Subdisciplines of Earth Science Geology; study of the earth



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Identification of clouds

  • Cumulonimbus clouds; clouds of vertical development


    1. Fog

      1. Could with base near the ground

      2. Cooling

        1. Advection

        2. Radiation

        3. Upslope

      3. Evaporation

        1. Steam

        2. Frontal




    1. How Precipitation Forms

      1. Bergeron Process

        1. Supercooled droplets

        2. Freezing nuclei

      2. Collision-coalescence

        1. Hygroscopic nuclei

        2. Large droplets




    1. Forms of Precipitation

      1. Rain

      2. Snow

      3. Sleet

      4. Glaze

      5. Hail




    1. Measuring Precipitation

      1. Errors

      2. Gauges

      3. Weather radar

    CHAPTER 18





    1. Air pressure

      1. Definition

      2. Wind




    1. Measuring Air Pressure

      1. Mercury barometer

        1. Torricelli

        2. Standard sea level pressure

          1. 29.92 inches of mercury

          2. 1013 millibars

        3. Changes in barometer with weather




    1. Wind

      1. Blows from high pressure to low pressure

      2. Pressure gradient force

        1. Isobars

      3. Corolis effect; effect of earth’s rotation; deflected to right in northern hemisphere

      4. Friction

      5. Geostrophic winds; jet streams




    1. Highs and Lows

      1. Cyclones (lows)

        1. Low pressure

        2. Horizontal convergence of air

        3. Cloud formation

        4. Stormy weather

        5. Falling barometer




      1. Anticyclones (highs)

        1. High pressure

        2. Horizontal divergence of air

        3. Fair weather

        4. Rising barometer




    1. General Circulation of Atmosphere

      1. Circulation on Non-rotating earth (Fig. 18.14)

      2. Idealized circulation

        1. Equatorial low

        2. Subtropical high

          1. Trade winds

          2. Westerlies

        3. Subpolar low

        4. Polar high

      3. Exceptions

        1. Continents

        2. Florida




    1. Westerlies




    1. Wind Energy




    1. Local Winds

      1. Land breeze

      2. Sea breeze

      3. Valley breeze

      4. Mountain breeze

      5. Chinook and Santa Ana winds




    1. Wind Measurement

      1. Wind direction

        1. Designated by where the wind is blowing FROM

        2. Wind vane

      2. Wind speed

        1. Cup Anemometer




    1. El Nino and La Nina

      1. Ocean currents

      2. Weather extremes

    CHAPTER 19





    1. Air Masses

      1. Definition

      2. Source regions

      3. Types

        1. Maritime Tropical

        2. Maritime Polar

        3. Continental Tropical

        4. Continental Polar

      4. Weather associated with air masses

        1. Lake effect snows

        2. High humidity in SE United States




    1. Fronts

      1. Boundaries that separate air masses of different densities

      2. Warm front

      3. Cold Front

      4. Stationary front

      5. Occluded front

      6. Weather map symbols







    1. Middle-Latitude Cyclone




    1. Cyclone Formation

      1. Highs and lows adjacent to each other

      2. Controlled by variations in upper air flow




    1. Thunderstorm

      1. Characteristics

      2. Occurrence

      3. Lightening and thunder

      4. States of development

        1. Cumulus

        2. Mature

        3. Developing




    1. Tornadoes

      1. Characteristics

      2. Occurrence and development

        1. General atmospheric conditions

        2. Climatology

        3. Profile

      3. Destruction

        1. Fujita Intensity Scale

        2. Most Florida tornadoes F0, F1, F2

      4. Forecasting

        1. Tornado watch

        2. Tornado warning

      5. Doppler radar




    1. Hurricanes

      1. Profile of a hurricane

        1. Form in tropical waters between 5 and 20 degrees latitude

        2. Other names include typhoon and cyclone

        3. Wind speeds of greater than 74 mph

        4. Eye

        5. Eye wall

      2. Hurricane formation and decay

        1. Tropical disturbances

        2. Tropical depression

        3. Tropical storms

        4. Naming of hurricanes

      3. Destruction

        1. Storm surge

        2. Wind damage

        3. Inland flooding

      4. Saffir-Simpson scale

    CHAPTER 21


    1. General Information

      1. Astronomy; study of stars

      2. Historical perspective




    1. Ancient Astronomy

      1. Greeks

        1. Geocentric universe

          1. Earth is center of universe

          2. Earth is motionless spherical body

          3. Circular orbits

          4. “Perfect universe”

          5. Aristotle proponent

        2. Heliocentric universe

          1. Sun-centered model

          2. Aristarchus

          3. Opposing view

        3. Eratosthenes

          1. Estimated size of earth

          2. Used angle of noon sun

        4. Hipparchus; star catalog according to brightness

        5. Ptolemy

          1. Summarized works into Ptolemaic system

          2. Model of universe

            1. Planets move around motionless earth in a perfect circle

            2. Epiycles

            3. Retrograde motion



    1. Birth of Modern Astronomy

      1. Copernicus

        1. 1473-1543

        2. First modern astronomer to propose a sun-centered solar system

        3. Said earth was “only a planet”

        4. Model based on circular orbits (incorrect); epicycles

        5. Work published after his death; “On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres”

      2. Tycho Brahe

        1. 1546-1601

        2. Know for detailed observations over 20 years



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