic Council Redux? 429 The Science Council’s Crusade for an Industrial Policy 430 The Legacy of the Science Council 435 The Case for Re-Establishing the Science Council 436 445
Notes 445 Table 1 451 Classification by Subject of the Publications (1964-92) of the Economic Council of Canada 451 References 454 CHAPTER 13 460 The Public of Public Inquiries 460 LIORA SALTER 460
Dealing with the Terminology 464 How Do Inquiries Conceive of the Public? 474 What Are The Options? 486 References 489 CHAPTER 14 490 Committees Inside Canadian Legislatures 490 JOSIE SCHOFIELD AND JONATHAN FERSHAU 490 Introduction 490 Defining and Classifying Committees 494 Defining Committees 494 Parliamentary Committees 495 Caucus Committees 496 Classifying Committees 497 Policy Cycle Model 497 Agenda-setting stage 498 Policy Formulation Stage 499 Decision-making Stage 501 Policy Implementation Stage 502 Policy Evaluation Stage 502 Summary 503 Assessing the Effectiveness of Committees 504 Institutional Constraints 504 Political Factors 506 Size of a Legislature 506 Number of Parties 510 Legislative Independence 513 Legislative Resources and Services 515 Conclusion 516 Notes 517 CHAPTER 15 524 How Policy Makers View Public Opinion 524 FRANCOIS PETRY 524 Introduction 524 Methods 525 The Sources of Public Opinion 528 Three Conceptions of Public Opinion 535 Explaining Variation in Conceptions of Public Opinion 541 Conclusion 545 Note 553
Reference 555 CHAPTER 16 559 The Invisible Private Service: Consultants and Public Policy in Canada 559 KIMBERLY SPEERS 559 Introduction 559 Defining Consultants 563 History of Consulting in Canada 568 Why Governments Hire Management Consultants 573 Impact of Consultants on the Policy Process and Policy Analysis 578 Consultants and Public Policy 585 Closing Thoughts 592 CHAPTER 17 599 Policy Study and Development in Canada’s Political Parties 599 WILLIAM CROSS 599 Introduction 599 Members and Party Policy Development 600 Policy Making Within Parties: The Need for Policy Foundations 609 Conclusion 618 References 620 CHAPTER 18 625 Academics and Public Policy: Informing Policy-Analysis and Policy Making 625 DANIEL COHN 625 Introduction 625 Knowledge Users, Generators and Brokers 628 Academic Research and Public Policy: Decisions and Analysis 630 Activated Academics in Action: Economic Reform 637 Academics and Policy-Making: Taking Account of Context 644 References 649 CHAPTER 19 657 Any Ideas? Think Tanks and Policy Analysis in Canada 657 DONALD E. ABELSON 657 Introduction 657 Classifying Think Tanks 661 The Canadian Think Tank Experience 663 The First Wave, 1900-45 663 The Second Wave, 1946-70 664 The Third Wave 1971-1989 665 The Fourth Wave? 1990-2004 668 Think Tanks at Work 671 Competing in the Marketplace of Ideas 677 Think Tanks and Policy Influence 679 Conclusion 683 References 688 Business Associations and Policy Analysis in Canada 691 ANDREW STRITCH 691 The Extent of Policy Analysis 692 Means and Mechanisms of Policy Analysis 698 Analytical Focus 703 Level of Government 704 Issues 706 Dissemination of Results 711 Conclusions 714 Appendix – Policy Analysis Questionnaire 717 CHAPTER 21 724 The Media 724 CATHERINE MURRAY 724 Introduction 724 The Media and Policy Networks 726 Factors Affecting the Media’s Entry into Policy Networks 729 Mediated Policy Making 736 Reportage & Framing 737 Interrogation & Whistle-blowing 742 Investigation 744 Interpretation 748 Conclusion 751 References 754 CHAPTER 22 759 Policy Analysis and the Voluntary Sector: An Open and Shut Case 759 SUSAN D. PHILLIPS 759 The Voluntary Sector Defined 761 The Governance Context: New Opportunities 764 Elements of a Policy Style for the New Governance 765 Regulating Policy Participation 768 Capacities for Policy Participation 770 Policy Capacity 772 Network Capacity 777 Project and Program Capacity 782 Matching Opportunity and Capacities: The Policy Presence of the Voluntary Sector 783 Conclusion: Implications for Policy Studies 787 Notes 790 References 792 Chapter 23 798 1Policy Analysis by the Labour Movement in a Hostile Environment 798 ANDREW JACKSON AND BOB BALDWIN 798 Introduction: From Junior Insiders to Outsiders 798 Continuity and Change in Labour’s Policy Goals 811 Policy Analysis Related to Party Politics 813 Engagement in the Formal Policy Process 814 Policy Analysis by Labour at the Provincial Level 818 Shifting the Contours of Public Policy ‘Against the Prevailing Winds’ CLC 819 Research 819 Labour Policy Analysis in Relation to Non-Governmental Organizations and Think- Tanks 821 Concluding Thoughts 827 831
Contributors 831 Directory: ~howlett -> PA05 PA05 -> Any Ideas? Think Tanks and Policy Analysis in Canada PA05 -> Chapter 22 Any Ideas? Think Tanks and Policy Analysis in Canada Download 2.59 Mb. Share with your friends:
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