Solar Storms Affirmative – 4 Week Lab [1/3]
A2: Executive Agency CP’s/ASPEC
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- A2: Private/Free Market CP [General]
A2: Executive Agency CP’s/ASPECThere are multiple agencies in chage of the plan – your CP doesn’t compete Baker et al, University of Colorado Boulder Professor of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, 2008 (Daniel, Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council of the National Academies “Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts Workshop Report: Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events:A Workshop, National Research Council” http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12507.html, 2008, accessed 7-21-11, ASR) Organization of the National Space Weather Program Bogdan pointed out that the U.S. federal government has chosen to coordinate space weather activities through the National Space Weather Program (NSWP), participated in by eight agencies including NASA, the Department of Commerce (NOAA), the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Energy, the Department of State, and the Department of Transportation. The NSWP operates under the auspices of the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology. The federal government has designated the SWPC as the single point of responsibility for space weather forecasting and prediction for the civil and commercial communities. A2: Private/Free Market CP [General]The NOAA has already contracted private companies over the plan – its normal means Baker et al, University of Colorado Boulder Professor of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, 2008 (Daniel, Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council of the National Academies “Severe Space Weather Events--Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts Workshop Report: Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events:A Workshop, National Research Council” http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12507.html, 2008, accessed 7-21-11, ASR) Murtagh presented a list of SWPC’s primary customers. Figure 4.8 shows a range of impact areas with examples of specific customers from those areas, as well as types of actions that customers take in response to SWPC alerts and examples of the possible costs incurred by not taking such action. Figure 4.8 illustrates a need being fulfilled and the importance of the SWPC’s products to a very wide community. However, Murtagh also indicated (during the question-and-answer period) that more sophisticated services were being left up to commercial industry. Space weather data are gathered, reduced, and presented by NOAA SWPC along with some general products. However, it is up to private industry to develop the specialized products that target specific needs for specific customers. These products and services often use products that are generated by NOAA SWPC. However, NOAA SWPC does not compete with private industry in this activity. Private sector won’t get involved -- only customer is the government, and past disengagement proves. Keith 10 ( Adam Keith - analyst for Euroconsult is the leading global consulting and analyst firm specialized in the satellite sector, 2010, “ Earth Observation: Emerging Markets, Partnerships Set to Fuel Global Growth” http://eijournal.com/2011/earth-observation-emerging-markets-partnerships-set-to-fuel-global-growth-2, BJM ) The size and health of the EO sector remains strongly tied to defense and security spending. With the market for commercial data valued at $1.1 billion in 2009, only three companies represent 65 percent of global market share: DigitalGlobe; GeoEye; and SPOT Image, which was rebranded recently with Infoterra as Astrium Geo-Information Services. For each company, however, governments are the primary customers, particularly for defense and security applications. This point was emphasized by the recent 10-year multibillion-dollar EnhancedView contracts awarded by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) to U.S.-based DigitalGlobe and GeoEye. The contracts support a long-term commitment to the U.S. commercial industry by the U.S. government, providing the companies a foundation from which to develop their businesses. One glaring difference between the U.S.-based companies and SPOT Image is the formers’ dependency on the home-government customer. More than 70 percent of the U.S. companies’ revenues come from U.S.-based customers, whereas 70 percent of SPOT Image’s 2009 revenues were from non-European entities. Given this, a likely high priority for U.S. operators will be to expand business outside of the United States. Government involvement also is evident in other commercial systems, whether through public-private partnerships (PPPs), such as Infoterra’s TerraSAR-X satellite and RapidEye’s constellation; through a data pre-purchase mechanism and PPP, such as Canada’s RADARSAT-2; or simply commercializing data from government systems through dedicated entities such as the dual-use COSMO-Skymed constellation through e-GEOS and the Pleiades mission through SPOT Image. Hybrid funding schemes and dual-use models could provide more efficient alternatives for deploying and sharing the costs and benefits of traditionally costly remote sensing programs. The high capital output required for commercial operators to bring high-resolution data missions online, along with ever-tightening government budgets, should continue to foster mutually beneficial partnerships between government and industry. A2: Private/Free Market CP [General]Private sector can’t solve. Achache, 2003 (José - Director of Earth Observation European Space Agency, 2003, http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:KRthZG2iKXcJ:francestanford.stanford.edu/sites/francestanford.stanford.edu/files/Achache.pdf+%22commercial%22+earth+observation+satellites+%22dual+use%22&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShQhecHRVH3mz9DMBGgnnudUOgZLxT8ZhR4x1X5BHGtygNp2hC8ISZajLJ2wmGe1ZTmcuK1xHCMseYXMCoZ-qtQRSwDQonNjHFP6xx39dF_I7aanCIy6QgKv-ZDYCtcraoVbrDu&sig=AHIEtbSDYrayD9dm-PrE6m-RV5rNDaG2Uw, “Open Access to Earth Observation From Space: Opportunity or Threat to Security?”, BJM) The consequences are, however, quite different for telecommunications and for Earth Observation. In the former case, commercial activities are sufficient to warrant a profitable business and the investment in space infrastructure relies on private funding. As for the case of Earth Observation, in most countries except the United States, satellites are publicly funded and privately operated. The United States developed a specific approach to allow for the private funding of the space infrastructure. A military agency, the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA), is tasked to provide anchor tenancy for these private initiatives (Space Imaging, Digitalglobe, Orbview). This policy has not proven to be sufficient to bring these initiatives to a sustainable level and the recent decision to support these companies through the “Clearview” contracts should be seen as a demonstration that this mechanism is no different from the public approach. In this paper, I would like to emphasize the drawbacks of these policies regarding the development of Earth Observation for non-military purposes. Indeed, it is the opinion of the author that such practices are putting strong limitations to the peaceful use of many existing and future Earth Observation systems whether for scientific studies, the development of public services as well as commercial applications. Today, easy access to data is advocated by many as a necessary condition for the development of civilian space applications. On the contrary, the current defence data procurement policy is setting an artificially high price tag on space imagery and 4 imposing additional control to data distribution by advocating security issues, thus creating two major obstacles to public use: the barrier of data cost and the hurdle of data access. The situation described above also demonstrates that in the absence of a significant civilian service industry to develop the commercial use of Earth Observation, the institutional role is essential for guaranteeing the availability of the infrastructure. But this institutional role will be justified only if there is a demonstrated public need and if the free dissemination of data does not represent a threat to national security. Past failures prove the CP can’t solve. Lyn Wigbels, G. Ryan Faith, and Vincent Sabathier ‘8 [CSIS “EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND GLOBAL CHANGE” 7/14/08 Vincent G. Sabathier is a senior fellow and director of the Human Space Exploration Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C, a senior associate with the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, from 2004-2009 he was senior fellow and director for space initiatives at CSIS. He is also senior adviser to the SAFRAN group and consults internationally on aerospace and telecommunications. Ryan Faith is program manager for the Human Space Exploration Initiative at CSIS. Lyn Wigbels is a former assistant director for international programs at the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program, BJM] There are many effective public-private partnerships involving the use and dissemination of data from government-purchased weather and land-imaging Earth observation platforms. However, past U.S. government attempts to commercialize Earth observation capabilities (for example, moderate resolution land imaging) have not been successful. While attempts to commercialize Earth observations in other nations have succeeded to some extent, such as the French Spot Image, these cases have involved significant government support. There are many other mechanisms for effective collaboration among contributing segments of the community and emerging users, such as the recent National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) partnership with Shell to place sensors on their offshore oil platforms, that will augment the national ocean monitoring capability. Once the market matures and the economic value of Earth observations is more clearly established, there will be more opportunities for public/private partnerships and private sector initiatives. Other emergent opportunities, such as the possibility of food and water management, may be fertile areas for involvement of the private sector at an early stage of the development process. More effective understanding and integration of the entire Earth observation value chain will reduce the uncertainty that data and satellite industries face in making investments in Earth observation capabilities and applications and thus provide a broader base of support and capital investment for a more comprehensive global Earth observation capability meeting both the private and public sector needs. Private sector can’t solve without government action. Lyn Wigbels, G. Ryan Faith, and Vincent Sabathier ‘8 [CSIS “EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND GLOBAL CHANGE” 7/14/08 Vincent G. Sabathier is a senior fellow and director of the Human Space Exploration Initiative at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C, a senior associate with the CSIS Technology and Public Policy Program, from 2004-2009 he was senior fellow and director for space initiatives at CSIS. He is also senior adviser to the SAFRAN group and consults internationally on aerospace and telecommunications. Ryan Faith is program manager for the Human Space Exploration Initiative at CSIS. Lyn Wigbels is a former assistant director for international programs at the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program, BJM] To maximize the benefits of Earth observations, the private sector has expressed a need for more accurate information at regional and local scales; higher spatial and temporal data resolutions; and a better understanding of the changing hazards, consequences, assets, and resiliencies associated with global change. They also point to the need for accuracy and timeliness of the information. More importantly, with the reliance on Earth observations growing, the private sector is concerned about how dependent it may become on a system that may be decaying—particularly one that is not strongly committed to long-term data acquisition and continuity. Industry requires continuity of these capabilities and more certainty about their availability in the future. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 0.93 Mb. Share with your friends:
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