Reducing the impact of lead emissions at airports

Project No. ACRP 02-57 COPY NO. 1


REDUCING THE IMPACT OF LEAD EMISSIONS AT AIRPORTS

Prepared for

Airport Cooperative Research Program

Transportation Research Board

of

The National Academies

Jim Lyons, Jeremy Heiken, and Poornima Dixit

Sierra Research

Sacramento, CA

Jay Turner and Neil Feinberg

Washington University in St. Louis

St. Louis, MO
Mary Vigilante

Synergy Consultants, Inc.

Seattle, WA
Deborah Dutcher Wilson

DW Environmental Consulting

Tampa, FL

June 2016

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SPONSORSHIP


X

DISCLAIMER

This is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the Contractor. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied herein are those of the Contractor. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, or the program sponsors.

1.Executive Summary 1

2.Leaded Gasoline Issues 3

2.1Health Impacts from Lead Exposure 3

2.2U.S. Standards for Airborne Lead Concentrations 4

2.3Addition of Lead to Gasoline 4

2.4Elimination of Lead from Motor Gasoline 4

2.5Use of Lead in Aviation Gasoline 5

2.6Impact of Lead at Airports 7

2.7Contribution of Airport Lead to Total U.S. Lead Emissions 8

3.Characterization of Potential Strategies to Minimize Lead Emission Impacts 10

3.1Use of Unleaded MOGAS 10

3.2Implementation 14

3.3Relocating or Redistributing Run-Up Areas 22

3.4Implementation of Strategy 2 26

4.Assessment of Potential Strategies to Reduce Lead Impacts 32

4.1Data Collection 32

4.2Model Development and Performance 34

4.3Evaluation of Pb Mitigation Strategies 40

4.4Modeled Impacts from Using MOGAS 49

4.5Combination of Both Strategies 53

Figure 1 U.S. Aviation Gasoline Consumption 6

Figure 2 Fuel Price Report Summary of Fuel Prices at 3668 FBOs Nationwide 14

Figure 3 Modeled Total and Source-Group-Specific PM-Pb Concentrations at RVS Airport 24

Figure 4 Airport Diagram and EPA Monitor Location at PAO 35

Figure 5 Measured and Modeled 12-hour Pb Concentrations at RVS (a) and SMO (b) 36

Figure 6 Year 2013 Measured and Modeled 24-hour average Pb Concentrations at PAO 37

Figure 7 Modeled and Total Source Group Specific PM-Pb Average Concentrations at PAO from Hourly Modeling During November, December, and January 2013 38

Figure 8 Three-Month Average Modeled Concentrations at RVS, SMO, and PAO 41

Figure 9 Map of RVS with Current and Hypothetical Modeled Run-up Locations 42

Figure 10 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at RVS 43

Figure 11 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at RVS with Engine Testing Emissions Removed 44

Figure 12 Map of SMO with Current and Hypothetical Modeled Run-up Locations 45

Figure 13 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at SMO 46

Figure 14 Map of PAO with Current and Hypothetical Run-up Locations 47

Figure 15 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at PAO 48

Figure 16 Maximum Three-Month Average Concentrations for the November-January Period at Each Airport for Different Run-Up Areas 49

Figure 17 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at RVS 50

Figure 18 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at SMO 51

Figure 19 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at PAO 52

Figure 20 Maximum Three-Month Average Concentrations for the November-January Period at Each Airport for Base Case and MOGAS Scenarios 53

Figure 21 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at RVS 54

Figure 22 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at SMO 54

Figure 23 Modeled Three-Month Average Concentrations from November-January at PAO 55

Figure 24 Maximum Three-Month Average Concentrations for the November-January Period at Each Airport for the Base Case and Each of the Mitigation Strategies 56