Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Risks and Consequences, Nature's Delicate Balance, a changing America, Science Fair, America on the Move, Dollars and Sense, Level 4 [Grade 4]
Download 1.43 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Science Inquiry: Isaac New ton Isaac New
- Vocabulary: Warm-Up Read the article to find the meanings of these words, which are also in "Magnetism": * rarely * attract
- What Will a Magnet Attr Act
- Making Magnets
- Electromagnetism: Magnetism and Electricity
- Science Fair: Theme Connections
- Social Studies Inquiry: Where Am I
- Vocabulary: Warm-Up Read the article to find the meanings of these words, which are also in "The Case of the Gasping Garbage": * drizzly
- * pursuit
- The Case of the Gasping Garbage
- Chapter One: Monster Mission
Meet the Author Stephen P. Kramer Kramer has always been interested in natural history. He studied biology at Pacific Lutheran University and Northern Arizona University. He taught science to junior high school students on a Navajo reservation and then taught fifth grade. Kramer lives in Vancouver, Washington, with his wife and two sons. When he is not writing, teaching, or spending time with family, he is learning how to play the bagpipes.
Barbara Spurll Spurll says the best part about drawing is she learns new things. She may need to research how turtles hibernate or learn how people dressed in King Arthur's court. She tells students who want to become illustrators to keep a sketchbook with them at all times. They should draw in it every day for about twenty minutes. Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 368 and page 369 in the print version. 369 Science Fair: Theme Connections Within the Selection 1. What is the purpose of using a control group and an experimental group? 2. Why do scientists sometimes repeat an experiment? Beyond the Selection 3. If you were a scientist, which field would you study? 4. When it comes to scientific research, what resources do you think would be most helpful? Write about It! Tell about a time you tested an idea you had. Remember to add your questions about the theme Science Fair to the Concept/Question Board.
Genre
A biography is the story of a real person's life that is written by another person. Feature
Time lines show the order in which important events happened. Isaac Newton was born in England in 1642. Growing up, he was not a good student. His uncle helped him get into Cambridge University. He finished his studies at Cambridge in 1665. One year later, Newton saw an apple fall to the ground. He wondered what force pulled the apple down. He also wondered whether that force affected things far away, such as the moon. In 1669, he went back to Cambridge, where he taught for thirty years. He figured out that the motion of the apple, the moon, and all the planets could be explained by the law of gravity. Gravity is a force that pulls objects toward one another. Objects with more mass have more pull. The Earth has more mass than the objects on its surface. When things fall, they are pulled toward Earth by gravity. The moon is also caught in Earth's gravity. But the moon is moving fast--so fast that it keeps circling Earth instead of falling to Earth. We call this an orbit. In 1687, Newton published a book to share the results of his studies about gravity and motion. He made other important discoveries during his life. That is no surprise, considering what he learned from one apple! 371
Think Link
Why does the moon not fall to Earth? Explain how gravity causes planets to orbit stars. Try It!
As you work on your investigation, think about why some events are chosen for a time line and why other events might not be included. 372
Vocabulary: Warm-Up Read the article to find the meanings of these words, which are also in "Magnetism": * rarely * attract * pure * core * force * related * current * friction Vocabulary Strategy Context Clues are hints in the text that help you find the meanings of words. Look at the words core and friction . Use context clues to find each word's meaning. Elliott loved magnets. He collected them and played with them. He read about them and did experiments with them. He took magnets with him wherever he went. People rarely saw Elliott without his magnets. He talked about them to anyone who would listen. "Do you want to see how these magnets attract paper clips?" he asked his mom. "Did you know that pure iron is the most magnetic material in the world?" he asked his three-year-old sister, Ella. "The earth's inner core is made up of pure iron." "Do you see how these magnets repel each other?" he asked his grandma. "I do not have enough force to push them together."
"Hi, Grandpa Sam," Elliott said. "Did you know that magnetism and electricity are related? " "Why, yes," answered Sam. "An electromagnet is formed when a current flows through wire wrapped around a metal object." Elliott's mouth hung open. "Stuff like that fascinates me," said Sam, smiling. "Wow!" Elliott exclaimed. "You are the first person I have met who loves magnets like I do." "Have you ever heard of a maglev train?" Sam asked. "It is a train that runs by electromagnets. There are no wheels, so there is no friction . The train almost looks like it is floating-- at 300 miles per hour!" "Wow! Tell me more," Elliott said with a huge grin. Concept Vocabulary Mini Charades Write the eight vocabulary words and their definitions in a notebook. Most of these words should be easy to act out with a partner. Play a mini game of charades with another pair of classmates. Take turns acting out the words. Concept Vocabulary This lesson's concept word is apparatus. An apparatus is a piece of equipment used in an experiment. A microscope would be an example of an apparatus. Test tubes are also apparatuses. What other examples can you think of? If you were going to invent a new scientific apparatus, what would it be? Draw a picture of a science lab that includes at least six different apparatuses--some real, some imaginary. 374
Magnetism by Rebecca Hunter Genre Expository Text tells people something. It contains facts about real people, things, or events. Comprehension Strategy Summarizing As you read, stop at the end of a larger section of text to summarize the information you have read. 375 Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 374 and page 375 in the print version. Focus Questions How could you prove that magnetism exists? How would the world be different without magnets? 376
Bar magnet Ring magnet What is Magnetism? Magnetism is the ability of a piece of metal or rock to attract something to it or to repel, or push away, certain materials. Magnets can make things move without actually touching them. Most magnets are made from iron or steel and can be made into many different shapes. You can make amazing sculptures with these magnetized shapes. What Will a Magnet Attr Act? The most magnetic material is pure iron. However, iron is rarely found in its pure form. It is usually mixed with other metals. Anything that has iron in it will be somewhat magnetic. 377
The ends of a magnet are called poles. Each magnet has a North and a South pole. Magnets are often labeled. The North pole is labeled N, and the South pole is labeled S. Sometimes magnets are painted so that the North pole is red and the South pole is blue. A North pole will always be attracted to the South pole of another magnet. Two South poles will repel, or push away from, each other. The same thing would take place with two North poles. Magnetic Fields The push or pull of a magnet is called its magnetic force. Most of the force of a magnet is at its ends. However, the force spreads in all directions along the magnet. This space around a magnet, in which the magnetic force is felt, is called the magnetic field.
Some metals can be made into magnets. Try making a magnet. Project Project
A strong bar magnet Some paper clips First, test to see if the nail is magnetic. Does it attract the paper clips?
A magnetic material can be thought of as holding millions of tiny magnets. In a magnet, these tiny magnets all face the same way. In a material that is not magnetic, these magnets face in different directions. By stroking the steel nail with a magnet, you started to line up the tiny magnets inside the nail in one direction. With each stroke of the magnet, some of the tiny magnets were pulled into line. The more you stroked, the more tiny magnets were lined up. The nail became a stronger magnet.
Magnetic nail 380
Magnetic South pole Earth as a Magnet Earth acts as if it had a huge bar magnet inside it. This is caused by the very hot, iron core at the center of Earth. If there were a bar magnet inside our planet, it would have one end at the magnetic North pole. The other end would be at the magnetic South pole. Remember that the magnetic poles are not quite the same as Earth's geographic North and South poles. Lines of magnetic force run through Earth from one pole to the other. If it is allowed to turn freely, a magnet will align itself with the magnetic North and South poles. This is what makes a compass work. Sailors' Magnet Lodestone, a natural iron ore, acts like a magnet. It was used as a compass by sailors over 1,000 years ago. 381
Project You will need A large needle A small piece of cork or polystyrene A magnet A saucer of water First, you need to make the needle act like a magnet. You do this by stroking it with a magnet. Do this at least 20 times.
The needle will swing around to point in a North-South direction. This is what a real compass does. A compass is especially important in helping ships at sea to find their way. Many drivers and hikers use compasses to guide them. 382 Electromagnetism: Magnetism and Electricity Magnetism and electricity are closely related. There are magnets in the generators that produce electricity. There are also magnets inside electric motors. An electric current can produce its own magnetic field. Electricity can also be used to create a magnet. Such magnets are called electromagnets. Project You will need A D-cell battery in a holder A long iron nail Some plastic covered wire [about 2-3 feet (60-100 cm)] Some paper clips or pins Wind the wire around the nail about ten times. Attach one end of the wire to one terminal, or the connection point on the battery. Attach the other end to the other terminal.
The electricity flowing through the tight coils of wire creates a strong magnetic field from one end of the coil to the other. The force lines up all the magnetic particles in the nail and turns it into a magnet. The more coils of wire there are, the stronger the magnetic force. Electromagnets are very useful because the magnetism can be switched on and off with the electricity. Electromagnets are found in many things in a house, such as televisions, telephones, and doorbells. A magnetic train seems to "float" above its track. Two sets of electromagnets hold it there. When the electricity is turned on, the train glides very smoothly along its track. There is no friction, or rubbing, of the wheels on rails. As a result, these trains can travel much faster than ordinary trains. The train stops when the electricity is turned off.
Rebecca Hunter Hunter is best known for her books in the Discovering Science series. She has written about topics such as electricity and magnetism, energy, hot and cold, and light and dark. Her books for children include fun, easy science projects.
Within the Selection 1. What is magnetic force? 2. Why does a magnetic train seem to "float"? Across Selections 3. What other selection includes step-by-step instructions for an experiment you could perform in the classroom? 4. How is magnetic energy different from the energy discussed in "Energy Makes Things Happen"? Beyond the Selection 5. What fascinates you most about magnets? 6. What things do you use each day that require electricity? Write about It! Describe a time you were without electricity. Remember to check the to see whether someone was able to answer a question you posted.
386
Social Studies Inquiry: Where Am I? Genre
Expository Text tells people something. It contains facts about real people, things, or events. Feature
Maps are a representation, usually on a flat surface, of a region of Earth. Tokyo, Japan, is found at 36° N and 140° E. Sydney, Australia, is found at 34° S and 151° E. We say "degrees" when we talk about temperature. But how are degrees related to finding a place? Each location on a map has a degree for latitude and a degree for longitude. Latitude and longitude are lines on a map that form a grid to help determine exact locations. Latitude lines run from left to right. The Equator is a line that divides Earth into north and south. The Equator is 0° latitude. Degrees latitude are measured from 0° to 90° north and south. The North Pole is 90° north. The South Pole is 90° south. Longitude lines run from pole to pole. The Prime Meridian is 0° longitude. It runs through Greenwich, England. Longitude lines go 180° to the east and to the west. Every place in the world can be described in terms of latitude and longitude. Which city is located at 38° N and 122° W? Because it is north, you know it is above the Equator. When you find 38° N, put your left pointer finger there. Then find the longitude line for 122° W. Put your right pointer finger there. Bring your fingers together along those two lines. They will meet by... San Francisco, California. Where do you live on the global grid? 387
Think Link Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 386 and page 387 in the print version. Look at the map above. Choose three cities and find their latitude and longitude coordinates. The coordinates of the cities on this map are north and west. Why is that? Before looking at a map, guess what the latitude and longitude are for your hometown. Then use a map to find its exact location. Try It! As you work on your investigation, think about how a map might help you share your information. 388 Vocabulary: Warm-Up Read the article to find the meanings of these words, which are also in "The Case of the Gasping Garbage": * drizzly * techniques * overwhelm * environment * competitor * findings * peered * pursuit Vocabulary Strategy Context Clues are hints in the text that help you find the meanings of words. Look at the words drizzly and peered. Use context clues to find each word's meaning. Kezia's aunt and grandma planned a scavenger hunt every summer for Kezia and her cousins. This was the big day! The morning started out drizzly , but soon the weather cleared. The twelve cousins divided up into six pairs. Each pair thought up a team name. Kezia and her cousin Lamont decided on "The Victors." They were sure they would win. They were the oldest, smartest, and fastest of the cousins. "We know the best techniques for finding clues," Lamont told Kezia. "We will overwhelm all the younger cousins." "Plus we know this environment so well," Kezia added. "We have been coming to Grandma's since we were born. Who do you think will be our biggest competitor? "
"It won't even be close," Lamont said confidently. Grandma and Aunt Liz called everyone together and explained the rules. "Each team takes a paper," Aunt Liz said. "Follow the clues one by one. Do your best to hide your findings from the other teams. The first team to find the hidden treasure wins!" Kezia peered at the paper and read the first clue to Lamont. His eyes lit up right away. "I know!" he whispered excitedly. "The first clue is at the back of the woods by that old outhouse. I know a shortcut!" They cut through the neighbor's yard. They were almost to the back fence when they heard loud barking. It was the neighbor's big dog, and he was loose! They took off running back to Grandma's. The dog was in hot pursuit . They reached Grandma's porch, flung open the door, and ran inside. The dog turned around and went home. "It looks like The Victors met their match!" Aunt Liz laughed. Concept Vocabulary
Write each vocabulary word on an index card. Write each definition on a separate card. Study the words and definitions. Then mix up the cards. Have a classmate hold up one card at a time. If the card is a vocabulary word, you must give its definition. If the card shows a definition, you must give the vocabulary word that goes with it. Concept Vocabulary This lesson's concept word is rigor. Rigor is strict precision. Scientists must complete their experiments with rigor. They must do things precisely, in a certain way. The opposite of rigor is relaxed or careless. What might happen if a scientist was careless in the laboratory? List some problems or dangers. 390 The Case of the Gasping Garbage written by Michele Torrey illustrated by Ken Gamage Genre
A mystery has fictional characters who find hidden clues and solve a problem by the end of the story. Comprehension Skill: Classify and Categorize As you read, try to find things in the story that are similar to each other.
391
Focus Questions Why is it important to observe the world around us? How does science make the world less mysterious? Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 390 and page 391 in the print version. 392
Chapter One: Monster Mission Introducing Doyle and Fossey. Science Detectives. Known throughout the fifth grade for their relentless pursuit of answers. And not just any answers. The right answers. On a damp, drizzly day, in an attic not too far away, Drake Doyle worked alone in his homemade laboratory. The laboratory was filled with the latest scientific equipment: a chalkboard, racks of test tubes, flasks and beakers, dozens of sharpened pencils, and a lab coat with his name on it. Drake's hair was quite wild (some would say it stuck straight up) and the color of toast. Cinnamon toast, that is. And perched on the end of his nose was a pair of round glasses, making him look very scientific indeed. Which, of course, he was.
393
On this damp, drizzly day, an experiment was under way. A very important experiment. The solution in the test tube fizzed and popped. Drake Doyle glanced at his watch, then scribbled the results in his lab notebook.
Drake slapped his notebook shut. (Serious scientists always slap their notebooks shut.) He shoved his pencil behind his ear just as the phone rang. "Doyle and Fossey," he answered, speaking in his best scientific voice. Nell Fossey was Drake's lab partner. They were in business together. Serious business. Their business card read:
Drake pushed up his glasses with his finger. Obviously, this was an important phone call. Very important. And important phone calls were more important than important experiments. He set his test tubes aside. "Who is this?" he asked. "Gabby Talberg," she shrieked. "Hurry! Hurry!" 395
"Oh, hi, Gabby." Gabby Talberg was in Drake's fifth-grade class at school. She was a nice girl, even if she did talk too much. "Now, calm down and speak slowly. What seems to be the problem?" "Speak-slowly?-Are-you-nuts?-I-said-there's-a-huge-giant-bloodsucking-monster-in-my-garbage-can-and-it's-growing-bigger-and-bigger-every-second-and-I'm-alone-in-the-house-and-it's-going-to-gobble-me-up-and-I-don't-want-to-be-someone's-dinner!" Gabby gasped for breath. 396
But Drake couldn't allow his excitement to overwhelm his good scientific sense. That was the first rule of science. And Drake was a stickler about rules of science. He cleared his throat and forced himself to speak calmly. "What makes you think there's a monster?" he asked. 397 "All kinds of weird gasping noises are coming from my garbage can. Something's inside. Hurry, Drake, you have to come over immediately and get rid of it. Because if you don't, I'll just have to call James Frisco." Great Scott! thought Drake, horrified. Not James Frisco! Frisco was in their fifth-grade class at school. Frisco was a competitor. Frisco was a scientist, but he was a bad scientist. A very bad scientist. A mad scientist, you might say. Frisco's business card read: Why was Frisco such a bad mad scientist? Because if Frisco didn't like a number, he erased it. Because if an experiment asked for pink, Frisco used blue. Because if an experiment called for two, Frisco used one. (Or three.) But most especially, because if an experiment said "Adult Supervision Required, OR ELSE!" Frisco did it anyway. Alone. 398 Drake knew that if Gabby hired Frisco, there was no telling what could happen. Knowing Frisco's sloppy scientific techniques, Frisco might let the monster out of the can, and he and Gabby would never be seen again! Gobbled in the blink of an eye! "Drake," said Gabby, "Drake, are you there? I said you have to come over immediately and get rid of it or else I'll call Frisco!" "Check. I'll be right there." Click. Drake phoned Nell. She was the most fabulous partner an amateur scientist and detective genius could have. Whenever they had a serious case, Nell dropped everything and reported for duty. Production note: this image crosses the gutter to appear both on page 398 and page 399 in the print version. 399
"Doyle and Fossey," she answered, picking up the phone on its first ring. "Drake here. Meet me at Gabby's house right away. Gabby's garbage is gasping." "Right."
Nell was already waiting on Gabby's porch by the time Drake arrived. He wasn't surprised, as she was the fastest runner in the fifth grade. With her coffee-colored hair pulled back in a no-nonsense ponytail, her scientist cap shoved atop her head, and her mouth set in a firm line, she looked ready to take on this most difficult case. "Afternoon, Scientist Nell." "Afternoon, Detective Doyle." And so saying, Nell rapped sharply on the door.
400
Inside Gabby's house, Gabby pointed to a dark corner of the garage. "There," she whispered. "There's the bloodsucking monster. Inside that garbage can. Hurry, get rid of it before it eats us all." Suddenly, the garbage can gasped. It trembled. It burped and yurped. It belched and yelched. All in all, it was very scary indeed. Drake and Nell immediately went to work. They pulled on surgical gloves.
Gabby edged toward the door. "You're not going to take off the lid, are you?" "If there's a monster inside," Drake replied, "removing the lid would be most foolish. Now, stand back, we'll take it from here." They tapped the sides of the can. "Sounds hollow," whispered Nell. She scribbled in her lab notebook and tapped again. Drake sniffed the air. "Smells like fresh-baked bread," he observed. "Hmm. That reminds me. Ms. Talberg, isn't your dad a baker?"
Meanwhile, Nell peered at the garbage can with her magnifying glass. She checked its temperature. She drew diagrams and charts. She was a most efficient scientist. Finally, Drake and Nell stood back and removed their surgical gloves.
"Well?" asked Gabby. "Puzzling," said Drake. "Fascinating," said Nell. 403 Drake pushed up his glasses. "Tell me, Ms. Talberg. Does your garbage can always sit here next to the furnace?" Gabby shook her head. "My dad moved it a few days ago. Why?" "It's very warm next to the furnace, that's all," said Drake. "Eighty-seven degrees, to be precise," added Nell. "Curious. Very curious," mumbled Drake. He jotted a note to himself in his notebook. "What are you going to do now?" asked Gabby. "Nell and I will take the garbage can back to the lab for further analysis. Expect our report within twenty-four hours."
Directory: books -> 0-00-NIMAC books -> Active Vocabulary books -> Books we finished XIV books -> The theology of the balaam oracles: a pagan diviner and the word of god books -> The rhetoric of the father 0-00-NIMAC -> Sra: Imagine It!, Themes, Taking a Stand, Ancient Civilizations Ecology, Great Expectations, Earth in Action, Art and Impact, Level 6 books -> You Can If You Try Unit 7 Nonfiction books -> How to Get the Most Out of books -> The tregenza family Download 1.43 Mb. Share with your friends:
|