Solvency China wants to cooperate

China is becoming more transparent and wants to cooperate with US

A senior Chinese space official said the Hollywood blockbuster "The Martian" is proof that Americans want to see the United States and China cooperate in space, but lamented Washington's ban on collaboration between the two countries. Advancing China's space program is a priority for Beijing, with President Xi Jinping calling for the country to establish itself as a space power. China insists its program is for peaceful purposes, but the U.S. Defense Department has highlighted its increasing space capabilities, saying it was pursuing activities aimed to prevent adversaries from using space-based assets in a crisis. Apart from its civilian ambitions, Beijing has tested anti-satellite missiles, and the U.S. Congress has banned NASA from engaging in cooperation with its Chinese counterpart due to security concerns. Xu Dazhe, the chief of the China National Space Administration, promised China's space plans would become "increasingly transparent". "When I saw the U.S. film 'The Martian', which envisages China-U.S. cooperation on a Mars rescue mission under emergency circumstances, it shows that our U.S. counterparts very much hope to cooperate with us," Xu told reporters at a briefing. "However, it's very regrettable that, for reasons everyone is aware of, there are currently some impediments to cooperation," Xu said. China's space program would continue to serve national security and economic interests, in what Beijing calls a "military-civil" development strategy, Xu said, but added that such efforts would be used in support of "world peace". "I believe that on this matter, China is more and more open, and I hope our American friends can take note," Xu said. China's space budget was still only about one-tenth of the United States' outlays, Xu said, but he did not elaborate. According to Chinese state media, China spends about $2 billion a year on its space program, though details are vague. Despite Washington's ban on cooperation, the two governments held their first civil space talks in September to discuss each other's plans and policies. China said this week that it would launch a "core module" for its first space station some time around 2018, part of a plan to have a permanent manned space station in service around 2022. China was also preparing to launch a Mars probe in 2020, which would reach the planet in 2021, the official Xinhua news agency has said. "The Martian", which depicts China supplying a rocket to launch a NASA rescue package into orbit as part of a harrowing mission to save a U.S. astronaut stranded on Mars, was a big success at the Chinese box office.

Chinese Space Station

China wants to cooperate they asked for NASA’s assistance with their upcoming space station

Fernholz in 2015 (Tim Fernholz covers state, business and society for Quartz. Tim began covering politics and policy in Washington, D.C. at the American Prospect in 2008, before joining National Journal in 2011 to write about fiscal policy. Then he was the business editor of GOOD Magazine, leading coverage on everything from tech companies and trade wars to globalization and political economy. He has been a fellow at the New America Foundation studying financial regulation and was awarded a Knight Journalism Fellowship in foreign affairs coverage and new media; “NASA has no choice but to refuse China’s request for help on a new space station” Published: October 13, 2015; http://qz.com/523094/nasa-has-no-choice-but-to-refuse-chinas-request-for-help-on-a-new-space-station/)

The Martian has been praised as the rare science fiction movie that takes pains with scientific accuracy, but one of the more prosaic events in the movie is actually among the least likely. In the film, Chinese and US space agencies work together to save the day. But in fact, that kind of international Kumbaya moment is forbidden by US law—a restriction underscored today (Oct. 13) at the International Astronautical Congress (IAC). The chief designer of China’s space program, Zhou Jianping, said his country would solicit international partners for a space station it plans to launch in 2022, with opportunities ranging from shared experiments and spacecraft visits by foreign crews to building permanent modules to attach to the main station. The European and Russian space agencies already have signed preliminary agreements with China, but NASA will have to snub the project. The ban on cooperation between NASA and the China Manned Space Program is a legacy of conservative lawmaker Frank Wolf, who cut off any funding for work with China in protest of political repression there and for fear of sharing advanced technology; he retired in January, but the restrictions remain in place. And NASA is not a fan of them. In his own remarks at the IAC, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said the US, for its own good, ought to dump the four-year-old ban. “We will find ourselves on the outside looking in, because everybody…who has any hope of a human spaceflight program…will go to whoever will fly their people,” Bolden said, according to a report from Reuters. Currently, China operates a space station called Tiangong 1 that has hosted several multi-week visits by groups of Chinese astronauts. The US supports the International Space Station and its permanent crew of three to six astronauts alongside 15 other countries, including Russia. Both the US and Russia have committed to provide support to the station through 2024. The US has a long history of space diplomacy with opponents—as with the USSR during the 1970s. With US policy framing China as a peaceful competitor rather than ideological enemy, the current restrictions on consorting with the Chinese space program has put NASA in a tough spot with space scientists from outside the agency, some of whom have protested the ban by boycotting scientific conferences. If the desire for manned cooperation with the Chinese is not enough to persuade US lawmakers to loosen their restrictions, there’s also the increasing concerns among space agencies and satellite operators that a lack of coordination between burgeoning space programs will lead to potential orbital disaster. Tests of anti-satellite weapons have already resulted in costly, in-orbit accidents. Civil space cooperation between the US and China could provide trust and lines of communication for de-escalation as fears of space militarization increase. And it’s not like there isn’t some cross-pollination already—SpaceNews notes that Zhou received some of his training at the University of Southern California.

China wants to cooperate with the United States

China Daily April 25th, 2016 (China daily is a daily newspaper covering everything China; “China open to Sino-US space cooperation”; Updated: 2016-04-25 09:34; http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/25/content_24813817.htm)

BEIJING -- China is open to space cooperation with all nations including the United States, the heavyweights of China's space program said on Sunday, the anniversary of China's first satellite launch 46 years ago. "China will not rule out cooperating with any country, and that includes the United States," said Yang Liwei, China's first astronaut. Payload has been reserved in the Chinese space station, due to enter service around 2022, for international projects and foreign astronauts, said Yang on the occasion of the first China Space Day, an annual celebration newly designated by the government. Upon request, China will also train astronauts for other countries, and jointly train astronauts with the European space station, Yang said. "The future of space exploration lies in international cooperation. It's true for us, and for the United States too," according to the senior astronaut. His words were echoed by Zhou Jianping, chief engineer of China's manned space program. Zhou said, "It is well understood that the United States is a global leader in space technology. But China is no less ambitious in contributing to human development." "Cooperation between major space players will be conducive to the development of all mankind," Zhou added. Citing security reasons, the U.S. Congress passed a law in 2011 to prohibit NASA from hosting Chinese visitors at its facilities and working with researchers affiliated to any Chinese government entity or enterprise. Ban remains in effect The U.S.-dominated International Space Station, which unsurprisingly blocks China, is scheduled to end its service in 2024. China's space station could be the only operational one in outer space, at least for a while. Commenting on Sino-U.S. space relations earlier this week, Xu Dazhe, the head of China's National Space Administration, cites Hollywood sci-fi blockbuster "The Martian," in which a U.S. astronaut gets stranded on Mars and is eventually brought back to Earth by NASA, with help from China. Xu Dazhe noted that China and the United States established a special dialogue mechanism last year and talks would continue this year. For chief engineer Zhou, the movie simply reflects what most people want. "Many American astronauts and scientists that I have met said they would like to work with us, if given the freedom of choice." The China Space Day was designated to mark the launch of China's first satellite on April 24, 1970.

ISS

China wants to join the US in space cooperation – they’re just not allowed in the squo

Long 16 (Jie Long, author of Space Policy V36, Faculty of Law, university of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Published May 4^th, 2016; accessed 06/27/16. http://pc8ga3qq6a.search.serialssolutions.com.proxy.library.umkc.edu/?ID=doi:10.1016/j.spacepol.2016.05.002&genre=article&atitle=China\'s%20space%20station%20project%20and%20international%20cooperation:%20Potential%20models%20of%20jurisdiction%20and%20selected%20legal%20issues.&title=Space%20Policy&issn=02659646&isbn=&volume=36&issue=&date=20160501&aulast=Long%2C%20Jie&spage=28&pages=28-37&sid=EBSCO:Academic%20Search%20Complete:115979965)

There are two options for China if China elects to use a model of jurisdiction like the ISS (thus a Sino-ISS). One is that China could become involved in the current ISS as a member and equally involved in the cooperation framework, which also means that its impending space station becomes a component of the ISS. China would then have sole jurisdiction and control over the space station and all of its parts. The other option is to develop an entirely new multilateral space station. China would invite new members to dock their own modules to the new space station, and the jurisdiction and control right still fall under the nationality of each module. In terms of the former, China has indicated interest in participating in the ISS since 2001 [49]. However, to date, China has yet to do so, as various factors have resulted in resistance to the entry of China to the ISS, such as technical and safety problems, the issue of technology transfer, its opaque political system, and the perception of the lack of human rights in China [50]. Although it seems that China and the US have friendly relations, NASA has still not received authorization from the US Congress to cooperate with China, as some of the lawmakers consider this cooperation to threaten the national security of the US [51]. Moreover, even though the operations of the ISS has been extended to at least 2024 [52], the lifespan of the ISS has almost reached its end. As the US is still assuming the leading and dominant role with the power to make some of the final ISS related decisions [53], it would be difficult for China to fully realize its manned space program development strategy by participating in the last decade of the lifespan of the ISS [54].

China wants cooperation with the US in space

David McKenzie, CNN 11:21 PM ET, Thu May 28, 2015 http://www.cnn.com/2015/05/28/asia/china-space-mckenzie/ Staff writer for CNN

China wants greater cooperation with other nations in space, particularly the United States, the country's most experienced astronaut has told CNN in an exclusive interview. Fifteen nations including the United States, Russia and Japan cooperate on International Space Station missions, but China's involvement has always been a non-starter because of longstanding resistance from U.S. legislators. "As an astronaut, I have a strong desire to fly with astronauts from other countries. I also look forward to going to the International Space Station," Commander Nie Haisheng told CNN. "...Space is a family affair, many countries are developing their space programs and China, as a big country, should make our own contributions in this field." The comments came during a wide-ranging and exclusive interview with the three-person crew of the Shenzhou-10 mission inside Space City, the center of China's space program, near Beijing last month. In 2011, Congress passed an act to bar NASA from having any bilateral contact with individuals of the Chinese space program because of national security fears. "Every time it gets mentioned at all anywhere near Congress, it gets shut down immediately," space analyst Miles O'Brien told CNN. "There is tremendous skepticism there about China. It is viewed as a foe, it is viewed as a government that seeks to take our intellectual property -- our national secrets and treasure." In a white paper released Tuesday, China said that outer space had become an area of "strategic competition." "The Chinese government has always advocated the peaceful use of outer space, it opposes space weaponization and an arms race in outer space. This position will not be changed," Wang Jin, a spokesman for the Ministry of Defense, said.

Exploration

China hopes for partnership with the US for planet exploration, and joint space station visits

Kwong Apr 26, 2016, Ray ; “Ray Kwong is a cross border business development geek and a Forbes contributing writer. He is currently facilitating talks between China and U.S. interests on such matters as clean energy economics, nanotechnology, commercial aerospace and business aviation. Previously, he was a strategic planning and marketing advisor to a number of Fortune 200 companies including Bank of America, Disney, Edison, McKesson, Sun Microsystems and Time Warner. He is also senior advisor to the USC US-China Institute and a charter member of the Asian International Business Advisory Group, established to promote bi-lateral trade between China and the U.S., most recently serving as its chair of strategic planning. While it sounds way cooler than it really is, he is also a member of the Bloomberg BusinessWeek Market Advisory Board and the McKinsey Quarterly Executive Panel.” Space: China seeks cooperation with the US, Ejinsight, http://www.ejinsight.com/20160426-space-china-seeks-cooperation-with-the-us/

Over the course of six manned missions, the United States sent 24 astronauts to the Moon, 12 of whom actually walked around on the lunar surface, planting flags and stopping here and there to pose for pictures. Manned missions were so A-OK that at least one astronaut famously took time out to hit some golf balls. That’s all to say that when it comes to the Moon, the US has been there, done that. This past Sunday, China, with space ambitions of its own, floated an open invitation to the US for a joint cosmic road trip to the Moon— or to Mars, to your space station or ours, wherever, whenever. “The future of space exploration lies in international cooperation. It’s true for us, and for the United States too,” said China’s first astronaut Yang Liwei, according to Xinhua, China’s official press agency. His words were echoed by Zhou Jianping, chief engineer of China’s manned space program. Zhou said, “It is well understood that the United States is a global leader in space technology. But China is no less ambitious in contributing to human development.” “Cooperation between major space players will be conducive to the development of all mankind,” Zhou added. Chinese President Xi Jinping asked scientists to help realize China’s dream of becoming a global space giant as the Communist nation marked its first Space Day, an annual celebration newly designated by the government, according to NDTV. “In establishing Space Day, we are commemorating history, passing on the spirit, and galvanizing popular enthusiasm for science, exploration of the unknown and innovation, particularly among young people,” Xi said. He asked space scientists and engineers to make China a space power. “Becoming an aerospace power has always been a dream we’ve been striving for,” Xi added. With or without some sort of collaborative effort with the US, China is nothing but committed. Xu Dazhe, director of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), at a press conference on April 22 in Beijing, described China’s Mars mission, slated for 2020, as one which includes an orbiter, lander, and rover which will “walk on Mars”, according to a press release. China is also building its own space station with the core module to be lofted in 2018, followed by another in 2020; the station is expected to be operational by 2022. In 2013, three Chinese astronauts spent 15 days in orbit aboard an experimental space lab, the Tiangong 1, before returning to Earth. Later that year, the Chang’e 3 probe made the first soft landing on the moon since 1976 when it deployed the Jade Rabbit moon rover. The US may have to watch China from the sidelines as NASA scientists are currently forbidden from working with the Chinese space program thanks to a 2011 bill passed by US Congress, citing security concerns. Be that as it may, China still hopes for an American assist, with Xu the CNSA director offering “proof” that NASA is on board. “When I saw the US film The Martian, which envisages China-US cooperation on a Mars rescue mission under emergency circumstances, it shows that our US counterparts very much hope to cooperate with us,” Xu said, according to Reuters. “However, it’s very regrettable that, for reasons everyone is aware of, there are currently some impediments to cooperation,” he said. As nutty as that sounds, crazier things have happened. For chief engineer Zhou, according to Xinhua, the movie simply reflects what most people want. “Many American astronauts and scientists that I have met said they would like to work with us, if given the freedom of choice.” Despite Washington’s ban on cooperation, the two governments held their first civil space talks in September to discuss each other’s plans and policies, Reuters noted, with Xu on record saying that talks would continue this year. Since NASA’s last Moon walk in 1972—the same year Richard Nixon visited China to normalize relations—and the Skylab space station, the focus of the space agency’s manned operations have been the Space Shuttle program (ending in 2011) and ISS Expeditions (ongoing, but scheduled to end in 2024 with a possible extension to 2028). NASA’s current space objectives are to capture an asteroid, tow it into orbit near Earth, and send astronauts to visit the space rock in 2020 as it prepares for a manned mission to Mars in 2030, according to Inquisitr.

China welcomes the cooperation

Jones in 2015 (ANDREW JONES Senior reporter for Great Britian times; “NASA chief says ban on China space cooperation is ‘temporary’” Published: 2015/10/13; http://gbtimes.com/china/nasa-chief-says-ban-china-space-cooperation-temporary)

NASA administrator Charles Bolden has said the United States should work with China on human spaceflight projects or find itself frozen out of future international space exploration. NASA has been effectively banned by Congress from any bilateral cooperation with China since 2011, and China has not been allowed to join the 15-nation collaborative International Space Station project. However Mr Bolden, speaking on a panel of heads of space agencies at the 2015 International Astronautical Congress in Jerusalem on Monday, believes this state of affairs is temporary. "The reason I think that where we are today is temporary is because of a practical statement that we will find ourselves on the outside looking in, because everybody...who has any hope of a human spaceflight program ... will go to whoever will fly their people,” Reuters reported Bolden as saying. China’s own representative, Xu Dazhe, the head of the body which oversees the country’s space activities, welcomed Bolden’s words, saying, "China has no difficulties in our cooperation policies with other agencies.” Xu, chief of the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (SASTIND), added that he wished the ban on cooperation can brought to an end sooner rather than later. However, Bolden did note a number of issues that hinder chances of cooperation, including concerns over transparency, reciprocity and finding areas of mutual benefit. Xu also reiterated China’s plans to launch a lunar sample return mission, Chang’e-5, in 2017 and is looking for partners for a 2018 mission to put a lander and rover on the far side of the moon.

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